考研英语真题及答案

2020年考研英语（一）真题及参考答案

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblank

andmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET(10points)

TodayweliveinaworldwhereGPSsystems,digitalmaps,andothernavigation

appsareavailableonoursmartphones._l_ofusjustwalkstraightintothewoods

withoutaphone.Butphones_2_onbatteries,andbatteriescandiefasterthanwe

realize,_3_yougetlostwithoutaphoneoracompass,andyou_4_cantfindnorth,a

fewtrickstohelpyounavigate_5_tocivilization,oneofwhichistofollowtheland.

Whenyoufindyourselfwell_6_atrail,butnotinacompletely_7_area,youhave

toanswertwoquestions:Which_8_isdownhill,inthisparticulararea?Andwhereis

thenearestwatersource?Humansoverwhelminglyliveinvalleys,andonsupplies

offreshwater._9_,ifyouheaddownhill,andfollowanyH20youfind,you

should_10_seesignsofpeople

Ifyou'veexploredtheareabefore,keepaneyeoutforfamiliarsights-you

maybe_ll_howquicklyidentifyingadistinctiverockortreecanrestoreyour

bearings.

1

Another_12_Climbhighandlookforsignsofhumanhabitation._13_evenin

densefores,youshouldbeableto_14_gapsinthetreelineduetoroads,train

tracks,andotherpathspeoplecarve_15_thewoods.Headtowardthese_16_tofind

awayout.Atmightcanthehorizonfor_17_lightsourcessuchasfiresand

streetlights,thenwalktowardtheglowoflightpollution.

_18_,assumingyou'relostinanareahumanstendtofrequent,lookfor

the_19_weleaveonthelandscape.Trailblazestiretracks.andotherfeatures

can_20_youtocivilization.

2

l.[A]Some[B]Most[C]Few[D]AII

2.[A]put[B]take[C]run[D]come

3.[A]Since[B]If[C]Though[D]until

4.[A]Formally[B]relatively[C]gradually[D]literally

5.[A]back[B]next[C]around[D]away

6.[A]onto[B]off[C]across[D]alone

7.[A]unattractive[B]uncrowded[C]unchanged[D]unfamiliar

8.[A]site[B]point[C]way[D]place

9.[A]So[B]Yet[C]Instead[D]Besides

IO.[A]immediately[B]intentionally[C]unexpectedly[D]eventually

ll.[A]surprised[B]annoyed[C]frightened[D]confused

12.[A]problem[B]option[C]view[D]result

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13.[A]Aboveall[B]Incontrast[C]Onaverage[D]Forexample

14.[A]bridge[B]avoid[C]spot[D]separate

15.[A]form[B]through[C]beyond[D]Under

16.[A]posts[B]links[C]shades[D]breaks

17.[A]artificial[B]mysterious[C]hidden[D]limited

18.[A]Finally[B]Consequently[C]Incidentally[D]Generally

19.[A]memories[B]marks[C]notes[D]belongings

2O.[A]restrict[B]adopt[C]lead[D]expose

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts,Answerthequestionseachtextbychoosing

AB.CorD.

MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET(40points)

4

Text1

FinancialregulatorsinBritainhaveimposedaratherunusualruleonthe

bossesofbigbanks.

Startingnextyear.anyguaranteedbonusoftopexecutivescouldbedelayed

loyearsiftheirbanksareunderinvestigationforwrongdoing.Themainpurpose

ofthis"clawback"ruleistoholdbankersaccountableforharmfulrisktakingandto

restorepublictrustinfinancialinstitution,Yetofficialsalsohopeforamuchlarger

benefit:morelongtermdecision-makingnotonlybybanksbutbyall

corporations,tobuildastrongereconomyforfuturegenerations.

"Short-termism"orthedesireforquickprofits,hasworsenedinpublicly

tradedcompanies.saystheBankofEngland'stopeconomist.AndrewHaldane.He

quotesagaintofclassicaleconomics,AlfredMarshallindescribingthisfinancial

impatienceasactinglike"Childrenwhopicktheplumsoutoftheirpuddingtoeat

thematonce"ratherthanputtingthemasidetobeeatenlast.

