解读冷却塔测试标准ATC105

关于冷却塔测试标准ATC-105若干问题的思考AcceptanceTestCode

ForWaterCoolingTowers目

录CONTENTS标准简介特征曲线法性能曲线法测量要求标准编制0502030104

标准简介

01冷却技术研究所CTI于2000年2月发布了冷却塔测试标准ATC-105）（2019年修订版），标准化冷却塔的测试根据收集的测试数据评估确定冷却塔的能力有2种方法：特征曲线法

性能曲线法《变流量冷却塔性能测试方法》《变流量冷却塔评价规范》描述测试方法评估测试数据ATC-105

强相关IATC-105简介IIPart

ITest

Procedure1.Scope

and

Purpose1.1Scope1.2

Purpose1.3

Flexibility1.4Other

Uses1.5

ImpartialTestingService1.6System

of

Units1.7

UncertaintyAnalysis1.8Testtolerance1.9

Nomenclature2.Conditions

ofTest2.1Conduct

ofTest2.2Conditionof

Equipment2.3OperatingConditions2.4ConstancyofTest

Conditions2.5

DurationofTest2.6

FrequencyofReading2.7Test

Uncertainty3.

Instrumentsand

Measurements3.1Water

Flow

Measurements3.2WaterTemperature

Measurements3.3

InletAirtemperature

Measurements3.4WindVelocity(Speed

and

Direction)3.5Tower

Pumping

Head3.6

Fan

Driver

Power3.7WaterAnalysis3.8

Make-upand

Blow-Down4.

Reportof

Result4.1

Scope4.2Testform4.3

Distribution4.4Security4.5

Limitations4.6Tower

Capability变流量冷却塔

评价要体现变测试流程Part

II.

Evaluationof

Results5.Mechanical-DraftCoolingTowers-Characteristic

Curve

Method5.1Scope

and

Purpose5.2

Manufacturer's

Data5.3

DeterminationofTest

L/GValue5.4

DeterminationofTest

KaV/LValue5.5

DeterminationofTowerCapability6.Performance

Curve

Method7.

Mechanical-DraftCoolingTowers-CharacteristicCurve

Method7.1Scope

and

Purpose7.2

Manufacturer's

Data7.3

DeterminationofTowercapability特征曲线法性能曲线法结果评估

特性曲线法

025.2

Manufacturer’s

Data

-The

manufacturershallsubmittower

performance

data

relating

tower

characteristic

【KaV/L】andwater/air

ratio【

L/G】,

indicatingthedesign

L/G

to

be

used

for

the

test

evaluation.制造商应提供冷却塔特性KaV/L与水气比的性能关联数据，并明确用于测试的设计水气比This

relationship

may

be

presented

asan

equationwith

allconstants

listed,

oras

a

curve

or

properly

identifiedfamily

of

curves,expressingtheeffectsofvariables(such

as

hot

water

temperature

and

air

velocity)

that

may

have

a

significanteffectonthe

result,andshall

cover

a

rangeof

L/G

values

of

at

least

±20

percent

from

design

L/G.性能关联关系可以方程或者图形的形式，表明相关变量的影响，水气比的范围不小于设计值的±20%Ifthe

relationship

is

presentedasacurve,the

graphical

scaling

must

permitthe

determination

of

KaV/L

to

a

minimum

precision

equaltothat

provided

bythe

CTICoolingTower

Performance

Curves

(CTIToolKit).性能关联关系以图形的表达时，精度同冷却塔性能曲线Thedesign

L/Gvalueshall

be

identified,

aswellasa

listing

ofthe

design

point

conditions

of

hot

water

temperature,

cold

watertemperature,

inletwet-bulbtemperature,

inletdry-bulbtemperature

(forced

drafttower),fan

drive

power

(motoroutput

power,

unlessotherwisestated),fan

motorefficiency

(ifavailable

at

the

time

of

quote),

and

either

design

barometric

pressureordesign

basiselevation.设计水气比、热水温度、冷水温度、湿球温度、干球温度、风扇功率、电机效率、大气压等应明确。

=2.0988*

-0.8950特性曲线法制造商数据要求5.04.03.02.52.01.5Kav

L

1.00.80.60.40.30.2LG2.02.5

3.0(1.617,1.415)5.0

4.03.0

2.52.01.5Kav1.00.80.67891012141618202224G【kg/hr】

【kg/hr】塔厂提供的特性曲线Manufacturer’s

CharacteristicCurve

=2.0988*(

)

