第11讲 阅读理解-2024年八年级英语寒假提升学与练（原卷版）

第11讲阅读理解目录新知导航：熟悉题型，心中有数技巧精讲：典型例题，掌握技巧小试牛刀：考点剖析，过关检测培优精练：好题新题，培优提升【考点解读】中学英语教学大纲把培养学生阅读能力作为一个主要的教学目标，而阅读理解题是每次中考中分值最高的一类题。它是通过文字获取信息以达到对作者的思想、观点、意图进行了解、认识和交流的目的。旨在考查考生的英语运用能力及阅读理解能力。那么如何在有限的时间内充分理解文章的主旨大意，准确解题就是考生复习的重中之重了。【新课标解读】根据上下文和构词法推断、理解生词的含义；能理解段落中各句子之间的逻辑关系；能预测故事情节的发展和可能的结局；能读懂常见体裁的阅读材料；能根据不同的阅读目的，运用简单的阅读策略获取信息；除懂得用字典等工具进行学习外，还能不借助字典读懂含有3%左右生词的语言材料。除教材外，课外阅读量应累计达到15万词以上。【命题依据】1.能根据不同的阅读目的，运用简单的阅读策略快速获取细节信息。2.能把握所读材料的中心思想和主要事实。3.能把握所读材料的主要逻辑线索，事件和空间的顺序。4.能根据上下文和构词法推断、理解词义。5.能根据上下文理解作者的态度、观点和意图。6.能找出文章中的主题，理解故事的情节，预测故事情节的发展和结局。【能力要求】1.预测能力 2.快速阅读能力（60—80词/分） 3.整体理解能力4.快速准确获取关键信息的能力 5.把握主旨能力 6.把握段落主旨能力7.对西方文化的理解能力 8.句子结构和文章结构的理解能力9.掌握一定的阅读词汇量（分层） 10.词语意义的理解能力【题型特点】1.直观性问题。直接引用原文中的语句或根据短文中原语句稍加改动而编成。2.常识性问题。考查考生依据短文信息，并根据自己所具备的一般常识做出判断的题型。3.理解性问题。考查考生对文章的中心思想、某段的段落大意、某一事实的细节及作者意图等的理解程度。4.推理性问题。这类题需要在深刻理解短文后，再经过推理判断才能选出正确答案。阅读理解考题的类型就是单选题。这类题型的选项要求学生在理解短文的基础上做出判断，将短文内容与备选项对比，把一些与短文内容明显相符或不相符的答案选出来。主要有四个考点：具体细节、主旨大意、推理判断、词义猜测。一、主旨大意题（Tofindoutthemainidea）其目的是考查考生对短文中心思想或作者意图的掌握。1.解题技巧：（1）抓住主题句，锁定文章主旨。找主题句，应先通读全文，理解大意，充分理解主题句的意义。主题句一般具有以下特征：概括全段思想；一般位于段首、段尾或位于段中。解这种题目时，不能只凭文中的只言片语而断章取义，比如涉及文章的标题(title)、主题(mainidea)、结论(conclusion)、结局(end)等有关问题，都需要在细读全文的基础上，结合所学语言知识、背景知识、生活常识、科学专业知识进行逻辑推理和判断，从而获取文章中内隐的信息。（2）抓住段落大意，概括中心思想。（3）抓住主线和关键，归纳文章中心。主旨题常见的命题形式：(1)Themainideaofthepassageis…(2)Thispassageismainlyabout…(3)Theauthor'spurposeinwritingthistextis…(4)Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthepassage?(5)What’sthetopicofthetext?【例】However,livinginacityalsohasbadsides.Foronething,youmustworkhardandtrytomakeasmuchmoneyasyoucan.Becauseitisoftenveryexpensivetoliveinacity.Also,publictransportisusuallycrowded,andeventheparkscanbecomefullofpeopleonSundays.Besides,althoughtherearemanypeopleinthecity,itisstillpossibletofeellonely(孤独的).Whatdoesthisparagraphmainlytalkabout?A．Somethingwecandointhecity.B．Thebadsidesoflivinginthecity.C．Thewriter’sfeelingaboutlivinginthecity.D．Thecrowdedpublictransport.二、细节理解题和细节判断题(Tolookfordetails)细节题是用来进一步表达主题、体现中心思想的，往往针对短文某个细节来设题。1.常考题型：是非题、例证题、年代与数字、比较、原因、事实排序题、直接信息题、间接信息题、综合信息题。2.解题技巧：（1）细心审题，直接就题找答案。（2）变通理解，间接转述找答案。（3）多点归纳，综合事实找答案。3.细节题常见的命题形式：（1）Whichofthefollowing

isTrue/NotTrue?（2）Inthepassage,whichofthefollowingismentioned?（3）Allofthefollowingstatementsaretrueexcept…（4）Choosetherightorderoftheeventsgiveninthepassage.（5）Where,how,who,why,howlong等引导的特殊疑问句要求判断细节。【例】Doyoulikelivinginacity?Lookatthegoodsides.Itisofteneasiertofindwork.Andthereisusuallyachoice(选择)ofpublictransport(公共交通),soyoudon’tneedtoownacar.Also,therearealotofinterestingthingstodo.Forexample,youcaneatingoodrestaurants,payavisittomuseumsandgotothetheaterandconcert.What’smore,whenyouwanttorelax,youcaneasilyfindaparktofeedtheducksorjustsitontheparkbenchandreadabook.Allinall,citylifeisfullofinterestingactivitiesandyouwillneverfeelbored.Whatarethegoodsidesoflivinginthecity?makingasmuchmoneyasyoucanb.eatingingoodrestaurantsc.visitingmuseumsd.goingtotheconcertA．