【高二下期末】浙江省新高考导向研究协作体2021-2022学年高二下学期尖子生统测英语试题（解析版）

2/2浙江省新高考导向研究协作体2021学年第二学期尖子生统测试题高二年级英语试题考生须知：1.本试卷分第Ⅰ卷（选择题）和第Ⅱ卷（非选择题）。满分为150分，考试时间为120分钟。2.请用黑色签字笔将学校、班级、姓名、考号分别填写在答题卷和机读卡的相应位置上。第Ⅰ卷（选择题部分）第一部分听力（共两节，20小题，每小题1.5分，满分30分）第一节（共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分）听下面5段对话。每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。每段对话仅读一遍。例:Howmuchistheshirt?A.£19.15.B.£9.18.C.£9.15.答案是C。1.Whatdoesthemanoffertodo?A.Payforthebill.B.LendthewomanmoneyC.Getsomethingtoeat.2.Whydoesn’tthemanwanttogotothebeach?A.Heawaitsthematch.B.Hehasnointerestinthebeach.C.Theweatherdoesn’tpermit.3.Whatdoesthewomanmean?A.Themanisannoying.B.Herhomeworkistoohard.C.Themanisabsent-minded.4.Howdidthewomanknowtheplace?A.OntheInternet.B.Onherwaytowork.C.Fromhercolleague.5.Whomighthavemadethereservation?A.David.B.Mary.C.Burton.第二节（共15小题;每小题1.5分，满分22.5分）听下面5段对话或独白。每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。听每段对话或独白前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟；听完后，各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。每段对话或独白读两遍。听下面一段对话，回答第6和第7两个小题。6.Whatdoesthemanlikeabouthishometown?A.It’sreallyverybig.B.Ithascolorfulnightlife.C.It’snotexpensivetolivethere7.Whatistheweatherlikeinthefallintheman’shometown?A.Cold.B.Sunny.C.Wet.听下面一段对话，回答第8和第9两个小题。8.Whenwilltheplanetakeoff?A.At4:50.B.At6:30.C.At7:30.9.Howwillthespeakersgototheairport?A.Bytaxi.B.Byunderground.C.Bybus.听下面一段对话，回答第10至第12三个小题。10.Whereistheman?A.Atatheater.B.Atahotel.C.Atasnackbar.11.Whatwillthemanprobablydoat6:00p.m.tomorrow?A.Spendhis20thbirthday.B.Attendaweddingceremony.C.Celebratetheirweddinganniversary.12.Howmuchshouldthemanpay?A.$100.B.$200.C.$300.听下面一段对话，回答第13至第16四个小题。13.WhatencouragedthemanandhiswifetogototheAntarctic?A.Anarticle.B.ATVprogram.C.Atrainingcourse.14.Whatwastheworstdangeraccordingtotheman?A.Livinginextremeclimate.B.Fallingintoiceholes.C.Comingacrossaterriblewind.15.Whatcausedthefunnynoise?A.Theequipment.B.Thewind.C.Theplane.16.Whatwasasurpriseforthemanandhiswife?A.Theygotsomefreshfood.B.TheycouldleavetheAntarcticearlier.C.Someonewaslivingouttherenearthem.听下面一段独白，回答第17至第20四个小题。17.Whatisthepurposeofsettinguptheproject?A.Tohelpstudentsbereadyforreallife.B.Toteachstudentstowriteapplicationletters.C.Toletstudentsknowaboutsometypicaljobs.18.Whatistheheadmasterexpectedtodo?A.Recommendjobstostudents.B.Asktheteachertoexplaintheproject.C.Announcethenewsoftheprojectclearly.19.Whowillhelpstudentstowriteapplicationletters?A.Theheadmaster.B.Ateacher.C.Amemberofthecommittee.20.Whatisthelaststepofdoingtheproject?A.Gatherstudents’opinions.B.Makealistofsuitablejobs.C.Askstudentstotakeonresponsibility.第二部分阅读（共两节，满分50分）第一节（共15小题；每小题2.5分,满分37.5分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C、D）四个选项中选出最佳选项。A