-0.8950【湿球温度】25.0°CRANGE【冷幅】

6.0

°C

ALTITUDE【海拔】0.0mL逼近度Approach=2,

3

,

4

,

5,

6

,

7

,

8

,

9

,

10

,

11,

12

,

14

,

16

,

18

,

20

,

22

,

24多组平行的曲线分别对应不同的逼近度(1.

700,1.305)特性曲线法2.02.5

3.00.71.00.71.011L0.30.30.30.50.50.40.20.20.24.04.01.51.536524设计及测试数据【(L/G)d

】

【设计值】

=2.0988*(

)

-0.8950L=834*0.681=567954kg/hr

G=340131/1.1=309210kg/hr

L/G

=

1.84【145500kg/hr风量0.45倍】选取设计工况逼近度（

30-25=5°C）【湿球温度】25.0°C

RANGE【冷幅】6.0

°C特性曲线法Induced

DraftTowerForan

induced

drafttower,theconditions

atthe

inlet

ofthefan

arethe

tower'sdischargeconditions.The

coderequiresthat

boththedesign

andtest,dischargeair

properties

be

determined

bya

heat

balancecalculation.

Calculating

designdischarge

air

properties

isastraightforward

procedurewhilecalculatingtestdischargeair

properties(L/G)d

=

Ratioof

massflow

rateofwatertoairfromthe

manufacturer‘sdesign

data

水气质量比v=Specificvolumeof

air,

either

test(t

)

or

design(d

)ρ=

Density

ofair,either

test(t

)

or

design(d

)W=

Fandriveroutput

power,eithertest(t

)

or

design(d

)Qw

=Circulatingwaterflow

rate,eithertest(t

)

or

design(d

)(

)t〓(

)

d*(

)

∗(

)1/3

∗

(

)1/3

∗

(

)

①dtυυdtρρ冷却塔风机的风量对应的是塔的出风口空气状态，但是已知的参数是冷却塔入口的空气状态，需要采用公式②试算的方法，根据入口参数求得出口参数，即获取出口的空气比容和空气密度ρt

、

ρd

、υt

、υd。G=

Massflow

rateofdryair

through

the

tower,

kg

dry

air/hr

空气质量流量【kg/hr】

ho

=

Enthalpyofair

leavingthetower,

kJ/kg入塔空气焓值【

kJ/kg】hi

=

Enthalpyofairenteringthetower,

kJ/kg

出塔空气焓值【

kJ/kg】L

=Circulatingwater

massflow

rate,

kg/sc

pw

=Specific

heatofwater

=4.186

kJ/kg×°C

Thw

=

Hotwatertemperature,

°CTcw

=Coldwater

temperature,

°C②ho=(L/

G)*C

pw*(Thw-Tcw)

+hi循环水质量流量【kg/hr】

水的比热热水温度【塔进水温度】

冷水温度【塔出水温度】requirescombiningthe

heat

balance

Equation

(②)with

Equation

(①)

and

iteratingfora

solution.L*C

pw*(Thw-Tcw)=G*(ho-hi)L

求解

(

G

)t

空气比容空气密度风扇功率循环水流量ATC-105（19）☆☆ATC-105（00）ATC-105（

19）单位应为：

kg/hr☆☆☆

为何这个单位错误很明显，

19年没有人提出来？原因：①很少有人手算过②特性曲线有困难

③依赖软件ATC-105（00）发现问题湿球温度21.1

°C

查表：hit

=61.102kJ/kghot

=

1.7183

*

(pt

)1/3

*

(υt

)*4.186

*

(33.4−

27.1)+

61.102

hot

=45.3147

*

(pt

)1/3

*

(υt

)+

61.102湿球温度25

°C

查表：hid

=76.503kJ/kghod

=

(1.70)

