北京大学出版社《跨文化交际》unit-8-Understanding-of-Culture(文化理解)

Intercultural

CommunicationBasicConcepts:Culture1TheTowerofBabelhttp:///wiki/Tower_of_BabelintheOldTestamentfollowingtheGreatFloodbuiltbyaunitedhumanitytoreachtheheavensspeakingasinglelanguage“…withitstopintheheaven…lestwebescatteredabroaduponthefaceoftheearth.”AdamicLanguage2TheTowerofBabelGodcamedownandseewhattheydid…“Theyareonepeopleandhaveonelanguage,andnothingwillbewithholdenfromthemwhichtheypurposetodo.”SoGodsaid,“Come,letusgodownandconfoundtheirspeech.”GodscatteredthemuponthefaceoftheEarth,andconfusedtheirlanguages.theConfusionofTongues3“Peoplefailtogetalongbecausetheyfeareachother;

Theyfeareachotherbecausetheydon’tknoweachother;Theydon’tknoweachotherbecause

theyhavenotcommunicatedwitheachother.”

—Dr.MartinLutherKing,Jr.4Culture5DefinitionMetaphorsCharacteristicsSubcultureandCo-culture6789DefinitionofCultureBrainstormPleasewritedownwhatevercomestoyourmindwhenyouhearorthinkofculture.Next,trytofigureouthowtheyarerelatedtoculture.Define“culture”inyourownwords……morethat500versionsnoconsensusreacheduptopresent

10Somewell-knowndefinitions…“thatcomplexwholewhichincludesknowledge,belief,art,morals,law,custom,andanyothercapabilitiesandhabitsacquiredbymanasamemberofsociety.”E.B.Tylor,1871theearliest,perhapsthebestknown,formaldefinition

“cultureiscommunicationandcommunicationisculture.”

Hall,197611Somewell-knowndefinitions…LiangShuming梁漱溟,awell-knownChinesescholar,thelastConfuscianistinChina,offersthreeaspectsofcultureinhisbookCulture&Philosophy:(1)Materiallifesuchasmaterialthings,essentialforhumansurvival;(2)Sociallifesuchaslifestyles,socialorganizations,andpoliticalandeconomicrelation;(3)Spirituallifesuchasreligion,philosophy,valuesystems,scienceandart.12DefinitioninTextbookMostanthropologistsagreethat

culturereferstothetotalwayoflivingofparticulargroupsofpeople.Itincludeseverythingthatagroupofpeoplethink,say,do,andmake.Inaword,cultureis

awholecollectionofourlivingpatternsandbehavior.13Peopledifferfromeachother…Forexample,ineducation…(1)WhyisElleWoodsconsidereddiversebyHarvardLawSchool?AndwhyisElleWoodsadmittedbyHarvardLawSchool?WhatcanwelearnfromitaboutAmericanculture?(2)DiscussingroupsthestrengthsandweaknessoftheAmericanandChineseeducationsystems.14MetaphorsofCulture

1)aniceberg2)softwareofourmind3)therulesofthegame4)anonion5)waterthatfishisswimmingininourtextbook151)AnIceberga.Objectiveculture:history,literature,andcustoms.(visible,smallpart)b.Subjectiveculture:feelingsandattitudesaboutthings.(invisible,largepart)16Whichofthefollowingareabovethewaterandwhicharebelow?WhatpeopleeatWhatpeoplewearWhatgameschildrenplayHowtousetimeHowtointroducepeopleHowtoparticipateinceremoniesRulesforgesturesRulesforfacialexpressionsandeyecontactEtiquetteWorkspeedWhatisrightorwrong,beautifulorugly,cleanordirty,goodorbad,etc.Carparking17182)SoftwareofOurMind19OperatingSystem1)Thebasicoperatingsystemthatmakesushuman.2)

Humansaroundtheworldarephysicallythesame,universal.3)Physicalselvesarethehardware.4)

Homecultureprogramsusandprovesusthesoftware.5)Aninfantisapotentialhumanatbirthandbecomearealhumanwithculture.6)Thecomputerstopsworkingasaresultofitsincompatibilitywithsomeoneelse’ssoftware.203)TheRulesoftheGame1)Everybodyisplayinginanyparticularsocietyalthoughwegenerallyarenothighlyawareoftherulesatanygivenmoment.2)Thesesharedrulesofthegametellushowtocommunicatewithothersandhowtointerpretthebehaviorofthosearoundus.21CaseStudyRichard,anengineerfromtheUnitedStates,wasinvitedtotaketeawithoneofhisBritishcolleagueswhilehewasinEngland.Thiswasapurelysocial,relaxedoccasion.Teawasservedalongwithsugarandcream.Ashehelpedhimselftosomesugarandcream,hesensedhehaddonesomethingwrong.

Canyoutellwhatwentwrong?“Helpyourself”VS.“Bemyguest”224)AnOnionTheonionhasthreedifferentlayers.theouterlayerthemiddlelayertheinnernuclearlayer.Bythesametoken,culturelikeanonion.whenyoustripitlayerbylayer,youwillnoticethefactthattheculturealsohavethreelayers.23ThreeLevels

Threelevelsofculturethataremoreclearlyobservable:1)Theouterlevel:symbols,suchaswords,colororotherartifactsthatcarryaspecialmeaning2）Themiddlelevel:heroes,suchasadmiredpersonswhoserveasanexampleforbehavior3）Theinnernucleuslevel:rituals,suchaswaysofgreetingandpayingrespect

24Example–AmericansinCulturalOnion1)Symbols:noseparationamongoffices,humorouslanguageanddressedindividually.2)Heroes:

AlbertLincoln,fordemocracy;BillGates,takingriskandinnovative.3)Rituals:smallpowerdistance,equal,namesdirectly,Values:freedom,diversity,risk-takingandinnovativeAnyexamplesofChineseinCulturalOnion?25SevenLayers&ThreeLevels1)artifacts2)behavior3)feelings4)values5)beliefs6)worldview7)ultimateallegiance1)Foundationallevel2)Evaluatinglevel3)Actualizing

level26外层：象征物，语言、食物、服饰、建筑、时装、艺术中间层：英雄人物性格，可敬英雄人物的影响核心层：礼仪，打招呼、尊重等ThreeLevels27基础层（内）：理解世界的开始和根本，我们的心理地图评价层（中）：检查和评判人生的自动系统。实现层（外）：对现实的实现及最基础心理地图的实现。ThreeLevels281）制品2）行为3）感觉SevenLayers4）价值6）世界观5）信仰7）忠诚295）WaterthatFishIsSwimmingina.

Thefishnoticeseverythingexceptthewaterheisswimmingin.b.

Thefishtakesthewaterforgranted.c.

Wetakeeverythingaroundusforgranted.30CharacteristicsofCultureCultureisshared.

Itislearned.Itistransmittedfromonegenerationtoanother.Cultureisdynamic,changingconstantly.31cultureSubcultureand/orCo-cultureDOMINANTCULTURESUBCULTURECO-CULTUREmainstream

cultureWhenwetalkaboutculture,wemainlyrefertomainstreamculture.32SubculturevsCo-culture

Sub