ThisdocumentsetsoutthedisplaystandardsforGlasgowMuseums.Thisguidewillhelpexhibitionplannersprovideaccesstoexhibitionsinourmuseums.GlasgowMuseums’aimistoimproveaccesstocollectionsbyhavingasmanyitemsaspossibleondisplayandwithoutphysicalbarriers.Wealsotryoutbesttoprotecttheseobjectswithoutlimitingaccesstothem.ObjectPlacement·Don’tplaceobjectsinsuchawaythattheycouldpresentadangertovisitors.·Allobjectdisplays,casedorotherwise,mustbeviewablebyall,includingpeoplewhoaresmallinfigureorinwheelchairs.OpenDisplay·Allobjectsonopendisplaymustbesecurefromtheftanddamage.·Allobjectsidentifiedforpotentialopendisplaymustbeviewedandagreedonanobject-to-objectbasisbytheSecurityManagerofthemuseum.RecommendationsDistanceRecommendeddistancetoplaceobjectsoutof“casualarm’slength”(takenfromtheedgeoftheobjecttotheedgeofanyproposedformofbarrier)700mm*Insomecases,600mmmaybeacceptable,providedtheplinthheightisabove350mm.CasedObjects·Allcaseddisplaysshouldfallwithinthegeneraloptimum（最优的）viewingbandof750-2000mm.Ensureeverythingisvisuallyaccessiblefromawheelchair.·Positionsmallobjectsorthosewithfinedetailinthefrontpartofacase,withlargeritemsbehind.·Positionsmallitemsorthosewithfinedetailnohigherthan1015mmfromfloorlevel.Objectsplacedabovethisheightareonlyseenfrombelowbypeopleinwheelchairsorpeoplewhoaresmallinfigure.

1.Fromthispassage,wecanlearnthatGlasgowMuseums______.A.limitaccesstoexhibitionsonadailybasisB.aremostfamousforitslargecollectionC.makegenerousdonationstothedisabledD.valuetheexperiencesofallvisitors2.Accordingtotheguide,objectstobeplacedonopendisplaymust______.A.beequippedwithanti-theftsystemB.beviewedfromadistanceof700mmC.receiveapprovalfromthemuseumfirstD.fallwithinarms’reachofastandingman3.Amotherandher10-year-oldsonarelikelytobothfeelcomfortableinfrontofadiamondplacedinaglasscaseattheheightof______.A.1250mm B.950mmC.650mm D.450mm【答案】1.D2.C3.B【解析】这是一篇应用文。这份文件规定了格拉斯哥博物馆的陈列标准。【1题详解】细节理解题。根据ObjectPlacement部分第二句“Allobjectdisplays,casedorotherwise,mustbeviewablebyall,includingpeoplewhoaresmallinfigureorinwheelchairs.”（所有的展品，不论大小写，都必须被所有人看到，包括身材矮小或坐在轮椅上的人。）可知，GlasgowMuseums珍惜所有游客的体验。故选D。【2题详解】细节理解题。根据OpenDisplay部分第二句“Allobjectsidentifiedforpotentialopendisplaymustbeviewedandagreedonanobject-to-objectbasisbytheSecurityManagerofthemuseum.”（所有被确定为可能公开展示的物品都必须经过博物馆保安经理的检查并在物品对物品的基础上达成一致。）可知，公开展出的物品必须先得到博物馆的批准。故选C。【3题详解】推理判断题。根据CasedObjects部分第一句“Allcaseddisplaysshouldfallwithinthegeneraloptimum（最优的）viewingbandof750-2000mm.”（所有的展品都应该在750-2000毫米的最佳观察范围内。）可知，一位母亲和她10岁的儿子面对一颗950毫米高的玻璃柜里的钻石，可能都感到很舒服。故选B。