*4.186*(36-30)+

76.503

=

119.2kJ/kg

假定出口空气饱和，查表可得:(L/G)t=1.7183

*

(pt

)1/3

*

(υt

)(L/G)t=

1.7183

*

(1.1425)1/3

*0.90025

(L/

G)t

=

1.617ho=(L/

G)*C

pw*(Thw-Tcw)

+hiTa

=

33.35

°Cρd

=

1.1295

kg/m³

υd

=

0.91488

m³/kgProperties

ofSaturatedAir-WaterVapor

Mixturesat

101.325

kPa

(sea

level)30.7

°C与入口干球温度30.6°C非常接近求解冷却塔出口空气密度c

pw

=Specific

heat

ofwaterThw

=Temperature

ofthe

hotwaterTcw

=Temperature

ofcoldwaterhw

=

Enthalpyofsaturatedairat

the

hot

water

temperature

ha

=

Enthalpyofair

enteringthe

tower应该是103.745计算特性值

KaV/L

at

the

test

L/G

C∗

=

(

)

*100%=101.6%(L/G)I=1.728

1.728计算冷却塔换热能力

DeterminationofTowerCapability测试工况点CTI工具软件

性能曲线法

03The

performancecurves

providedbythe

manufacturerare

integral

intheevaluation

ofcoolingtower

performance.制造商提供的冷却塔性能曲线是冷却塔性能评价不可缺少的一部分。Thesecurvesare

usedtotranslatethe

measuredperformanceduringthetestto

the

expected

performance

at

design

conditions.性能曲线用于性能测试是否满足设计工况。Therefore,theaccuracyofthetest

resultisdependent

onthe

accuracy

of

the

performance

curves.因此，测试的准确度建立在性能曲线上。TheCTIATC-105testcode

recommendsthat

performancecurves

be

evaluated

bythe

purchaser

before

the

contract

is

signed.冷却塔性能测试标准ATC-105推荐合同签订前买家对性能曲线做出评估。The

performancecurvesare

recommendto

be

requiredas

partof

bidsubmittal

packageandthe

review

of

the

curves

be

part

of

the

bidevaluation

process.性能曲线推荐作为投标的一部分，并且评标时考量。Thiswillenablecurves

presented

bydifferent

manufacturersto

becomparedfor

consistency.使得不同厂家的曲线可以比较。REVIEWOFNEW2019CTIATC105ACCEPTANCETESTCODEFORCOOLINGTOWERSDAVIDWHEELER,P.E.AND

KEN

HENNON,

P.E.CLEANAIR

ENGINEERING听同行说6.

Performance

Curve

Method

性能曲线法Usingthe

performancecurveanalysis

methodtoevaluate

cooling

tower

test

data

relativeto

design

conditions

provides

foranexpedient

methodofanalysis

inthat

one

merely

needs

to

cross-plot

and

interpolate

from

the

curves.采用图形内插的性能曲线分析方法评价冷却塔在设计工况下的测试数据是一种权宜之计。Alternatively,CTIToolkitcan

be

usedtoconductthe

performance

curve

evaluation.另外一种方法是采用CTI工具软件来实现性能评估。It

is

recommendedtheownerandtheirconsultant

review

cooling

tower

performance

curves

for

inconsistencies

associated

with

predicted

coldwatertemperaturesatvariousoperating

conditions.推荐业主及其顾问评价冷却塔性能曲线在各种运行工况下的出水温度的不适用性。That

reviewshould

beconducted

priortoexecution

of

a

contractwith

a

cooling

tower

manufacturer

and

the

review

should

result

intheowneracceptingthe

performancecurves

associated

with

the

contract.评价应在与冷却塔制造商的合同签订前，并且业主认可合同中相关的性能曲线。Performancecurvesassociatedwithcompeting

bids

should

be

analyzed

and

compared

atvarious

conditions

within

theboundariesofthecurves

(i.e.,

rangevaryingfromdesign

basis

range,

inlet

wet

bulb

temperature

varying

from

design

basis,

etc.)

