2022年北京市北师大实验中学高二下学期月考试题英语试卷

2021-2022学年北京市北师大实验中学高二下学期月考试题英语试卷第一部分知识运用（共两节，30分）第一节（共10小题；每小题1.5分，共15分）阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。ForalongtimeGabrieldidn’twanttobeinvolvedinmusicatall.Inhisfirstyearsofhighschool,Gabrielwouldlookpityinglyatthemusicstudents,____1____acrossthecampuswiththeirheavyinstrumentcases,____2____atschoolforpracticehoursbeforeanyoneelsehadtobethere.Hesworetohimselfto____3____music,ashehatedgettingtoschoolextraearly.However,oneday,inthemusicclassthatwaspartofhisschool’sstandardcurriculum,hewasplayingidly(随意地)onthepianoandfoundit____4____topickouttunes.Withasinkingfeeling,herealizedthatheactuallyenjoyeddoingit.Hetriedtohidehis____5____pleasurefromthemusicteacher,whohadwanderedovertolisten.ShetoldGabrielthathehadagoodearandsuggestedthatGabrielgointothemusicstore-roomtoseeifanyoftheinstrumentsthere____6____him.Therehedecidedtogivethecello(大提琴)achance.Whenhebeganpracticing,hetookitvery____7____.Buthequicklyfoundthathelovedplayingthisinstrument,andwas____8____topracticingitsothatwithinacoupleofmonthshewasplayingreasonablywell.Thismeant,ofcourse,thathearrivedatschoolearlyinthemorning,____9____hisheavyinstrumentcaseacrossthecampustothepityinglooksofthenon-musicianshehadleft_____10_____.1.A.travelling B.marching C.pacing D.struggling2.A.risingup B.comingup C.drivingup D.turningup3.A.betray B.accept C.avoid D.remove4.A.complicated B.secure C.confusing D.easy5.A.transparent B.apparent C.false D.similar6.A.occurredto B.tookto C.appealedto D.heldto7.A.seriously B.proudly C.casually D.naturally8.A.committed B.used C.limited D.admitted9.A.pushing B.dragging C.lifting D.taking10.A.over B.aside C.behind D.out【答案】1.D2.D3.C4.D5.B6.C7.C8.A9.B10.C【解析】【导语】这是一篇记叙文。主要讲述了主人公Gabriel从一开始不喜欢音乐到后来喜欢上音乐，追求音乐的过程。【1题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：在他高中的头几年，Gabriel会同情地地看着那些音乐专业的学生，他们拿着沉重的乐器箱在校园里艰难地走着，在其他人来之前的几个小时就出现在学校练习。A.travelling旅行；B.marching前进；C.pacing踱步；D.struggling挣扎。由“lookpityinglyatthemusicstudents”以及“withtheirheavyinstrumentcases”可知，同情地看着那些音乐学生，可知他们拿着沉重的乐器箱在校园里艰难地走着。故选D项。【2题详解】考查动词短语辨析。句意：在他高中的头几年，Gabriel会怜悯地看着那些音乐专业的学生，他们拿着沉重的乐器箱在校园里艰难地走着，在其他人来之前的几个小时就出现在学校练习。A.risingup升起，起义；B.comingup走近，发生，被提出；C.drivingup抬高，开车；D.turningup出现。结合“forpracticehoursbeforeanyoneelsehadtobethere”可知，在其他人来之前的几个小时就出现在学校练习。故选D项。【3题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：他对自己发誓要避开音乐，因为他讨厌提前到校。A.betray背叛；B.accept接受；C.avoid避免，避开；D.remove移除。根据上文可知，Gabriel一点也不想卷入音乐学习中，以及后文提到“ashehatedgettingtoschoolextraearly”，因为他讨厌过早到校，因此可以推测文意为他向自己发誓避开（avoid）音乐。故选C项。【4题详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：然而，有一天，在学校的标准课程音乐课上，他悠闲地在钢琴上弹着，发现弹曲子很容易。A.complicated复杂的；B.secure安全的；C.confusing困惑的；D.easy简单的。由However转折以及句意可知，他随意地弹奏着钢琴，发现很容易（easy）就弹奏出了曲调。故选D项。【5题详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：他试图在音乐老师面前掩饰他那明显的快乐，因为老师走过去听了他的音乐。A.transparent透明的；B.apparent明显的；C.false错误的；D.similar相似的。由“whohadwanderedovertolisten.”因为老师走过去听了他的音乐，可知，Gabriel不想让音乐老师看到自己表露出来的很明显的喜悦之情。故选B项。【6题详解】考查动词词组辨析。