B“Runners,toyourmark,Getset…”Bang!AndIwasoff,alongwithabunchofotherteenagecross-countryrunnersfromhighschoolsacrossthecounty.Thedaywaslikeanyotherfair-weatherautumndayinMaryland.Buttheracethatdayfeltuniquefromtheget-go.Foronething,Ilikedthecourse.Itwasmyteam’shomecourse,oneIwasusedtorunningduringpractices.Ittookrunnersalonganareaoflandthatincludedopenfields,hillsandevenwindingdirtpathsthroughasmallforest.Itwasabeautiful5-kilometercourse.Thisparticularracewasourteam’sinvite,andIwasproudtobesharingthecoursewithcompetitorsfromotherschools.Italsomeantalot―morethannormalthatmyparentsweretheretocheermeon.Withsomuchtoexpectthatday,Iwasreadytorun!AndIdidn’twanttobestuckwiththepackofotherrunners,asistypicalatthebeginningofmostcross-countryraces.Sowhenthegunsounded,Itookoffrunning,leavingeveryoneelseinthedust.Thefirstpartofourcoursefollowedtheoutsideedgeofalargeopenfieldbeforedisappearingintotheforest.Withinsecondsofthestart,Iwasfaraheadofeveryone,andallofthefanscouldseeit.Itfeltmagnificent.Butthatfeelingdidn’tlastlong.LittledidIknowmycoachwaslaughingtohimself,thinking,“Gabeisdonefor!”AndIwas.Mybodywastellingmetoslowdown.Mypride,however,said“No!Notuntilyou’reoutofsightofthespectators!”Iwasinagony,butIkeptupmypaceuntilIreachedtheforest.Onceinamongthetrees.Islowedwaydown.Ienjoyedmostracesevenwhilepushingmyself,butthisonewasnotenjoyableintheleast.Ifinishedtherace,butinnowherenearthetimeIcouldhaveifI’dpacedmyselfwellfromthebeginning.EverytimeIreflectonthatcross-countryseason,I’mremindedofsomething:Prideisnosubstituteforpace.4.Whatisspecialtotheauthorabouttherace?A.Theweatherconditionwasanythingbutfair.B.Hewasfamiliarwiththehomecourse.C.Hetookprideincompetitorsfromotherschools.D.Hisparentscametosupporthimasusual.5.Theunderlinedword“agony”mostprobablymeans________.A.intensesuffering B.mentaltortureC.somehowrelief D.utterdespair6.Whatresultoftheracecanbeconcludedabouttheauthorfromthepassage?A.Hegainedmasterybystrikingonlyaftertheopponents.BHetooktheleadconsistentlyandvanishedamongtrees.C.Hewontheraceunderthepressureofhissterncoach.D.Hefinishedtheracebutfailedtomeethisexpectation.7.What’stheauthor’sreflectionontherace?A.Itisparents’encouragementthatleadstotheresult.B.It’sofsignificancetopaceyourselfwithnopride.C.It’sanobligationtoliveuptoyourfans’expectations.D.It’swisetodosolidworkandnottoindulgeinfantasy.【答案】4.B5.A6.D7.B【解析】【导语】这是一篇记叙文。作者在参加一次跑步比赛时，由于想把对手们甩在后面，因此打乱了自己的比赛节奏，最终的比赛结果不尽人意。通过反思这次经历，作者悟出了一个道理：骄傲不能代替节奏。【4题详解】细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Buttheracethatdayfeltuniquefromtheget-go.Foronething,Ilikedthecourse.Itwasmyteam’shomecourse,oneIwasusedtorunningduringpractices.(但是那天的比赛从一开始就给人一种独特的感觉。首先，我喜欢这门课。这是我的球队的主场，也是我在训练时习惯跑的)”可知，这场比赛对作者来说很特别是因为作者对主场很熟悉。故选B。【5题详解】词句猜测题。根据上文“Mybodywastellingmetoslowdown.Mypride,however,said“No!Notuntilyou’reoutofsightofthespectators!”(我的身体告诉我要慢下来。