inorderto

identify

inconsistencies.应分析、比较各种工况，包含不同的冷幅、湿球温度以确定不适用性。To

improvethe

abilitytoanalyzecoolingtower

capability

atthe

design

point,

it

is

preferable

totest

the

tower

within

10%

ofthedesign

waterflow.测试流量应在设计流量的10%范围内，以利于设计工况的冷却塔热力分析。标准条文Incaseswhenthe

predicted

water

flow

isbeyondthe

boundaryofthemanufacturers

performancecurves,theanalystshallextrapolateastraight

lineusingthe

nearesttwodata

points

onthe

coldwatertemperatureversus

predicted

waterflowgraph

incrossplot

2

onmechanicaldraftor

crossplot

3

onnaturaldraft

until

it

meetsthetested

condition

coldwatertemperature.预测流量超出制造商提供的性能曲线

范围，机械塔应采取内插图2，自然通风塔采用内插图3外延到测试工况冷水温度。

Thesameanalysiscan

be

done

using

CTI

ToolKitsoftware.同样的分析可采用CTI工具软件实现。CTI认证依据STD-201标准，测试依据ATC-105标准，

需要厂家提供整

个冷却塔系列的图纸资料和热性能数据，包括冷却塔热力性能曲线标准条文7.2

Manufacturer’s

Data

-The

manufacturershall

submit

afamily

of

performance

curves

consisting

of

a

minimum

of

3sets

of3curves

each.制造商须提供至少3组性能曲线，每组3条曲线。One

set

shall

applyto

90%,one

to

100%,and

theotherto

110%ofthe

designwatercirculation

rate.

90%、

100%、

110%设计循环水量各一组。

Each

setshall

be

presented

asa

plotofwet-bulbtemperatureas

abscissa

versus

cold

water

temperature

as

ordinate,

with

cooling

range

as

parameter.每组曲线湿球温度为横坐标，冷水出水温度为纵坐标，不同冷幅作为参数。Graphicalscalingshall

be

incremented

soasto

provide

a

minimum

of0.2

°C

(0.5°

F)

increments

and

no

more

than

0.1

°C/mm

(5

°

F/inch)for

bothwet-bulbandcold

watertemperatures.

图形刻度0.2°C，每mm不大于0.1°C。Curves

shall

be

based

on

constantfan

pitch

angle.

曲线为同一固定风扇角度。

Inadditiontothedesign

rangecurve,

bracketing

range

curves

ofapproximately80%and

120%ofdesignto

the

nearest

0.5

°C

(1

°

F)

shall

be

shown,

at

a

minimum.

冷幅变化范围应能覆盖大约

80%-120%的设计热力，并精确到最近的0.5°C。Thecurvesshallfullycover

(but

not

necessarily

be

limitedto)

the

range

ofvariables

specified

in

Paragraph

2.3.变量范围应能覆盖但不限于2.3节的规定。The

design

pointshall

beshownonthe

appropriatecurve,

aswell

as

a

listing

ofthe

design

pointconditions

of

hotwatertemperature,coldwater

temperature,

inlet

wet-bulb

temperature,

inlet

dry-bulbtemperature

(forced

drafttower),design

L/G

(induced

draftonly),fandriveroutput

power

(fan

motor

output

power,

unlessotherwise

designated),fan

motorefficiency

(ifavailableattime

of

quote),

and

either

design

barometric

pressure

or

designbasiselevation.设计工况点应在合适的曲线上表示出来，包括热水温度、冷水温度、湿球温度、设计水气比、风扇功率、风扇效率及大气压或海拔高度。2.3.3Thefollowingvariationsfromdesignconditions

shall

not

beexceeded:设计工况参数偏离范围2.3.3.1Wet-bulbtemperature

±8.5

°C2.3.3.3

Range…………..

±20%2.3.3.5

Barometric

Pressure

±3.5

kPa2.3.3.2

Dry-bulbtemperature

±14.0

°C2.3.3.4Circulatingwaterflow………….

