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DIGITAL

SUSTAINABILITY

FRAMEWORK:

ExperiencesfromKSA’s

DigitalGovernmentTransformation

WORLDBANKGROUP

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DIGITAL

SUSTAINABILITY

FRAMEWORK:

ExperiencesfromKSA’s

DigitalGovernmentTransformation

TABLEOFCONTENTS

Foreword 3

AcknowledgementsAndDisclaimer 4

ExecutiveSummary 6

1.Introduction 10

1.1Context 10

1.2Definition 11

1.3TargetAudience 13

2.DigitalSustainabilityJourney:ChallengesAndEfforts 14

3.DigitalSustainability:FrameworksInspiringTheDSFInKSA 17

3.1TheDigitalSustainabilityFrameworkInKSA:ProgressSince2021 19

3.2CountryExamples:DenmarkAndSingapore 21

4.DigitalSustainabilityFramework:BuildingBlocksAndServices 24

4.1DigitalSustainabilityFramework 24

4.1.1DigitalBuildingBlocks 27

4.1.2AnExampleOfUseCasesInvolvingPayments 29

4.2TheBenefitsOfTheDigitalSustainabilityFramework 31

4.3TheComponentsOfTheDigitalSustainabilityFramework 32

5.TheICTEnablementProcess 37

6.TakeawaysAndRoadmapTowardDigitalSustainability 45

7.Conclusions 48

AcademicReferences 49

OnlineResourcesAndPractitioners’Reports 50

AppendixA–DigitalSustainabilitySurveyQuestionnaireForAgencies 52

AppendixB-ICTEnablementProcess–Phase5 56

FOREWORD

ThedigitaltransformationintheKingdomofSaudiArabia(KSA)hasputthecountryattheforefrontofinnovation,enablingthegovernmenttoreimaginepublicservicedeliveryandpublicadministration.

DigitalistransformingSaudiArabia,withagamutofdailylifetransactionsnowmanagedonline,fromtheregistrationofanewbornoranewvehicletoobtainingatravelvisa.Thesameistruefortheprivatesectorandbusinesses,asemployeeregistration,workpermits,insurance,andtheapplicationsfororrenewalsofprofessionallicensescanalsoallbehandledonline.Asthedigitalizationofpublicservicesmatures,sodoesthecapacityofDigitalGovernmentAuthority(DGA)regulatortoorchestratethetransformationonthebasisofasafeandrobustlegalandregulatoryframework,simplifiedanddesign-basedthinkingforcreationofpeople-centeredservices,andtechnologysolutionssuchascloudcomputingthatenableascalable,efficientdeploymentofonlineservices.

ThiswhitepapernarratestheongoingeffortsoftheDGAtocreateacultureofre-usability,re-purposing,andefficiencyacrosspublicexpendituresandinvestmentsinlargetechnologyprojects.Ithasbeenjointlyresearchedandco-createdbyaDigitalGovernmentAuthorityteam,inpartnershipwiththeWorldBankDigitalDevelopmentGlobalPractice.IhopethenarrationofourongoingestablishmentoftheDigitalSustainabilityFramework,theanalysisofthestepstaken,thecollaborationandcooperationmechanismsestablished,andtheevidenceofearlyresultscansupportpolicymakers,researchers,projectmanagers,andtechnologyorenvironmentsustainabilitypractitionerswhoseektoacquirepracticalinsightonthiscomplexjourney.

Thankyou,

ENG.AHMEDALSUWAIYAN

Governor,DigitalGovernmentAuthorityKingdomofSaudiArabia

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSANDDISCLAIMER

ThisWorldBankwhitepaperwasjointlyauthoredbytwoteams,respectivelyfromtheSaudiGovernment,andtheWorldBank,underaTechnicalAssistancepartnershipwiththeSaudiDigitalGovernmentAuthority(DGA).TheSaudiTeamwasledbyNouraAlsanieandReemAlmadhi,undertheleadershipofH.E.theDGAGovernor,Eng.AhmedAlsuwaiyanandDr.AbdullahAlFaifi,DGA’sViceGovernorandVPofInvestmentandExcellence.OntheWorldBankside,theco-authorswereSamiaMelhem(TaskTeamleader),andAndreaCarugati.TheauthorsarealsogratefulforresearchandeditorialsupportfromSedaPahlavooni,AlbatoolAlHashem,MartaPriftis,andDinaDanifRichani.ThewhitepaperwaseditedbyErinRupprechtAylorandthegraphicdesignerwasAndresdelaRoche.