TheaveragetimeforholdingastockinboththeUnitedStatesandBritain.he

noteshasdroppedfromsevenyearstosevenmonthsinrecentdecades.Transient

investors,whodemandhighquarterlyprofitsfromcompanies,canhinderafirms

effortstoinvestinlone-termresearchortobuildupcustomerloyalty.Thishas

beendubbed"quarterlycapitalism”.

Inaddition,newdigitaltechnologieshaveallowedmorerapidtradingof

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equitiesquickeruseofinformation,andthusshortersattentionspansinfinancial

markets."Thereseemstobeapredominanceofshort-termthinkingattheexpense

oflong-terminvesting,"saidCommissionerDanielGallagheroftheUSSecurities

andExchangeCommissioninaspeechthisweek.

IntheUS,theSarbanes-OxleyAclof2002haspushedmostpubliccompanies

todeferperformancebonusesforseniorexecutivesbyaboutayear,slightly

helpingreduce"short-termism."InitslatestsurveyofCEOpayTheWallstreet

Journalfindsthat"asubstantialpart"ofexecutivepayisnowtiedtoperformance.

Muchmorecouldbedonetoencourage"long-termism,suchaschangesinthe

taxcodeandquickerdisclosureofstockacquisitions.InFrance,shareholderswho

holdontoacompanyinvestmentforatleasttwoyearscansometimescanmore

votingrightsinacompany.

Withincompanies,therightcompensationdesigncanprovideincentivesfor

executivestothinkbeyondtheirowntimeatthecompanyandonbehalfofall

stakeholders,Britain*snewruleisaremindertobankersthatsocietyhasan

interestintheirperformancenotjustfortheshorttermbutforthelongterm.

6

21.AccordingtoParagraphl,onemotiveinimposingthenewruleisthe

A.enhancebankers'senseofresponsibility

Bhelpcorporationsachievelargerprofits

C.buildanewsystemoffinancialregulation

0.guaranteethebonusesoftopexecutives

22.AlfredMarshallisquotedtoindicate

A.theconditionsforgeneratingquickprofits

B.governmentsimpatienceindecision-making

C.thesolidstructureofpubliclytradedcompanies

D."short-termism"ineconomicactivities

23.Itisarguedthattheinfluenceoftransientinvestmentonpubliccompanies

canbe

A.inditedB.adverseC.minimalDtemporary

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24.TheUSandFranceexamplesandusedtoillustrate

A.theobstaclestopreventing"short-termism.

B.thesignificanceorlongtermthinking.

C.theapproachestopromotinglong-termism.

D.theprevalenceofshort-termthinking.

25.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext

A.FailureofQuarterlyCapitalism

B.PatienceasaCorporateVirtue

C.DecisivenessRequiredofTopExecutives

0.FrustrationofRisk-takingBankers

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Text2

Gradeinflation-thegradualincreaseinaverageGPAs(grade-point

averages)overthepastfewdecades-isoftenconsideredaproductofaconsumer

erainhighereducation,inwhichstudentsaretreatedlikecustomerstobe

pleased.Butanother,relatedforce-apolicyoftenburieddeepincoursecatalogs

calledgradeforgiveness"-ishelpingraiseGPAs.

Gradeforgivenessallowsstudentstoretakeacourseinwhichtheyreceiveda

lowgrade,andthemostrecentgradeorthehighestgradeistheonlyonethat

countsincalculatingastudent'soverallGPA.

Theuseofthislittle-knownpracticehasacceleratedinrecentyears,ascolleges

continuetodotheirutmosttokeepstudentsinschool(andpayingtuition)and

improvetheirgradationrates.Whenthispracticefirstarteddecadesago,itwas

usuallylimitedtofreshmen,togivethemasecondchancetotakeaclassintheir

firstyeariftheystruggledintheirtransitiontocollege-levelcourses.Butnowmost

colleges,saveformanyselectivecampuses,allowallundergraduates,andeven

graduatestudents,togettheirlowgradesforgiven.