abc B．abd C．abe D．bcd三、词义猜测题(Toguessthemeaning)词义猜测题主要考查考生根据上下文正确判断灵活变化的词义的能力。单词的猜测能力是阅读理解能力的主要组成部分，初中英语学科教学基本要求规定，学生能根据上下文推测词义，并能不借助词典读懂含有3%左右生词的语言材料。1.解题技巧（1）通过因果关系猜测词义。首先找出生词与上下文之间的逻辑关系，然后才能猜词。有时文章借助关联词（如because,as,since,for,so,thus,asaresult,ofcourse,therefore等）表示前因后果。Eg:Youshouldn’thaveblamehimforthat,foritwasn’thisfault.for引导的从句表示原因（那不是他的错），可猜出blame的词义是“责备”。（2）通过同义词和近、反义词的关系猜词。通过同义词猜词，一要看由and或or连接的同义词词组，如：happyandgay,即使我们不认识gay这个词，也可以知道它是愉快的意思；二是看在进一步解释的过程中使用的同义词。如：ManwasknowingsomethingabouttheplanetsVenus,Mars,andJupiterwiththehelpofspaceships.此句中Venus，Mars，Jupiter均为生词，但是只要知道planets就可以猜出这几个词都是属于“行星”义域。通过反义词猜词，一看表转折关系的连词或副词，如：but,while,however等；二看与not搭配的表示否定意义的词。如：Heissohomely,notatallashandsomeashisbrother.根据notatall…handsome就不难推测，homely意为“不英俊，不漂亮”之意。（3）通过构词法猜测词义。阅读文章时，总会遇到新词汇，有时很难根据上下文来推测，而它们对文章的理解又有着举足轻重的作用，此时，如果掌握了一些常用的合成、派生、转化等词法知识，这些问题便不难解决了。（4）通过定义或释义说明来推测词义。Eg:Butsometimes,norainfallsforalonglongtime.Thenthereisadryperiod,ordrought.从drought所在句子的上下文我们可以得知很久不下雨，于是便有一段干旱的时期，即drought.由此可见drought意为“久旱”、“旱灾”，而adryperiod和drought是同义词。这种同义或释义关系用is,or,thatis,inotherwords,becalled或破折号等来表示。（5）通过描述猜测词义。（6）用知识和生活经验猜测词义。（7）根据上下文的指代关系进行猜测。2.常见的词义猜测题的命题形式：（1）Theword“…”inthepassageprobablymeans_________.（2）Whatdoestheunderlined(画线的)word“…”mean______.（3）Theunderlinedwordmeans_________.（4）Theclosemeaningoftheunderlinedword“…”is__________inEnglish.（5）Theword“…”refersto________.注意事项：在做词义猜测题时注意不要脱离语境。有些常用词在特定的上下文或专业性文章中具有特殊的或专门的词义。在解这类题时，必须仔细地研读画线部分的上下文，有时阅读的视线还要扩大一些。如果离开特定的语言环境来理解生词意义，必然会理解错误。【例】Doyoulikelivinginacity?Lookatthegoodsides.Itisofteneasiertofindwork.Andthereisusuallyachoice(选择)ofpublictransport(公共交通),soyoudon’tneedtoownacar.Also,therearealotofinterestingthingstodo.Whichwordhasthesamemeaningas“own”?A．have B．share C．catch D．plan四、推理判断题（Toinferaconclusion)推理判断题在阅读测试中属于难题。推理判断题就是根据某个事实推断结论。包括：数据事实推断、常识推断以及作者的写作目的、态度和倾向等的推断1.解题技巧。推理判断题分两种，即对细节的推理和对主旨的推理。解决此类题要注意，一是与原文相同的细节不能选，二是文中没有出现的细节不能跳出文章做推断。解题过程中只要注意上述两点，再结合做细节题和主旨题的方法，即可得出答案。2.推理判断题常见的命题形式：（1）Wecaninferfromthepassagethat_______.（2）Thewritersuggeststhat_______.（3）Fromthepassage,wecanlearnthat_______.（4）Wemayconcludefromthepassagethat_______.（5）Fromthepassage,itcanbeinferredthat_______.【例】Doyoulikelivinginacity?Lookatthegoodsides.Itisofteneasiertofindwork.Andthereisusuallyachoice(选择)ofpublictransport(公共交通),soyoudon’tneedtoownacar.Also,therearealotofinterestingthingstodo.Forexample,youcaneatingoodrestaurants,payavisittomuseumsandgotothetheaterandconcert.What’smore,whenyouwanttorelax,youcaneasilyfindaparktofeedtheducksorjustsitontheparkbenchandreadabook.Allinall,citylifeisfullofinterestingactivitiesandyouwillneverfeelbored.However,livinginacityalsohasbadsides.Foronething,youmustworkhardandtrytomakeasmuchmoneyasyoucan.Becauseitisoftenveryexpensivetoliveinacity.Also,publictransportisusuallycrowded,andeventheparkscanbecomefullofpeopleonSundays.Besides,althoughtherearemanypeopleinthecity,itisstillpossibletofeellonely(孤独的).Ithinkyoungpeoplelikecitylifebetterbecausetheylovetheexcitementofthecityanddon’tmindthenoiseorthepollution.1.Wherecanwereadthispassage?A．Astorybook. B．Asportsmagazine.C．Aletter. D．Anewspaper.2．Howdoesthewritermakethepassagecleartous?A．Hewritesstories. B．Hegivesexamples.C．Heasksquestions. D．Heshowsnumbers.Nowadays,peopleshowallkindsofthingsontheInternet—goodfood,niceclothes,wonderfulvacationsandsoon.Nowshowingthenumberofstepsisbecomingpopular,too.Why?Peoplearefindingitimportanttobeingoodhealth.Tokeephealthy,manypeoplegotoworkonfoot.Whentheystartwalking,theyopenthestepcounterappintheirphonestorecord(记录)howmanystepstheywalkthatday.Afteraday’swalk,somepeopleshowthenumberonWeChatorWeibo.Thiscanmakethemlearnfromeachotherandkeepexercising.“Thishelpsmetoexercisemuchandkeepagoodhabit,”MissLiusaid.“IcanalsotalkabouthowtokeephealthywithmyfriendsonWeChat.Weareinthesamegrouptoencourage(鼓励)eachothertokeepexercising.”Mr.Wulikestoexercise.Butinthepasthewaskindoflazyanddidn’twanttoexerciseeveryday.“AfterIusethestepcounterapp,everythingisdifferent.It’sgreattoexercisewithmyfriends.Sometimesthereareprizesforthosewhowalkmoresteps.Ireallylikeit.”hesaid.Walkingisarelaxingandusefulwaytoexercise.Boththeoldandtheyounglikeit.Recordingthestepshelpspeopledevelop(养成)agoodhabitofwalkingandshowingthenumbercanmakepeoplemoreinterestedinwalking.Butdon’ttakethenumbertooseriously.1．WhatisbecomingpopularontheInternetnow?A．Showingthenumberofsteps. B．Showingwonderfulvacations.C．Showinggoodfoodandniceclothes. D．Showinglovelypets.2．Theunderlinedword“stepcounter”inParagraph2means“________”inChinese?A．备忘录 B．计步器 C．计时器 D．体重器3．WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaccordingtothepassage?A．Morepeoplegotoworkonfoottosavemoney.B．MissLiuandMr.Wuliketoexercisewiththeirfriends.C．Peopleusuallyshowthenumberofstepsinthemorning.D．Walkingisn’tausefulwaytoexercise.4．Whatdoesthewriterthinkofshowingthenumberofsteps?A．Itcanmakepeoplerelaxed. B．Itcanmakepeoplestopdrivingcars.C．Itcanmakepeopledevelopagoodhabit. D．It’suseless.5．Whatcanwelearnfromthispassage?A．Itisimportanttobehealthy. B．Peoplewhowalkmorestepsgetprizes.C．Walkingisthebestwaytoexercise. D．Theuseofthestepcounterapp.ATherewasanoldpeartreeinaman’sgarden.Inthepast,thetreefruitedeveryyear,sotheownergotmanypears.Butnow,thetreegotold.Therewerenomorepearsfortheman.Sothemandecidedtocutthetreedown.Whenhewalkedtothetreewithanaxeinhishand,thetreesaidtohim,“Pleasedon’tcutmedown.Ibroughtsomanypearsforyouinthepastyears.NowIonlyhaveashorttimetolive.”