句意：她告诉Gabriel，他辨音能力很好，并建议Gabriel到音乐商店去看看有没有什么乐器对他有吸引力。A.occurredto想到；B.tookto喜欢，开始从事；C.appealedto吸引；D.heldto坚持。由老师告诉Gabriel有很好的辨音能力，可知此处为建议他去音乐商店看看有没有吸引（appealedto）他的乐器。故选C项。【7题详解】考查副词词义辨析。句意：当他开始练习时，他很随意。A.seriously严肃地；B.proudly自豪地；C.casually随意地；D.naturally自然地。由but可知前后句为对比关系，可知，此处为开始练习时，他非常随意地（casually）对待它，但是他很快发现他热爱演奏这个乐器并且坚定的练习。故选C项。【8题详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：但他很快就发现自己喜欢上了这门乐器，并坚持练习，所以几个月后，他的演奏水平就相当不错了。A.committed坚定的；B.used用过的；C.limited限制的；D.admitted公认的。由后面“hewasplayingreasonablywell.”演奏地很好，可知，此处为很坚定的（committed）练习大提琴以至于在几个月内演奏的相当的好。故选A项。【9题详解】考查现在分词词义辨析。句意：当然，这意味着他一大早就到了学校，拖着沉重的乐器箱穿过校园，面对那些被他抛在身后的非音乐家们的怜悯表情。A.pushing推；B.dragging拖着；C.lifting举起；D.taking带走。结合文意可知，拖着（drag）他沉重的乐器箱穿过校园，与文章第一段“___acrossthecampuswiththeirheavyinstrumentcases”相呼应。故选B项。【10题详解】考查介词词义辨析。句意：当然，这意味着他一大早就到了学校，拖着沉重的乐器箱穿过校园，面对那些被他抛在身后的非音乐家们的同情的表情。A.over上面；B.aside旁边；C.behind后面；D.out外面。由前文他喜欢上了这门乐器，并且演奏的相当不错，可知，他已经把非音乐生同情的看法抛在身后（behind）。故选C项。第二节（共10小题；每小题1.5分，共15分）A阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。ThefirsttimeIsawMay,she___11___(sit)inmyfrontyard,huggingmydogHarley.Shehadjustmovedintoasmallhousedowntheroadfromus.FromthesecondItalkedtoher,IknewMaywouldbeacherishedfriend.HersmileandgoodcheermademefeelbetterwhenIwasaroundher.Itdidn’ttakelong___12___Maywasbelovedbyeveryoneinourneighborhood.Childrenandadultsvisitedherhomeoften.Whenwevisitedher,shewouldkindlylistentoallofour___13___(trouble)andthensaysomethingsowisethatwewouldleaveherhomewithourhearts___14___(sing).【答案】11.wassitting12.before13.troubles14.singing【解析】【分析】这是一篇议论文。文章主要讲述了作者第一次见到朋友May的情景。【11题详解】考查时态。句意：我第一次见到梅的时候，她正坐在我家前院，抱着我的狗哈利。分析句子“ThefirsttimeIsawMay,”可知，此处应用一般过去时。分析句意可知，此处描述的是我第一见到May时，她正坐在我家前院里，应用进行时。由此可知，此处使用过去进行时。故填wassitting。【12题详解】考查连接词。句意：没过多久，梅就受到了我们周围每个人的喜爱。Itdidn’ttakelongbefore..固定用法，意为“过了不久就……”。分析句子可知，此处表示没过多久，梅就受到了我们周围每个人的喜爱。故填before。【13题详解】考查名词。句意：当我们去看她时，她会亲耳倾听我们所有的烦恼，然后说一些睿智的话，让我们在离开她的家时，心里都在歌唱。trouble名词，意为“麻烦，烦恼”；当表示具体的麻烦事或烦恼时，是一个可数名词，由空前our可知，此处应使用名词复数。故填troubles。【14题详解】考查with的复合结构。句意：当我们去看她时，她会亲耳倾听我们所有的烦恼，然后说一些睿智的话，让我们在离开她的家时，心里都在歌唱。分析句子可知，此处的sing与heart之间是主动关系，故填singing。【点睛】“with+宾语+宾补”的复合结构是高中语法必考项之一。做这类题时一定要分析，动词与宾语之间的关系，若是表示主动或进行，则用dong；若是表示被动或完成，则用done；若是表示将要发生的事情，则用todo；其他请况，若是表示状态则可以用形容词、副词或介词短语来充当宾补。如第4小题，sing与heart之间是主动关系，所以应使用现在分词形式。B阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。Wearedrowninginaseaoffreeinformation.TheInternetisinourbusinesses,homesandourbedrooms.Anarmyofdesignersanddataengineersspendtheirworkinglifefiguringoutways___15___(make)usstaypluggedinlonger.Ourdesiresarerepackagedbygianttechcompaniesandthen___16___(sell)backtousunderthecoveroffreecontent,butitisn'tfree.Wearepayingforitwithinvisiblecurrencies,suchasourtimeandprivacy,___17___peopleareonlynowbeginningtounderstand.【答案】15.tomake16.aresold17.which【解析】【分析】这是一篇议论文。我们淹没在自由信息的海洋中，互联网在我们身边各处。直到现在人们才意识到一直以来消费的都是自己的时间和隐私。【15题详解】考查不定式作状语。句意：一大群设计师和数据工程师花费他们的工作时间，想办法让我们更长久地保持联系。分析句子可知，设计师和数据工程师的目的就是，想办法让我们更长久地保持联系。应使用不定式，表目的。故填tomake。【16题详解】考查语态。