TheauthorswouldliketoexpressgratitudeforqualitypeerreviewcommentsreceivedfromacrosstheWorldBankGroupforrefiningthemessageofthewhitepaper,includingfromStelaMocan(Manager),KhuramFarooq(SeniorFinancialManagementSpecialist),andVladManoil(DigitalDevelopmentSpecialist)oftheWorldBankaswellasfromProfessorLapoMola(PhD),AssociateProfessor,SkemaBusinessSchool,andUniversityofVerona.

ThewhitepaperbenefitedfromtheoverallguidanceofMichelRogy,PracticeManagerforEuropeandCentralAsia(ECA)andtheMiddleEastandNorthAfricaregions(MNA)intheDigitalDevelopmentGlobalPractice.ThewhitepaperwasproducedincollaborationwiththeDigitalGovernmentAuthorityoftheKingdomofSaudiArabiaunderthefundingoftheWorldBank’sReimbursableAdvisoryServices.TheDGAandtheWorldBank’scooperationinissuingthisdisclaimerdemonstratestheircommitmenttopromotesafeandefficientcloudcomputingpracticesinKSA.Thisisparticularlyimportantgiventhegrowingdemandtoreduceinvestmentcostsandcarbonfootprintofdigitalinvestments.ThisdocumentisaproductofthestaffoftheDGAandTheWorldBankwithcontributionsfromexternalsources.Anyfindings,interpretations,andconclusionsexpressedinthisworkdonotnecessarilyreflecttheviewsofTheWorldBank,itsBoardofExecutiveDirectors,orthegovernmentstheyrepresent.Thematerialinthisdocumentisintendedforgeneralinformationpurposesonlyanddoesnotconstitutelegaladvice.Suchmaterialisintendedtobeneitherexhaustivenorprescriptiveandshouldinnocircumstancesbeconstruedasorsubstitutedforappropriateprofessionalfinancial,technical,orlegaladviceonDigitalSustainabilityprojectsorprograms.Unlessotherwisenoted,“$”denotesUSDollarsthroughoutthiswhitepaper.

DIGITALSUSTAINABILITYFRAMEWORK:EXPERIENCESFROMKSA’SDIGITALGOVERNMENTTRANSFORMATION4

FRAMEWORK:GOVERNMENT

EXECUTIVESUMMARY

Thiswhitepaper,DigitalSustainabilityFramework:ExperiencesfromKSA’sDigital

GovernmentTransformation,highlightsthecrucialroleofglobaldigitalsustainability

endeavours,focusingonSaudiArabia’sinitiativesalignedwiththeVision2030for

digitalgovernment.TheDigitalSustainabilityFramework(DSF)ispresentedastheKSA’sinterpretationofhowtheadoptionoflearningsfromenvironmentalsustainabilitycanbeappliedtoinvestmentsinInformationandCommunicationsTechnology(ICT).

Whileacknowledgingthechallengesofthiseffort,SaudiArabia’sexperiencemayserveasamodelorinspirationforothernations.Byfosteringknowledgeexchange,SaudiArabiaaimstopromotesustainabledigitaldevelopmentglobally,underpinnedbytheirprogressinglobalrankingsandtowardtheachievementoftheUNSDGsandVision2030targets,anddespiteexistinghurdleslikeorganizationalsilos.

Digitalsustainabilityanditsmostusedframeworks,theDigitalInvestmentFrameworksfromITU-DIALandtheDigitalPublicInfrastructurefromtheUN,arebasedonthesustainabilityprinciplesofreuseofresourcesappliedtotheICTdomain.Digitalsustainabilitypromisesaseriesofbenefitsfortheadoptinggovernments,asit:

1.Enablesthedeliveryofdigitalservicesat

scale:Digitalsustainabilityprovidesthe

foundational,reusabledigitalcomponents(e.g.,digitalID,paymentplatforms,dataexchange)andcloudinfrastructurethatallowdigital

applicationsandservicesacrosssectorstobebuiltanddeliveredtocitizensmoreefficientlyandatalargerscale.

2.Maximizesreturnoninvestment:Bytakinganintegrated,whole-of-governmentapproachtoinvestingindigitalsustainability,governmentscanidentifyopportunitiesforreuseandavoid

costlyduplicationofeffortsacrossdifferentagenciesandsectors.Thisleadstoeconomiesofscaleandagreaterreturnondigital

investments.