Collegeofficialstendtoemphasizethatthegoalofgradeforgivenessisless

aboutthegradeitselfandmoreaboutencouragingstudentstoretakecourses

criticaltotheirdegreeprogramandgradationwithoutincurringabig

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penalty."Untimely."saidJackMine,OhioStateUniversity'sregistrar."weseestudents

achievemoresuccessbecausetheyretakeacourseanddobetterinsubsequent

contentsormasterthecontentthatallowsthemtograduateontime.

Thatsaid,thereisawayinwhichgradeforgivenesssatisfiescollegesown

needsaswell.Forpublicinstitutionsstatefindsaresometimestiedpartlytotheir

successonmetricssuchasgraduationratesandstudentretentionsobetter

gradescan,byboostingfigureslikethose,meanmoremoney.Andanythingthat

raisesGPAswilllikelymakestudentswho,attheendofthedayarepayingthe

bill-feelthey'vegottenabettervaluefortheirtuitiondollars,whichisanotherbig

concernforcolleges.

Indeedgradeforgivenessisjustanotherwaythatuniversitiesareresponding

toconsumers'expectationsforhighereducation.Sincestudentsandparents

expectacollegedegreetoleadtoajob,itisinthebestinterestofaschooltoturn

outgradateswhoareasqualifiedaspossible-oratleastappeartobe.On

this.students'andcolleges'incentivesseemtobealigned.

10

26.Whatiscommonlyregardedasthecauseofgradeinflation?

A.Thechangeofcoursecatalogs.

B.StudentsindifferencetoGPAS.

CCollegesneglectofGPAS.

D.Theinfluenceofconsumerculture.

27.Whatwastheoriginalpurposeofgradeforgiveness

A.Tohelpfreshmenadapttocollegelearning.

B.Tomaintaincollegesgraduationrates.

C.Topreparegraduatesforachallengingfuture.

D.Toincreaseuniversities,incomefromtuition.

28.AccordingtoParagraph5.gradeforgivenessenablescolleges

A.obtainmorefinancialsupport.

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B.boosttheirstudentenrollments.

C.improvetheirteachingquality.

D.meetlocalgovernments,needs.

29.Whatdoesthephrase"tobealigned,,(Line5.Para.6)mostprobablymean?

A.Tocounterbalanceeachother

B.Tocomplementeachother.

C.Tobeidenticalwitheachother

D.Tobecontradictorytoeachother.

3O.Theauthorexaminesthepracticeofgradeforgivenessby

Aassessingitsfeasibility

B.analyzingthecausesbehindit.

C.comparingdifferentviewsonit.

D.listingitslong-runeffects

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Text3

Thisyearmarksexactlytwocenturiessincethepublicationof

Frankenstein,or.TheModemPrometheusbyMaryShelley.Evenbeforethe

inventionoftheelectriclightbulb,theauthorproducedaremarkableworkof

speculativefictionthatwouldforeshadowmanychicalquestionstoberaisedby

technologiesyettocome.

Todaytherapidgrowthofartificialintelligence(An)raisesfundamental

questions:"Whatisintelligence,identity,orconsciousness?whatmakeshumans

humans?Whatisbeingcalledartificialgeneralintelligence,machinesthatwould

imitatethewayhumansthinkcontinuestoevadescientists.Yethumansremain

fascinatedbytheideaofrobotsthatwouldlook,move,andrespondlike

humans,similartothoserecentlydepictedonpopularsci-fiTvseriessuch

as"Westworldand"Humans".