±10%2.3.3.6

Fandriveroutput

power

………

±15%密度修正后上一版10%性能曲线法制造商数据要求29.84°C-18.80-26°C【T90】24.54测试

湿球工况性能曲线法算例+30.60°C-18.80-26°C【T100】+性能曲线法算例31.36°C-18.80-26°C【T110】性能曲线法算例+测试工况冷幅46.51-29.04=

17.47性能曲线法算例17.47测试工况冷幅46.51-29.04=

17.47Qw,pred

=

3416.5

L/s

3416.5/3583=95.35%

of

Design

Flow29.04[测试工况湿球温度]性能曲线法算例☆湿球温度26

°C查表：hid

=80.80kJ/kghod

=

(1.30)

*4.186*(49.4–

30.6)+80.80=

183.1kJ/kg

假定出口空气饱和，查表可得:ho=(L/

G)*C

pw*(Thw-Tcw)

+hiTa

=41.86

°C

ρd

=

1.0863

kg/m³υd

=

0.9708

m³/kg24.54测试湿球工况湿球温度24.54

°C

查表：hit

=75.8551kJ/kgVapor

Mixturesat

101.325

kPa

(sea

level)Properties

ofSaturatedAir-Water40.1

°C与设计工况41.86°C比较接近性能曲线法算例Section

M1.GeneralThe

purposeofthisappendixisto

providea

methodology

for

determiningcoolingtower

capabilityasafunctionoftemperaturedeviation

from

design

cold

watertemperature.本附录提供一种测试出水温度与设计出水温度的偏差与塔的散热能力之间函数的计算方法。Section

M2.

MethodologyTheCapabilityofacoolingtower,

as

determined

bya

performance

test,

isusually

reportedasa

percentageofthe

designwaterflow

rate.

It

is

calculated

fromthe

ratiooftheAdjustedTest

Flow

Rateto

theflow

rate

predicted

from

the

manufacturer'sdataforthe

measuredtestconditions.冷却塔性能测试时塔相对于设计工况出力百分比就是与设计流量的比值，通过校

正测试流量与额定设计工况时的预期流量的比值来计算。%CAP=

(Qadjust/Qpred)*100%Thisequationshowsthattower

capabilityis

inversely

proportionalto

predicted

flow

(Qpred).上面的公式表明塔的性能与预期流量成反比。Fromthatitfollows

that

ifacoolingtower

isoperatingwithdesign

(100%)

flow,

design

range,designfan

powerandatdesignwet

bulbtemperature,

but

producing

a

coldwatertemperatureequaltothatexpected

when

operating

at

90%

design

flow,

thetower

capabilityis:由此冷却塔在设计流量、设计冷幅、设计湿球温度，冷水出水温度与90%设计流量时的出水温度相同时，塔的散热能力：%CAP=

(100/90)*100%=111.11%Similarly,

ifthetowerwere

producingacoldwatertemperature

equal

to

that

expectedwhen

operatingat

110%

designflow,thetower

capabilitywould

be:同理，如果塔的出水温度与与110%设计流量时的出水温度相同时，塔的散热能力：%CAP=

(100/110)*100%=90.91%Usingthisapproach

inconjunctionwiththe

Performance

Curvessupplied

bythetower

manufacturer,three

points

oftower

leavingwatertemperatureasafunction

oftower

capabilitycan

be

readilyobtainedand

plotted.利用制造商提供的冷却塔的性能曲线，可以得到不同流量时冷却塔的出水温度。Thecurve

canthen

be

usedto

determinethe

towerleavingwatertemperatureatdesignflow,

range,

andfanmotor

powerforanycapabilityfallingwithinthe

scope

ofthe

curve.通过曲线可以确定冷却塔在设计流量、设计冷幅、设计风机功率，不同的塔的散热能力与出水温度。Extrapolationofthecurveto

any

significantdegree

is

not

recommended.