3.Acceleratesprogresstowardssustainable

developmentgoals:Theseframeworks

helpmapthelinksbetweendevelopment

targets(e.g.,SDGs),priorityusecases,andthedigitalcomponentsrequiredtoenablethoseusecases.Thisallowsgovernmentstostrategicallyinvestinthesolutionsthatwillhavethegreatestimpactonadvancingtheirdevelopmentobjectives.

4.Fostersinnovationandgrowthofthe

digitalecosystem:Ensuringthatcoredigital

componentsareinplacestimulatesthe

(economicalandfast)developmentofnew

digitalapplicationsandservicesbyboththe

publicandprivatesector.Thisspursinnovationandgrowthofthewiderdigitaleconomy.

5.Enhancesefficiencyandsavescosts:Digitizinggovernmentservicesandoperationsusing

theseframeworkscanleadtosignificantcostsavingsthroughreducedduplicationacrossministries,reducedtransactionoverheads,reducedcybersecuritycosts,andincreasedefficiencycomparedtosiloedapproachestogovernmentservices.

DIGITALSUSTAINABILITYFRAMEWORK:EXPERIENCESFROMKSA’SDIGITALGOVERNMENTTRANSFORMATION6

EXECUTIVESUMMARY

Chapter2providesadetailedoverviewofSaudiArabia’sdigitalsustainabilityjourney,discussingchallengesandprogress.Ithighlightsthehurdlesoffragmenteddigitalizationandintegrationissues,whicharecausedbyculturalandstructuralpracticeswithingovernmentagencies.Despitethesechallenges,theestablishmentoftheDigitalGovernmentAuthority(DGA)in2021marksasignificantstepforwardinstreamliningtheKingdom’sdigitaltransformation.Severalinitiatives,includingthedevelopmentoftheNationalEnterpriseArchitecture(NEA),aimtoenhancedigitalgovernmentservicesbyaligninggoals,standardizingtechnicalstandards,andrefiningprocesses.TheNEAcreatesthefoundationonwhichdigitalsustainabilityisbuilt.

Chapters3and4introducetheDigitalInvestmentFramework(DIF),developedbyITUandDIAL,whichiscrucialforSaudiArabia’sDigitalSustainabilityjourney.Itadvocatesawhole-of-governmentstrategy,whichrequireseffectivelyintegratingdigitalservicestodriveinnovationandsustainability.InspiredbyITU-DIAL’sDIF,theDigitalSustainabilityFramework(DSF)presentedinthiswhitepaperextendstheseprinciples,tailoredforSaudiArabia’scontext,topromotecollaborationandresourceoptimizationamonggovernmentagencies.Todate,theDSFhashelpedtoidentify20digitalbuildingblockswiththepotentialtodeliversignificantsavingsiftheyareappliedbyallministriesinKSA.TheDSFisdetailedinitsdimensionsandobjectivesandhasthreeaims:(i)optimizeICTresourcesthroughthedevelopmentofreusabledigitalcomponents,(ii)promotecollaborationamonggovernmentagenciestoinducetheabandonmentofsiloedmanagementofITresources,and(iii)leverageawhole-of-governmentapproachtoenhanceservicedeliverytocitizensinaninnovativeandsustainablefashion.Theinvestmentinthese20digitalbuildingblocks,coveringcoreserviceslikepaymentsolutions,personalidentification,

certifiedsignatures,andcommunication,areexpectedtobereusedby53%ofgovernmententities,fosteringefficiencyandinnovation.The20digitalbuildingblocksareestimatedtodeliversavingsupto$4.5billionoverthenextdecadeiftheirutilizationbecomeswidespreadacrossgovernmentagencies.ThesechaptersalsoshareinternationalexamplesfromDenmarkandSingaporetohighlightthebenefitsofICTconsolidation.