Justhowpeoplethinkisstillfartoocomplextobeunderstoodletalone

reproduced,saysDavidEagleman,aStanfordUniversityneuroscientist,"Wearejust

inasituationwheretherearenogoodtheoriesexplainingwhatconsciousness

actuallyisandhowyoucouldeverbuildamachinetogetthere/

Butthatdoesn'tmeancrucialethicalissuesinvolvingAlaren'tathand.The

cominguseofautonomousvehicles.forexampleposesthornyethical

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questions.Humandriverssometimemakesplit-seconddecisions.Theirreactions

maybeacomplexcombinationofinstantreflexes.inputfrompastdriving

experiences,andwhattheireyesandearstelltheminthatmoment.AI

"vision"todayisnotnearlyassophisticatedasthatofhumans.Andtoanticipate

everyimaginabledrivingsituationisadifficultprogrammingproblem.

Wheneverdecisionsarebasedonmassesofdata."youquicklygetintoalotof

ethicalquestions,"notesTanKiatHow,chiefexecutiveofaSingapore-basedagency

thatishelpingthegovernmentdevelopavoluntarycodefortheethicaluseof

AI.AIongwithSingapore,othergovernmentsandmega-corporationsare

beginningtoestablishtheirownguidelines.Britainissettingupadataethics

center.IndiareleaseditsAlethicsstrategythisspring.

OnJune7Googlepledgednotto"designordeployAr"thatwould

cause"overallharm,"ortodevelopAl-directedweaponsoruseAlforsurveillance

thatwouldviolateinternationalnorms.ltalsopledgednottodeployAIwhoseuse

wouldviolateinternationallawsorhumanrights.

Whilethestatementisvague,itrepresentsonestartingpoint,Sodoestheidea

thatdecisionsmadebyAlsystemsshouldbeexplainable,transparent.andfair.

Toputitanotherway.Howcanwemakesurethatthethinkingofintelligent

machinesreflectshumanity'shighestvalues?Onlythenwilltheybeuseful

servantsandnotFrankenstein1sout-of-controlmonster.

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31.MaryShelley1snovelFrankensteinismentionedbecause

A.fascinatesAlscientistsallovertheworld

B.hasremainedpopularforaslongas200years.

C.involvessomeconcernsraisedbyAltoday

D.hassparkedseriousethicalcontroversies

32.1nDavidEagleman'sopinion,ourcurrentknowledgeofconsciousness

A.helpsexplainartificialintelligence.

B.canbemisleadingtorobotmaking

C.inspirespopularsci-fiTVseries

D.istoolimitedforustoreproduceit

33.Thesolutiontotheethicalissuesbroughtbyautonomousvehicles

A.canhardlyeverbefound.

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B.isstillbeyondourcapacity

C.causeslittlepublicconcern

D.hasarousedmuchcuriosity

34.TheauthorsattitudetowardGoogle,spledgesisoneof

A.AffirmationB.skepticismC.contemptD.respect

35.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

A.AI'sFuture:IntheHandsofTechgiants

B.Frankenstein,theNovelPredictingtheAgeofA

C.TheConscienceofAkComplexButInevitable

D.AIShallBeKillersonceoutofControl

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Text4

Stateswillbeabletoforcemorepeopletopaysalestaxwhentheymake

onlinepurchasesunderaSupremeCourtdecisionThursdaythatwillleave

shopperswithlighterwalletsbutisabigfinancialwinforstates.

TheSupremeCourtsopinionThursdayoverruledapairofdecades-old

decisionsthatstatessaidcostthembillionsofdollarsinlostrevenueannually.The

decisionsmadeitmoredifficultforstatestocollectsalestaxoncertainonline

purchases.

Thecasesthecourtoverturnedsaidthatifabusinesswasshippinga

customerspurchasetoastatewherethebusinessdidn'thaveaphysicalpresence

suchasawarehouseoroffice.thebusinessdid'thavetocollectsalestaxforthe

state.Customersweregenerallyresponsibleforpayingthesalestaxtothestate

themselvesiftheyweren'tchargedit,butmostdidn'trealizetheyoweditand

fewpaid.