不推荐曲线外延过多。Fromthe

manufacturers

performancecurves,tabulatethecoldwatertemperatures

predictedforthedesign

range,designwet

bulbtemperatureand,

ifapplicable,thedesignRelative

Humidityfor

eachflow

rateforwhichperformancecurvesare

provided.通过制造商的性能曲线，可以列出表格：冷水出水温度、

设计冷幅、设计湿球温度、相对湿度（若适用）、流量。用户更加关注

出水温度和逼近度APPENDIXM

ExpressingTowerCapabilityasa

Functionof

Deviationfrom

DesignColdWaterTemperature计算冷却塔出水温度31.36°C-18.80-26°Cή=18.80/23.15=81.2%103.5%

Designcoldwater:30.60test-30.35°CDifferencevs.design=

-0.25°C【T110】30.60°C-18.80-26°C【T100】ή=18.80/23.4=80.34%29.84°C-18.80-26°C【T90】APPENDIXM

ExpressingTowerCapabilityasa

Functionof

Deviationfrom

DesignColdWaterTemperature计算冷却塔出水温度塔出水温度80%~出水温度

32.6

°ή=18.80/24.16=77.81%100%~出水温度30.6

°ή=18.80/23.4=80.34%111.1%~出水温度29.84

°ή=18,80/22.64=83.04%120%~出水温度29.45ή=18.80/22.25=84.49%湿球温度26°C

冷幅：18.18

°C风机额定功率

标准大气压设计流量80%85%90%

95%100%105%

110%

115%

120%APPENDIXM

ExpressingTowerCapabilityasa

Functionof

Deviation90.91%~出水温度31.36

°from

DesignColdWaterTemperature计算冷却塔出水温度>

CAP29.5°31.5°32.8°32.5°30.5°29°32°30°31°°塔出水温度

11

.

..

%684°833026

9水温6/出22%ή1100%~出水温度31.4

°120%~出水温度29.50

°ή=22.56/26.06=86.57%ή=22.56/27.96=80.69%90.91%~出水温度32.4

°ή=22.56/28.96=77.90%湿球温度26°C

冷幅：

22.56

°C

风机额定功率

标准大气压设计流量80%85%90%

95%100%105%

110%

115%

120%APPENDIXM

ExpressingTowerCapabilityasa

Functionof

Deviationfrom

DesignColdWaterTemperature87%~出水温度

32.8

°计算冷却塔出水温度CAP29.5°31.5°32.8°32.5°30.5°29°32°30°31°测量要求04温度0.05°C流量：2%功率：3%大气压：0.34kPa

风速：0.5m/s测量要求-测量设备精度测量设备精度Instrument

Minimum

Calibration

Frequency

测量仪器校准周期Temperature

sensorsWithin

3

months

prior

to

use温度传感器使用前3个月Water

flow

measurementDevices

流量计3年[未损坏]Three

years

if

undamagedElectric

power

meters

Yearly电气计量每年Wind

speed

and

directionDevices

Yearly测量风速、风向设备每年每小时最小次数

记录精度湿球温度干球温度出水温度进水温度循环流量风扇功率Table

U-1Overall

UncertaintyforCoolingTowerCapability系统误差

随机误差

测量误差测量要求-读数频率Nv

=(int)Math.Round

(

)进风面N等分

，每个网格的中心点测量湿球温度Nh

=

(int)Math.Ceiling（

n/Nv）n=(int)Math.Ceiling(0.52*A0.4）N

=Nh

*

Nv湿球温度最小测量数量：向上取整测量要求-湿球温度测点测量要求-湿球温度测点示例H’=11.6m

L=30mH’=1.8m

L=60mlag大于5min，那么测试时间60min+lag对于变流量冷却塔30%流量时lag=3-10min•冷却塔的出水温度要考虑延时的影响，取3-10min后的数值•冷却塔寻优周期要大于15minlag

=

vbasin

Qtw=336/3.6=93.3L/SVbasin=3.82*6.3*0.40=9.62m3=9620L

lag=9620/(60*93.3)=1.72(min)测量要求-最小测量时间60*Qtw2.4ConstancyofTestConditions-

Foravalid

test,

variations

in

test

conditions

shall

be

within

the

following

limitsduringeachtest

run:测试工况要稳定，满足以下要求：2.4.1Circulatingwaterflow

rateshall

notvary

by

morethan

2

percent.冷却循环水流量变化≤2%2.4.2

Heat

load

isdefinedastheamountof

heat

to

be

removed

from

the

water

within

the

tower

which

isproportionaltothe

massflow

rate