Chapter5discussestheICTenablementprocess,amethodicalapproachtoenhancetheDSFbyidentifyingandimplementingsustainabledigitalinvestmentsatboththenationalandentitylevelsinSaudiArabia.TheICTenablementprocessprovidesapractical,reusable,andactionablemethodologytoenabletheDigitalSustainabilityFrameworkandachieveprogresstowardstheDigitalSustainabilityDimensions.ItinvolvesconsolidatingICTresources,rationalizingcosts,improvingefficiency,andcontributingtoSustainableDevelopmentGoals(SDGs).Thisprocessincludessixphases:BuildingBlockUniverseDefinition,GovernmentEntitiesShortlisting,BuildingBlocksShortlisting,FeasibilityAssessment,DeepDiveAnalysis,andConsolidationImplementation.Eachphaseinvolvesassessingcriteriasuchascommercialrelevance,scalability,andalignmentwithsustainabilityframeworkstoprioritizeandimplementICTbuildingblocksacrossgovernmententities.

TheConclusionhighlightsSaudiArabia’songoingjourneytowarddigitalsustainability,emphasizingtheshifttowardamoreintegratedwhole-of-governmentapproachdespiteexistingobstacles.Thegovernment’sdigitalizationinitiativesalignwithinternationalstandardsandhaveyieldedpositiveresults,asevidencedbyimprovedrankingsinvariousindicesandassessments.TheDigitalGovernmentAuthority(DGA)leadsbyexample,aimingtoencourageother

7DIGITALSUSTAINABILITYFRAMEWORK:EXPERIENCESFROMKSA’SDIGITALGOVERNMENTTRANSFORMATION

EXECUTIVESUMMARY

governmentagenciestoadopttheDigitalSustainabilityFramework(DSF).Theseefforts,supportedbytheNEA(NationalEnterpriseArchitecture)initiative,markacrucialphasetowardssustainableICTgovernanceacrossthegovernment.Thefocusisonmakingdigitalinvestmentsmoresustainableandprioritizingtechnologiesthatmaximizereturnoninvestmentandcitizensatisfaction.Thejourneytowarddigitalsustainabilityisongoing,withtheDSFfacilitatingtheidentificationandimplementationofsustainabledigitalinvestmentopportunities.

ForKSAandothercountriesthatwanttopursuethepositiveoutcomespromisedbydigitalsustainability,thejourneyislikelytolastmultipleyears.Thesteadfastapplicationoftheframeworkandtherelatedgovernanceisessentialforimproving,andeventuallyachievingdigitalsustainability.

Assumingadeparturepointofsiloedgovernment,wherepublicagenciesareindependentlyresponsibleforthedeliveryofdigitalservicestocitizens,amulti-yearroadmapforadevelopingcountrytomovetowardsafullyimplementedwhole-of-governmentapproachanddigitalsustainabilitycouldpresentthefollowingfourmacrophases:

PHASE1:

ESTABLISHTHEGOVERNANCEFOUNDATION

Thejourneystartswiththepreparationofasolidvisionandstrategyfordigitaltransformation.Thisvisionneedstobealignedwiththespecificcountry’sSDGsanddevelopmentpriorities.Basedonthisvision,thegovernancestructurethatwillenablethewhole-of-governmentapproachneedstobeestablishedandstartworkingwithanempoweredteam.Thisgovernanceentitywouldberesponsibleforsettingprioritiesandbeginningtheprocessofmappingtheexistingsetupforthedeliveryofdigitalservices.

PHASE2:

ESTABLISHTHETECHNICALFOUNDATION

Thisphaseisfocusedoncreatingthetoolsrequiredfordigitalsustainability.Theinitialactivitieswillincludebuildingthecoredigitalbuildingblocksthatarefoundationalenablersofdigitalsustainability:digitalIDs,certifiedsignatures,digitalpayments,citizenbankaccounts,andcertifiedcommunication.Ifitisnotalreadyinplace,publicagenciesneedtomigratetoasharedcloudinfrastructureandphysicalserversneedtobemovedtothecloudand/orclosed.AcompanionpaperfocusedonSaudiArabia’sCloudFirstPolicyoffersadditionalinformationonthistopic.Trainingwillbeakeyaspectofthisphaseasitisimportanttostartbuildingthedigitalskillsofpublicemployees,whichwillhelpthemunderstandtheimportanceofthistransitionandcreatethecapabilitieswithingovernmentthatwillbeneededtosustainthechangeprocess.Inthisphaseitwillalsobepossibletomapthepriorityusecasestocommonworkflows,withthegoalofleveragingthefoundationalbuildingblocksmentionedabovetodeliveractualservicestothepublic.Inthisway,thefirstrealvaluefromdigitalsustainabilitywillbeharvested.Notethattechnologysolutions,includingAItools,canbeleveragedtoidentifythecoredigitalbuildingblocks.