句意：我们的欲望被大型科技公司重新包装，然后在免费内容的掩护下卖给我们，但并不是免费的。分析句子可知，此处是and并列了两个谓语动词，时态应跟arerepackaged保持一致，即一般现在时。且sell与主语ourdesires之间是被动关系，应使用被动语态。故填aresold。【17题详解】考查非限制定语从句。句意：我们用无形的货币来支付，比如我们的时间和隐私，这些东西人们现在才开始了解。分析句子可知，空后是一个非限制定语从句，且从句中动词understand后缺宾语，应使用关系代词which引导。故填which。C阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。Findingtheopportunitytoreadcanbeachallenge,soitcomes___18___(nature)thataudiobooks(有声书)havebecomeapreferredchoice.___19___thehelpofaudiobook,peoplecanenjoytheirfavoritebookswhileexercisingorcommutingtoschool.Audiobooks___20___(grow)inpopularityuptillnow,fortheyareundoubtedlyausefulwaytoescapethestressesofmodernlifeandagoodwaytokeepbusy.【答案】18.naturally19.With20.havegrown/havebeengrowing【解析】【分析】这是一篇议论文。文章论述了有声读物给人们带来的好处。有声读物既是逃避现代生活压力的有用方法，也是保持忙碌的好方法。【18题详解】考查副词。句意：寻找阅读的机会是一个挑战，因此有声读物自然成为首选。分析句子可知，此处修饰动词comes，应用副词形式。故填naturally。【19题详解】考查介词。句意：在有声读物的帮助下，人们可以在锻炼或上下班上学时欣赏自己喜爱的书籍。固定搭配withthehelpof意为“在……的帮助下”，此处位于句首，首字母应大写。故填With。20题详解】考查时态。句意：有声读物到目前为止越来越受欢迎，为它们无疑是逃避现代生活压力的有用方法，也是保持忙碌的好方法。分析文章可知，句中有时间状语uptillnow，应该用现在完成时态；根据句意可知，有声读物越来越受欢迎这件事情将来还可持续下去，用现在完成进行时也符合题意。故填havegrown/havebeengrowing。第二部分阅读理解（共两节，50分）第一节（共20小题；每小题2分，共40分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。AIwasselfishasateenager．Iusuallyspentmytimethinkingaboutmyselfandtakingcareofmyownneeds．Iletmyolderbrotherdomostoftheworkaroundthehouseuntilheleftforcollege．IletmymomanddadworryaboutourbillsandproblemswhileIreadbooks,played,andlostmyselfinmyownimagination．Thisdidn'tchangeevenwhenIwenttocollegeeither．Istudiedhardbutonlytomakemyownlifebetter．EvenwhenIstartedtoexploremyfaith,itwasonlytoincreasemyownhappiness．Imarriedaftergraduationanddecidedtostartafamily．Ofcourse,Ihadnoideawhathardknocksrealityhadinstoreformyselfishsoul．SoonIfoundmyselfunemployed,deeplyindebt,andwithanewbabyontheway．lfoundoutthatlifehaslittlesympathyforspoiledpeople．Infact,allofthestrugglesIwasgoingthroughwerebeatingtheselfishnessslowlyoutofme．Still,Ididn'tgiveuponhappiness．Iknewthattheremustbeawaytofindit．Ifinallyrealized,however,thatithadtoincludemorethanjustmyownneeds,wants,anddesires．Theanswerbegantomakeitselfclearonenightshortlyaftermybabyboywasborn．Igotabottleandheldhiminmyarms．AsIwasfeedinghimIlookeddownandsawhisbig,innocent,trustingeyes．Ismiledandtalkedtohim．ThenhesmiledandIcouldfeelmyheartgrowing,expandingwithlove．Ifeltsuchpeaceandjoy．AtthatmomentIhadahintofthetruth:itisbygrowingourheartswithlovethatwefindourhappiness．CarolynArendswrote："Themorepeopleyouletintoyourheart,thebiggeryourheartgets．Themoreloveyouget,themoreloveyouhavetogive．Itjustkeepsgrowing."So,keeploving,keeplivingandkeepcaring.Keepgrowingyourhearttoday,tomorrow,andalways．21Whatdoweknowabouttheauthorfromthefirstparagraph?A.Heoftenhelpedhisbrotherwithhousework．B.Hestudiedhardforhisfamily．C.Hewasconcernedabouthisfamily．D.Heputhisownneedsaboveothers'．22.Whatdidtheauthorrealizeafterhesufferedinlife?A.Spoiledpeoplecan'tsurvivethehardshipoflife.B.Spoiledpeopleareneverhappyinlife．C.Lifeiscrueltospoiledpeople．