“I’msorryIhavetodoso,”themansaid,“becauseIneedsomethingtomakeachair.”Atthatmoment,abirdintheoldtreesaidtohim,“Don’tcutitdown!Everytimeyougooutandyourwifefeelslonely,shewillsitunderthetreetoenjoyitscoolshade,andIsangsongstomakeherhappy.Wegivemuchpleasuretoyourwifewhenyouareawayfromhome.”Themandidn’tlistentothebirdanddroveitaway.Whenhewantedtocutdownthetree,somebeesflewoutofitandsaid,“Listen!Ifyoudon’tkillthistree,wewillgiveyoudelicioushoneyeveryday.Wouldyoupleaseleavethetreewithus?”Themangotmoved.Hesaid,“Youaresokindtothetree,thoughitbecomesold.NowIseethatIshouldn'tcutitdown.Itdidsomuchtomeandmywife.Letthetreestayhere,andletthebirdcontinuetosingsongshere.”Withthesewords,themanleft.Andtheoldtreelivedtheretoitslastday.1．Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleofthestory?A．TheSingingBird B．TheMan’sWifeC．TheOldTree D．TheKindBees2．Whydidthemandecidetocutdownthetree?A．Themanneededwoodtomakeabed. B．Thetreegotold.C．Themancouldn’tgetanyapplesfromit. D．Thetreedidn’tgiveanyshade.3．Whatmadeherwifehappywhenthemanwasnotathome?A．Theman. B．Thetreeandthebird. C．Thesunshine. D．Thebeesandtheirhoney.4．Inthisstory,theword“continue”means________.A．再一次开始 B．继续 C．表演 D．停止5．Whatcanwelearnfromthestory?A．Peopleshouldbethankful.B．Goodchaircomesfrompeartrees.C．Oldpeoplearekindandfriendly.D．Birdsandbeesarealwayshelpful.BWhenyouhaveadinnerparty,whatshouldyoudo?Thefollowingwillhelpyou.Trytoopenthedoorforeachguest.Ifsomeoneelseanswersthedoor,gotowelcomeyourguestsassoonasyoucan.Alwaysoffertotaketheircoatsandask,“Wouldyoulikemetotakeyourcoat?”Peopleoftenbringsgiftslikeflowersorchocolatetoadinnerparty.Bereadytoreceivethegifts.Getavasesothatyoucanputtheflowersinthewater.Neverleaveaguestunattended(没人照顾的),especiallywhenthereisonlyoneofthem.Ifthereismorethanone,theycantalktoeachother.Ifthepartyisathome,agoodideaistohaveatoiletsignforpeoplewhodon’tknowyourhouse.Ifthepartyissomewhereelse,likearestaurant,trynottobeloud,becausenoteveryoneintherestaurantisatyourparty.6．Whatdoesthepassagetellsus?A．Howtochooseagift. B．Howtobeapoliteguest.C．Howtomakefriendsataparty. D．Howtohaveadinnerparty.7．Whatcanyoutakefortheguestswhentheyarrive?A．Coats. B．Gifts. C．Shoes. D．Flowers.8．Whatwillpeopletakeiftheygotoadinnerpartyaccordingtothepassage?A．Clothes. B．Vegetables. C．Chocolate. D．Fruit.9．WhichofthefollowingisNOTtruefromthepassage?A．Itisnotgoodtoleaveaguestalone. B．Youmustopenthedoorforeveryguest.C．Peoplecanhavedinnerpartiesathomeorinarestaurant.D．Itisbettertohaveabedroomsign.CInaclassroom,GarryGoldenissharinghisideaswithsomeuniversitystudents.Goldenisafuturist.Futuristsarescientistswhostudytheworldtodayandusethatinformationtomakepredictionsaboutthefuture.Somefuturistsstudytheenvironment.Somestudyhumansociety(社会).Goldenstudiestransportation—thescienceofhowtom