JusticeAnthonyKennedywrotethatthepreviousdecisionswereflawed.Each

yearthephysicalpresencerulebecomesfurtherremovedfromeconomicreality

andresultsinsignificantrevenuelossestotheStates."hewroteinanopinion

joinedbyfourotherjustices,Kennedywrotethattherulelimitedstatesabilityto

seeklong-termprosperityandhaspreventedmarketparticipantsfromcompeting

17

onanevenplayingfield?

Therulingisavictoryforbigchainswithapresenceinmanystates,sincethey

usuallycollectsalestaxononlinepurchasesalreadyNow,rivalswillbecharging

salestaxwheretheyhadn'tbefore,Bigchainshavebeencollectingsalestax

nationwidebecausetheytypicallyhavephysicalstoresinwhateverstatea

purchaseisbeingshippedto.A.withitsnetworkofwarehousesalso

collectssalestaxineverystatethatchargesit,thoughthird-partysellerswhouse

thesitedon'thaveto.

Untilnow,manysellersthathaveaphysicalpresenceinonlyasinglestateora

fewstateshavebeenabletoavoidchargingsalestaxeswhentheyshipto

addressesoutsidethosestatesSellersthatuseeBayandEtsy.whichprovide

platformsforsmallersellers,alsohatcollectingsalestaxnationwide.Underthe

rulingThursday,statescanpasslawsout.statesellerstocollectthestate'ssalestax

fromcustomersandsendittothestale

Retailtradegroupspraisedtheruling.sayingitlevelstheplayingfieldforlocal

andonlinebusinesses.Thelosers,saidretailanalystNeilSaunders,areonline-only

retailersespeciallysmallerones.Thoseretailersmayfaceheadachescomplying

withvariousstatesalestaxlaws.TheSmallBusinessEntrepreneurshipCouncil

advocacygroupsaidinastatement"Smallbusinessesandinternetentrepreneurs

arenotwellservedatallbythisdecision.

18

36.TheSupremeCourtdecisionThursdaywill

A.Dettebusinessrelationswithstates

B.putmostonlinebusinessinadilemma

C.makemoreonlineshopperspaysulestax

D.forcesomesatestoctsalestax

37.ltcanbelearnedfromparagraph2and3thattheoverruleddecisions

A.haveledtothedomainanceofe-commerce

B.havecostconsumersalotovertheyears

C.werewidelycriticizedbyonlinepurchase

D.wereconsiderunfavorablebystates

38.AccordingtoJusticeAnthonyKennedy,thephysicalpresencerulehas

A.hinderedeconomicdevelopment

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B.broughtprosperitytothecountry

C.harmedfairmarketcompetition

0.Boostedgrowthinstates,revenue

39.WhoaremostlikelytowelcometheSupremeCourtruling

A.Internetentrepreneurs

B.Big-chairowners

B.Third-partysellers

D.Smallretailers

4O.IndealingwiththeSupremeCourtdecisionThursdaytheauthor

A.givesafactualaccountofitanddiscussesitsconsequences

B.describesthelongandcomplicatedprocessofitsmaking

C.presentsitsmainpointswithconflictingviewsonthem

D.citiessomesacesrelatedtoitandanalyzestheirimplications

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PartB

Directions.

Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions

41-45.youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticle

bychoosingfromthelistA-Gandfillingthenintothenumbered

boxes.ParagraphsCandFhavebeencorrectlyplaced.Markyouranswerson

ANSWERSHEET.(10points)

A.Thesetoolscanhelpyouwineveryargument-notintheunhelpfulsenseof

beatingyouropponentsbutinthebettersenseoflearningabouttheissuesthat

dividepeoplelearningwhytheydisagreewithusandlearningtotalkandwork

togetherwiththem.Ifwereadjustourviewofarguments-fromaverbalfightor

tennisgametoareasonedexchangethroughwhichweallgainmutualrespect,and

understanding-thenwechangetheverynatureofwhatitmeansto"win"an

argument.