D.Selfishnessishelpful．23.Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?A.Theauthorlovedkids．B.Theauthoroftenfedhisbaby．CTheauthorrealizedtheimportanceofhappiness．D.Whencaringforhisbaby,theauthorgotinspired．24.Whichcanbethebesttitleofthepassage?A.LovingOthers,aWaytoHappinessB.TheElderOneGrows,theMoreHeGetsC.HelpOthers,HelpOneselfD.KeepGrowingtoLiveaHappyLife【答案】21.D22.C23.D24.A【解析】【分析】这是一篇记叙文。文章作者通过讲述自己从一个自私的人变为一个心中对他人有爱的人的成长经历，明白了“爱他人是获得幸福的方法”的道理。【21题详解】推理判断题。答案定位在第一段Iusuallyspentmytimethinkingaboutmyselfandtakingcareofmyownneeds．可知作者在青少年时期，较为自私，行为处事时，总是只考虑自己，几乎不为家人考虑，故选D。【22题详解】推理判断题。答案定位在第二段SoonIfoundmyselfunemployed,deeplyindebt,andwithanewbabyontheway．lfoundoutthatlifehaslittlesympathyforspoiledpeople．（很快我发现自己失业，负债累累，还有一个新的婴儿。我发现生活中很少同情被宠坏的人。）由此推断出作者在遭遇了人生变故后，意识到生活对被宠坏的人是残忍的，故选C。【23题详解】推理判断题。答案定位在第三段AsIwasfeedinghimIlookeddownandsawhisbig,innocent,trustingeyes．Ismiledandtalkedtohim．ThenhesmiledandIcouldfeelmyheartgrowing,expandingwithlove．Ifeltsuchpeaceandjoy．AtthatmomentIhadahintofthetruth:itisbygrowingourheartswithlovethatwefindourhappiness．可知作者在照料孩子的过程中，作者受到了启示，了解到通往幸福的途径是心中充满爱，故选D。【24题详解】主旨大意题。文章作者通过讲述自己从一个自私的人变为一个心中对他人有爱的人的成长经历，明白了“爱他人是获得幸福的方法”的道理。故选A。BIfafamilymemberblamesyouforsomethingyouhavedone,itisimportanttobecarefulabouthowyoudefendyourself.Itisnotagoodideatousewaysthatcausehurt,eveniftheywouldhelpyoumakeavalidpoint.Ifyoucanthinkofaninstancewheretheotherpersonhasdoneexactlywhattheyaccuseyouof,forexample,itwouldnotbegoodmannerstothrowitintheirface.Youshouldonlybringitupifyoudon’thaveachoice.Then,youshouldmakesurethatyoudoitrespectfully.Evenifafamilymemberintentionallygoesagainstreasonablewishesyoumayhave,youshouldunderstandthatpeopleseeeventhemostfundamentalthingsinverydifferentways.Rememberthatpeoplearedifferent.Ifyouconsideranynoiseaftermidnighttobeintolerable,forexample,othersmayseeitiscompletelyacceptable.Itcantakethemagreatdealoftimetochangetheirbehaviorforademandthattheydonotunderstand.Thinkaboutthefamilyconflictsthatyouareworriedaboutnow.Checktoseeifyourparentshadsimilarproblems.Peoplewhogrowupwithparentswhofightunfairlyoftenrepeatthesamebehavior.Considerchangingtheunfairhabitsthatyougrewupwith.Understandthatmemoriestendtochange.Inlong-standingfamilydisputes,allpartiesinvolvedtendtohavecompletelydifferentrecollectionsoftheoriginalproblem.Familiesareacuriousconcept—whilefamilymembersoftenfeelnothingbutannoyedforoneanother,theywillalsooftenbethereforthemiftheyshouldeverbeinserioustrouble.Whenyoufeelresentmentforsomeone,thinkabouthowfaryouwouldgoforthemiftheyhappenedtobeintrouble.Itcouldhelpsoftenyou.Thinkabouthowyoucarefortheotherperson.25.Whichofthefollowingdoestheauthoragreewithaccordingtothefirstparagraph?A.Tofightbacktodefendyourself.B.Totargettheproblem,nottheperson.C.Todealwithamanashedealswithyou.D.Tohurteachotherwhenangry.26.