PHASE3:

DRIVEADOPTIONANDUSEOFSHAREDDIGITALINFRASTRUCTURE

Inthisphase,governmentstrulyharvesttheresultsofdigitalsustainabilityatscale.Inthisphasemanymorebuildingblockshavebeenaddedtothefoundationalbuildingblocks,basedonprioritizationofservices(topeople,businesses,orgovernmentinstitutions).Countriescancountonintegratingdozens(ifnothundreds)ofbuildingblocksintofreshsolutionswithminimaleffort.Usageofdigitalservicescanbetrackedeasilyandcomparedacrossthedigitalecosystemwhile

DIGITALSUSTAINABILITYFRAMEWORK:EXPERIENCESFROMKSA’SDIGITALGOVERNMENTTRANSFORMATION8

EXECUTIVESUMMARY

theiralignmentwiththeNEAguidelinescanbeassessedaswell.Governmentscanstarttopromoteathrivingecosystemoflocaldigitalinnovationandservicedeliverybuiltontopofthepublicdigitalinfrastructure.

PHASE4:

REALIZETHEBENEFITSFURTHERAFIELD

Inthisphase,governmentssupporttheextensionofthedigitalinfrastructurebeyondthegovernmentandbeyondborders.Withamature,component-baseddigitalinfrastructure,developmentcanbeopenedtoexternalpartners.Thosewillnaturallyneedtobecertifiedbuttheycancontributetoboththecreationofnewbuildingblocksandthecreationofnewservicesassembledfromexistingbuildingblocks.TheachievementofSDGscanbeacceleratedatscale.Governmentscancreateamarketfordigitalcomponentsandservicestosupporteachotheracrossborders.

Thekeyistotakeaphased,iterativeapproach—firststrengtheningtheenablingenvironmentandfoundationalinfrastructure,thenfocusingonreuseandintegration,andfinallydrivingimpactatscale.

Strongleadership,governance,andcapacitybuildingarecriticaltothesuccessfulnavigationofthisjourney.

9DIGITALSUSTAINABILITYFRAMEWORK:EXPERIENCESFROMKSA’SDIGITALGOVERNMENTTRANSFORMATION

1INTRODUCTION

1.1CONTEXT

Inthenearterm,achievingsustainabilityisoneofhumanity’smostvitalobjectives.Forsustainabilitytobecomeamindsetandnotmerelyagoal,itneedstoencompassall

fields,includingdigital1ThiswhitepaperelaboratesonthestepstheSaudiGovernmenthastakentowarddigitalsustainability.Thepaperwillfirstpresenttheconceptand

mechanismsofdigitalsustainabilityandthen,indepth,thedigitalsustainability

frameworkandtheSaudiGovernment’simplementationprocesstomovetowarddigitalsustainability.Cognizantofthefactthatthepathtowarddigitalsustainabilityiscomplex,theSaudiGovernmentwishestoengagewiththeglobalcommunitythroughknowledgeexchangeandresearch,jointlywiththeWorldBank,oneofitsvaluedknowledgepartners.

The1SaudiGovernment’sVision2030isgroundedin

transactions.4Theriseoftheseandotherbreakthrough

therealizationthatInformationandCommunications

technologiesmeansthattheywillplayanincreasingly

Technologies(ICT)hasbecomeanestablishedmeansto

importantroleinorganizingthedigitaleconomyin

improvethelivesofallcitizens—privateandbusiness—

thefuture.Theywilldramaticallyincreasedemandfor

andtheGovernmentispursuingthisobjectiveatan

thepublicsystemtodeliverservicesdigitally,notonly

acceleratingpace.Automationandroboticsarealready

intermsofvolumebutalsointermsofqualityand

beginningtosolvemundaneandrepetitivetasksin

sophistication.Thatsaid,whiledigitaltechnologies

collaborationwithamoreefficientworkforce.2Artificial

havethepotentialtodeliversignificantbenefitsto

intelligencecaninfluencedecisionsrangingfrom

allconstituenciesinanycountry,5theydonot,by

wheretoshoponlinetolargeinvestmentchoices.3

themselves,improveeitherpopulationwellbeingorthe

Blockchainbuildstrustbyensuringhealthcaredata

sustainabilityagenda.Whilethereisaclearpotential

securityandtheintegrityofday-to-dayfinancial

tousedigitaltechnologiestoimprovetheconditionsof

1Kotlarsky,J.,Oshri,I.,andSekulic,N.2023.”DigitalSustainabilityinInformationSystemsResearch:ConceptualFoundationsandFutureDirections.”JournaloftheAssociationforInformationSystems,24(4),936-952.