B.Ofcourse,manydiscussionsarenotsosuccessful.Still,weneedtobecareful

nottoaccuseopponentsofbadargumentstooquickly.Weneedtoleanhowto

evaluatethemproperly.Alargepartofevaluationiscallingoutbadarguments,but

wealsoneedtoadmitgoodargumentsbyopponentsandtoapplythesame

criticalstandardstoourselves.Humilityrequiresyoutorecognizeweaknessinyour

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ownargumentsandsometimesalsotoacceptreasonsontheoppositeside.

C.NoneofthesewillbeeasybutyoucanstartevenifothersrefusetoNext

timeyoustateyourposition,formulateanargumentforwhatyouclaimand

honestlyaskyourselfwhetheryourargumentisanygood.Nexttimeyoutalkwith

someonewhotakesastand,askthemtogiveyouareasonfortheirviewSpellout

theirargumentfullyandcharitably.Assessitsstrengthimpartially.Raiseobjections

andlistencarefullytotheirreplies.

D.Carnegiewouldberightifargumentswerefights,whichishowweoften

thinkofthem.Likephysicaltights,verbalfightscanleavebothsidesbloodied.Even

whenyouwin,youendupnobetteroff.Yourprospectswouldbealmostasdismal

ifargumentswereevenjustcompetitionslike.Say,tennisgames.Pairsofopponents

hittheballbackandforthuntilonewinneremergesfromallwho

entered.Everybodyelseloses.Thiskindofthinkingiswhysomanypeopletryto

avoidarguments.especiallyaboutpoliticsandreligion.

E.Inhis1936workHowtoWinFriendsandInfluencePeople,DaleCarnegie

wrote:"Thereisonlyoneway.togetthebestofanargument-andthatistoavoid

it."Thisaversiontoargumentsiscommon,butitdependsonamistakenviewof

argumentsthatcausesprofoundproblemsforourpersonalandsociallives-andin

manywaysmissesthepointofarguinginthefirstplace.

F.Theseviewsofargumentsalsounderminereason.Ifyouseeaconversation

asafightorcompetition.youcanwinbycheatingaslongasyoudongo

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caught.Youwillbehappytoconvincepeoplewithbadarguments.Youcancalltheir

viewsstupidorjokeabouthowignoranttheyare.Noneofthesetrickswillhelpyou

understandthem,theirpositionsortheissuesthatdivideyou,buttheycanhelp

youwin-inoneway.

G.Thereisabetterwaytowinarguments.Imaginethatyoufavorincreasing

theminimumwageinourstate,andIdonot.Ifyouyell,"Yes,"andIyell."No,"neither

ofuslearnsanything.Weneitherunderstandnorrespecteachother.andwehave

nobasisforcompromiseorcooperation.Incontrast,supposeyougiveareasonable

argumentthatfull-timeworkersshouldnothavetoliveinpoverty.ThenIcounter

withanotherreasonableargument:thatahigherminimumwagewillforce

businessestoemployfewerpeopleforlesstime.Nowwecanunderstandeach

other'spositionsandrecognizeoursharedvalues,sincewebothcareaboutneedy

workers.

41-42-F-43-44-C-45

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PartC

Directions:

Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlined

segmentsintoChinese.Yourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyonthe

ANSWERSHEET.(10points)

ItwasonlyafterIstartedtowriteaweeklycolumnaboutthemedical

journals,andbegreadscientificpapersfrombeginningtoendthatIrealizedjust

howbadmuchofthemedicalliteraturefrequencywas,Icametorecognizevarious

sinsofabadpaper:thekindofpaperthatpurportstoshowthatpeoplewhoest

morethanonekiloofbroccoliaweekwere1.17timesmorelikelythanthosewho

eatlesstosufferlateinlifefromperniciousanaemia.46.Thereisagreatdealofthis

kindofnonsenseinthemedicaljournalswhich,whentakenupbybroadcastersand

thelaypress,generateboth