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“resentment”inthelastparagraphmean?A.Curiosity. B.Kindness. C.Concern. D.Anger.27.Whichofthefollowingstatementsmaytheauthorapproveof?A.Familymemberssharethesamememoriesoverfamilydisputes.B.Parentsshouldsetagoodexampleinafamily.C.It’seasyforpeopletoagreeondifferentideas.D.Youcandefendyourselfbythrowingfactsback.28.Whatisthebesttitleofthepassage?A.Thinkabouthowyoucareforotherpersons.B.Learntoconcernaboutfamilymembers.C.Howtodealwithfamilyconflictswisely.D.Learntoaccepteachotherinafamily.【答案】25.B26.D27.B28.C【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍如何明智地解决家庭冲突?【25题详解】推理判断题。根据文章第一段Ifyoucanthinkofaninstancewheretheotherpersonhasdoneexactlywhattheyaccuseyouof,forexample,itwouldnotbegoodmannerstothrowitintheirface.比如，如果家庭成员指责你不应该这样做，而你却回想到他/她以前也这么做过，这时候讲出这件事打他们的脸则是不礼貌的做法。可以推断出，我们要就事论事，不针对个人。故选B。【26题详解】词义猜测题。根据文章最后一段whilefamilymembersoftenfeelnothingbutannoyedforoneanother,theywillalsooftenbethereforthemiftheyshouldeverbeinserioustrouble.中的annoyed提示，和后句thinkabouthowfaryouwouldgoforthemiftheyhappenedtobeintrouble.Itcouldhelpsoftenyou.请想一想：如果他/她陷入麻烦，你会怎么做？这会让你缓和对他/她的态度，从而可以猜测出resentment为“怨恨”之意。故选D。【27题详解】推理判断题。根据文章第三段Peoplewhogrowupwithparentswhofightunfairlyoftenrepeatthesamebehavior.可知，如果父母总是争吵，在这种情况下成长的人往往也会重复同样的行为。从而可以推断，父母应该在家庭中树立一个好榜样。故选B。【28题详解】主旨大意题。根据文章第一段Ifafamilymemberblamesyouforsomethingyouhavedone,itisimportanttobecarefulabouthowyoudefendyourself.和全文内容可知，文章主要介绍如何明智地解决家庭冲突?故选C。【点睛】阅读理解通常都会出现词义猜测题，要求考生从上下文理解中概括出生词或短语的词义。考生作此类题型时，首先要找到所猜测词所在文章的位置，然后在理解文章大意的基础之上，对此词前后句反复研读，最后根据前后句猜测出词义。例如小题2要求猜测出resentment的含义，就是根据文章最后一段whilefamilymembersoftenfeelnothingbutannoyedforoneanother,theywillalsooftenbethereforthemiftheyshouldeverbeinserioustrouble.中的annoyed提示，和后句thinkabouthowfaryouwouldgoforthemiftheyhappenedtobeintrouble.Itcouldhelpsoftenyou.请想一想：如果他/她陷入麻烦，你会怎么做？这会让你缓和对他/她的态度，从而可以猜测出resentment为“怨恨”之意。CInarecentseriesofexperimentsattheUniversityofCalifornia,researchersstudiedtoddlers’thinkingaboutwinnersandlosers,bullies(欺凌)andvictims.Inthefirstexperiment,toddlers(学步儿童)watchedasceneinwhichtwopuppets(木偶)hadconflictinggoals:Onewascrossingastagefromrighttoleft,andtheotherfromlefttoright.Thepuppetsmetinthemiddleandstopped.Eventuallyonepuppetboweddownandmovedaside,lettingtheotheronepassby.Thenresearchersaskedthetoddlerswhichpuppettheyliked.Theresult:20outof23toddlerspickedthehigher-statuspuppet—theonethatdidnotbowormoveaside.Itseemsthatindividualscangainstatusforbeingdominant(占优势的)andtoddlerslikewinnersbetterthanlosers.Butthenresearchershadanotherquestion:Dotoddlerslikewinnersnomatterhowtheywin?So,researchersdidanotherexperimentverysimilartotheonedescribedabove.Butthistime,theconflictendedbecauseonepuppetknockedtheotherdownandoutoftheway.Nowwhenthetoddlerswereaskedwhotheyliked,theresultsweredifferent:Only4outof23childrenlikedthewinner.Thesedatasuggestthatchildrenalreadyloveawinnerbytheageof21-31months.Thisdoesnotnecessarilymeanthatthepreferenceisinborn:21monthsisenoughtimetolearnalotofthings.Butifapreferenceforwinnersissomethingwelearn,weappeartolearnitquiteearly.Evenmoreinteresting,thepreferenceforwinnersisnotabsolute