2Sowa,K.,Przegalinska,A.,andCiechanowski,L.2021.“Cobotsinknowledgework:Human–AIcollaborationinmanagerialprofessions.”JournalofBusinessResearch,125,135-142.

3Rodgers,W.,Hudson,R.,andEconomou,F.2023.“ModellingcreditandinvestmentdecisionsbasedonAIalgorithmicbehavioralpathways.”TechnologicalForecastingandSocialChange,191,122471.

4Hasselgren,A.,HanssenRensaa,J.A.,Kralevska,K.,Gligoroski,D.,andFaxvaag,A.2021.”Blockchainforincreasedtrustinvirtualhealthcare:Proof-of-conceptstudy.”JournalofMedicalInternetResearch,23(7),e28496.

5SDGDigitalInvestmentFramework-Awhole-of-governmentApproachtoInvestinginDigitalTechnologiestoAchievetheSDGs-

/

dms_pub/itu-d/opb/str/D-STR-DIGITAL.02-2019-PDF-E.pdf.

DIGITALSUSTAINABILITYFRAMEWORK:EXPERIENCESFROMKSA’SDIGITALGOVERNMENTTRANSFORMATION10

1.INTRODUCTION

civilsocietyatlarge,thispotentialmustbepurposefullymobilizedthroughthestructuringofthepublicsystemandthroughspecificpolicies.6Tofacegrowing—andevolving—demand,consolidatingservicestooptimizereturnsoninfrastructureinvestmentsiskey;thereisgrowingsupportandevidencethatgovernmentsthattakeawhole-of-governmentapproachwheninvestingindigitalsolutionsandinfrastructurecanpositivelyimpactbothcitizenwellbeingandachievementofsustainabilitygoals.7

1.2DEFINITION

DigitalsustainabilityisarecentconceptthatreferstoavisionofICTadoptionthatfollowsthesameprinciplesofenvironmentalsustainability,suchasreuse,recycling,andleanuseofresources.Digital

sustainabilitycanbenarrowlydefinedasthe

preservationandreuseofdigitalinvestments8orbroadlyastheuseofdigitaltoolsfortheachievementoftheSustainableDevelopmentGoals(SDGs),includingaddressingclimatechange,protectingbiodiversityandhumanrights,andupholdinghealthequityanddigitalethics.9Eitherway,digitalsustainabilityisanimperativethat,takenseriously,canprofoundlyaffectdecisionmakingaboutICTinvestmentatbothlocalandgloballevels(seedetailsinVignette1onthefollowingpageandVignette2onpage18).

ThiswhitepaperpresentstheinitialeffortsandexperiencesoftheKingdomofSaudiArabiathat,inspiredbytheconceptofdigitalsustainability

definedabove,developeditsownDigitalSustainabilityFramework(DSF)tosupportthegovernment’sdigitaltransformationstrategy.Fromthisperspective,digitalsustainabilityforKSAisinterpretedasthecreationofICTbuildingblocksthatarereusableinmultipleworkflowsandpublicservices(usecases).Initscurrentform,thefocusoftheDSFisnotongreenIT,althoughthisobjectivemaybecomedominantinthefuture.

Thewhitepaper’sobjectiveistopresenttheDSFandasetofpracticesforinvestingindigitaltechnologiesthatareinspiredbysustainabilityprinciples.ThewhitepaperaimstosharetheexperiencesofKSAwithpublicentitiesindevelopingcountriessothattheycanbuildontheseexperiencestooperationalizetheDigitalSustainabilityFrameworkintheirownlocalcontext.

Thereportacknowledgesthattheintegrationofadigitaltransformationagendaandadigitalsustainabilityagendaatthelevelofanentirecountryisamajorundertaking.KSAismovinginthisdirectionandhasstartedtocollectexperienceswhiledealingwithlegacywaysofdoingbusinessthatarerootedinculture,structure,andtraditions.Therefore,theseexperiencesrepresentthebeginningoftheprocess,nottheendresult.Bysharingtheseexperiencesandcollectingnewonesfromothercountries,theh