.Childreninourstudydidnotlikeawinnerwhoknockedacompetitordown.Thissuggeststhatalreadybytheageof21-31months,children’slikingforwinnersisbalancedwithothersocialconcerns,includingperhapsageneralpreferenceforniceorhelpfulpeopleoveraggressiveones.Inatimewhenthenewsisfullofstoriesofpublicfigureswhocelebratewinningatallcosts,theseresultsgiveusmuchconfidence.Humansunderstanddominance,butwealsoexpectstrongindividualstoguide,protectandhelpothers.Thisfeelslikegoodnews.29.Oneofthepurposesoftheexperimentsisto________.A.teachtoddlershowtogainhigherstatusB.offertoddlersachancetowatchasceneC.observetheprocessoftoddlers’solvingaconflictD.findouttoddlers’attitudetowardwinnersandlosers30.Thetoddlersregardedbowingandmovingasideasasignof________.A.obeyingrulesB.gainingstatusC.givingintotheotherD.showinggoodmanners31.Whatdoesthesecondexperimenttellusabouttoddlers?A.Theyareexcellentlearners.B.Theyarealwayschangeable.C.Theyshowmercytotheloser.D.Theyvaluekindnessoverwinning.32.Whatdoestheauthorthinkoftheresultsoftheseriesofexperiments?A.Disappointing. B.Encouraging.C.Unexpected. D.Controversial.【答案】29.D30.C31.D32.B【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了研究人员进行了一系列的试验研究幼儿对赢家和输家、欺凌者和受害者的态度。【29题详解】细节理解题。根据第一段中的“researchersstudiedtoddlers’thinkingaboutwinnersandlosers,bullies(欺凌)andvictims.”可知，研究人员研究了幼儿对赢家和输家、欺凌者和受害者的看法，由此可知，试验的其中一个目的是查明幼儿对赢家和输家的态度，故D项正确。【30题详解】细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Theresult:20outof23toddlerspickedthehigher-statuspuppet—theonethatdidnotbowormoveaside.Itseemsthatindividualscangainstatusforbeingdominant(占优势的)andtoddlerslikewinnersbetterthanlosers.”可知，23名幼儿中有20名选择了地位较高的玩偶，即不鞠躬也不让开的玩偶，似乎每个人都可以通过占优势而获得地位，幼儿更喜欢赢家而不是输家，由此可知，幼儿把鞠躬和让开看作是向对方屈服的标志，故C项正确。【31题详解】细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的“Childreninourstudydidnotlikeawinnerwhoknockedacompetitordown.Thissuggeststhatalreadybytheageof21-31months,children’slikingforwinnersisbalancedwithothersocialconcerns,includingperhapsageneralpreferenceforniceorhelpfulpeopleoveraggressiveones.”可知，第二个试验中孩子不喜欢击倒对方的赢家，这表明到21-31个月大时，孩子们对赢家的喜爱已经与其他社会问题相平衡，其中包括对友善或乐于助人的人的普遍偏爱，而不是好斗的人，由此可知，第二个试验表明21-31个月大的孩子看重友善胜过获胜，故D项正确。【32题详解】推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“theseresultsgiveusmuchconfidence.”（这些结果给了我们很大的自信）及“Thisfeelslikegoodnews.”（这听起来是个好消息）可知，作者认为试验结果是令人鼓舞的，故B项正确。【点睛】涉及到观点态度的推理判断题难度较大，文章一般不会直接标明作者的态度，需要我们根据措辞的褒贬来揣摩作者的态度，例如本篇第4题，根据最后一段中的“theseresultsgiveusmuchconfidence.”可知，这些结果给了我们很大的自信，再根据“Thisfeelslikegoodnews.”可知，这听起来是个好消息，“confidence”和“good”表明了作者认为试验结果是令人鼓舞的。DEudaimoniaisanAncientGreekword,particularlystressedbythephilosophersPlatoandAristotle,whichdeservesfarmoreattentionthanithasbecauseitcorrectstheshortfalls(缺失）inoneofthemostcentral,buttroublingwordsinourmodemlanguage:happiness.Whenwenowadaystrytoclearlyexpressthepurposeofourlives，itistheword“happiness”thatwecommonlyturnto.Wetellourselvesandothersthatthemostimportantprincipleforourjobs,ourrelationshipsandtheconductofourday-to-daylivesisthepursuitofhappiness.Itsoundslikeaninnocentenoughidea,buttoomuchrelianceonthetermmeansthatwefrequentlyunfairlytendtoquitor,atleast,heavilyquestionagreatmanychallengingbutworthwhilesituations.TheAncientGreeksdidnotbelievethatthepurposeoflifewastobehappy;theyproposedthatitwastoachieveEudaimonia,awordwhichhasbeenbesttranslatedas“fulfilment”.Whatdistinguisheshappinessfromfulfilmentispain.Itisverypossibletobefulfilledand—atthesametime—underpressure,sufferingphysicallyormentally,overburdenedand,quitefrequently,inanirritable(易怒的）mood.Thisisaslightpsychologicaldifferencethatishardfortheword“happiness”tocapture,forit’strickytospeakofbeinghappyyetunhappy,orhappyyetsuffering.However,suchacombinationisreadilyaccommodatedwithintherespectedandnoble-soundingideaofEudaimonia.Thewordencouragesustotrustthatmanyoflife’smostworthwhileprojectswillsometimesbeinconflictwithcontentment,andyetwillbeworthpursuing.Properlyexploringourprofessionaltalents,managingahousehold,keepingarelationshipgoing,creatinganewbusinessventureorengaginginpolitics...noneofthesegoalsarelikelytoleaveuscheerfulandgrinningonadailybasis.Theywill,infact,involveusinallmannerofchallengesthatwilldeeplyexhaustandweakenus,provoke(激怒）andwoundus.Andyetwewillperhaps,attheendofourlives,stillfeelthatthetaskswereworthundertaking.Throughthem,we’llhaveachievedsomethingdeeperandmoreinterestingthanhappiness.WiththewordEudaimoniainmind,wecanstopimaginingthatweareaimingforapain-freeexistence—andthenblamingourselvesunfairlyforbeinginabadmood.We’llknowthatwearetryingtodosomethingfarmoreimportantthansmileallthetime:we'restrivingtodojusticetoourfullhumanpotential.33.Whatdoweknowabout“Eudaimonia”fromthepassage?A.ItwasfirstcreatedbytwoGreekphilosophers.B.Ithasreceivedalotofattentionfromthepublic.C.Itstillhassomeshortfallsthatneedtobecorrected.D.ItwasregardedasthepurposeoflifeinancientGreece.34.AccordingtoParagraph3,happiness.A.istheoppositeoffulfillmentBisfreefromphysicalormentalpainC.stressesthepsychologicaldifferenceD.servesasarespectedandnoblelifegoal35.Wecanlearnfromthepassagethat.A.aimingforhappinessmayleadtowrongself-blamingB.goalsthatwoundandweakenusresultinhappinessC.challengesleadingtocontentmentareworthundertakingD.feelingfulfilledmeansweshouldavoidtoughsituations36.Thepassageencouragesthereadersto.A.findfulfillmentwithallefforts B.seekforapain-freeexistenceC.keepoptimisticwhateverhappens D.balancehappinessandsuffering【答案】33.D34.B35.A36.A【解析】【分析】这是一篇说明文。介绍了古希腊人的生活目标，Eudaimonia与happiness的区别，鼓励人们尽一切努力寻找满足感。【33题详解】推理判断题。由第二段“TheAncientGreeksdidnotbelievethatthepurposeoflifewastobehappy;theyproposedthatitwastoachieveEudaimonia,awordwhichhasbeenbesttranslatedas“fulfilment”.古希腊人不相信生活的目的是快乐；他们提出，生活的目的是为了实现Eudaimonia，这个词最好翻译理解为“满足”可知，在古希腊，Eudaimonia被认为是生活的目的。故D选项正确。【34题详解】推理判断题。由第三段“Whatdistinguisheshappinessfromfulfilmentispain.Itisverypossibletobefulfilledand—atthesametime—underpressure,sufferingphysicallyormentally,overburdenedand,quitefrequently,inanirritablemood.Thisisaslightpsychologicaldifferencethatishardfortheword“happiness”tocapture”快乐与满足的区别在于痛苦。在压力下、在身体上或精神上遭受痛苦、负担过重以及经常处于易怒的情绪下，是很有可能得到满足的。这是一个微小的心理差异，这很难让“幸福”这个词捕捉到。可知,幸福没有身体或精神上的痛苦。故B选项正确。【35题详解】推理判断题。由末段“WiththewordEudaimoniainmind,wecanstopimaginingthatweareaimingforapain-freeexistence—andthenblamingourselvesunfairlyforbeinginabadmood.”想到了eudaimonia这个词，我们就可以不用想象我们的目标是一个没有痛苦的生活，不用不公平地责怪自己心情不好。可知，追求幸福可能导致错误的自责。故A选项正确。【36题详解】推理判断题。由第四段“Thewordencouragesustotrustthatmanyoflife’smostworthwhileprojectswillsometimesbeinconflictwithcontentment...Throughthem,we’llhaveachievedsomethingdeeperandmoreinterestingthanhappiness.”可知，这篇文章鼓励读者尽一切努力找到满足感。故A选项正确。【点睛】通过对关键词的把握是解决推理判断题的重要的方法之一。通读短文我们可知，短文主要介绍了Eudaimonia与happiness的区别，鼓励人们尽一切努力寻找满足感，一味儿的最求幸福感，会给自己带来很多烦恼。由末段“WiththewordEudaimoniainmind,wecanstopimaginingthatweareaimingforapain-freeexistence—andthenblamingourselvesunfairlyforbeinginabadmood.”中的关键词“stopimagining”“blaming”可知，不追求“Eudaimonia”而是最求“happiness”可能导致错误的自责。故A选项为第3小题的正确选项。ETheOccupyWallStreetprotestmovementhasraisedseriousquestionsabouttheroleofcapitalistinstitutions,particularlycorporationsinAmericansociety.WellbeforethefirstprotestersetfootinZucottiPark,aheckler(扰乱分子)urgedMittRomneytotaxcorporationsratherthanpeople.Romney’sresponse--“Corporationsarepeople”stirredabriefbutintensecontroversy.Nowthousandsofdemonstratorshaveineffectjoinedtheheckler,denouncing(抨击)corporationsas“enemiesofthepeople.”Farmoreimportantthanquestionsaboutwhatcorporationsareisthequestionofwhatattitudeweshouldhavetowardthem.Shouldwe,ascorporatepublicrelationsstatementsoftensuggest,thinkofthemasfriends(ifwebuyandaresatisfiedwiththeirproducts)orasfamily(ifweworkforthem)?Doesitmakesensetobeloyaltoacorporationaseitheracustomerorasanemployee？Moregenerally,evengrantedthatcorporationsarenotfullypersonsinthewaythatindividualsare,dotheyhavesomeimportantmoralstandinginoursociety？Myanswertoallthesequestionsisno,becausecorporationshavenocorededicationtofundamentalhumanvalues.Suchcorporationsexistasinstrumentsofprofitfortheirshareholders.Infact,lefttothemselves,theycanbeseriousthreatstohumanvaluesthatconflictwiththegoalofcorporateprofit.Corporationsareaparticularthreattotruth,avalueessentialinademocracy,whichplacesapremiumontheinformeddecisionsofindividualcitizens.Thecorporatethreatismostapparentinadvertising,whichexplicitlyaimsatconvincingustopreferaproductregardlessofitsactualmerit.Theirdefininggoalistogenerateprofit.Therearecaseswhentellingthetruthisthebestmeanstoadvancecorporateprofits.In1982,whensevenpeopleinChicagodiedfrompoisonedTylenol,Johnson&Johnsonappealedtoitscredo,whichmakesconcernforitscustomersprimarycorporategoal，andtoldtheentiretruthaboutwhathadhappened.Thishonestyturnedapotentialpublic-relationsdisasterintoatriumph.ButJohnson&Johnson’simpressivecorporatecredoendsbysaying,“Ourfinalresponsibilityistoourstockholdersandmustmakesolidprofit.Thecredoisunclearaboutwhathappenswhenthereisaconflictbetweenresponsibleactionandlong-termprofit.Noneofthismeansthatcorporationsareevilorthatsocialismshouldreplace