然而，我的自尊心却说：‘不！直到你离开观众的视线！’)”可知，作者想要放慢速度，但是自尊心告诉自己不能慢下来。由此可推知，划线词所在句子意为“我很痛苦，但我还是保持着前进的步伐，一直走到了森林里。”，即agony意为“很痛苦”。故选A。【6题详解】推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Ifinishedtherace,butinnowherenearthetimeIcouldhaveifI’dpacedmyselfwellfromthebeginning.(我跑完了全程，但如果我从一开始就能很好地控制好自己的速度的话，我所用的时间将会更短)”推知，作者完成了比赛，但没有达到自己的预期。故选D。【7题详解】推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“EverytimeIreflectonthatcross-countryseason,I’mremindedofsomething:Prideisnosubstituteforpace.(每次我回想那个越野赛季，我都会想起一些事情：骄傲不能代替速度)”推知，作者对比赛的反思是：毫无骄傲地调整自己的步伐是很重要的。故选B。CYoucantellalotaboutpeople’sgeneralstateofmindbasedontheirsocialmediafeeds.Aretheyalwaystweeting（发微博）abouttheirbiggestannoyancesorpostingpicturesofparticularlycutekitties?Inasimilarfashion,researchersareturningtoTwitterforcluesabouttheoverallhappinessofentiregeographiccommunities.Whatthey’refindingisthatregionalvariationintheuseofcommonphrasesproducespredictionsthatdon’talwaysreflectthelocalstateofwellbeing.Butremovingfromtheiranalysesjustthreespecificterms--good,loveandLOL-greatlyimprovestheaccuracyofthemethods.“We’relivinginacrazyCOVID-19era.Andnowmorethanever,we’reusingsocialmediatoadapttoanewnormalandreachouttothefriendsandfamilythatwecan’tmeetface-to-face.”KokilJaidkastudiescomputationallinguisticsattheNationalUniversityofSingapore.“Butourwordsaren’tusefuljusttounderstandwhatwe,asindividuals,thinkandfeel.They’realsousefulcluesaboutthecommunitywelivein.”Oneofthesimplermethodsthatmanyscientistsusetoanalyzethedatainvolvescorrelatingwordswithpositiveornegativeemotions.Butwhenthoserecordsarecomparedwithphonesurveysthatassessregionalwell-being,Jaidkasays,theydon’tpaintanaccuratepictureofthelocalzeitgeist（时代精神）.Beingabletogetanaccuratereadonthemoodofthepopulationisnolaughingmatter.“That’sparticularlyimportantnow,inthetimeofCOVID,wherewe’reexpectingamentalhealthcrisisandwe’realreadyseeinginsurveydatathelargestdecreaseinsubjectivewell-beingin10yearsatleast,ifnotever.”Tofindoutwhy,JaidkaandherteamanalyzedbillionsoftweetsfromaroundtheUnitedStates.AndtheyfoundthatamongthemostfrequentlyusedtermsonTwitterareLOL,loveandgood.Andtheyactuallythrowtheanalysisoff.Whythedisconnect?“Internetlanguageisreallyadifferentbeastthanregularspokenlanguage.We’veadaptedwordsfromtheEnglishvocabularytomeandifferentthingsindifferentsituations.”saysJaidka.“Take,forexample,LOL.I’vetweetedthewordLOLtoexpressirony,annoyanceandsometimesjustpuresurprise.WhenthemethodsformeasuringLOLasamarkerofhappinesswerecreatedinthe1990s,itstillmeantlaughingoutloud.”“Thereareplentyoftermsthatarelessmisleading,”saysJaidka.“Ourmodelstellusthatwordslikeexcited,fun,great,opportunity,interesting,fantasticandthosearebetterwordsformeasuringsubjectivewell-being.”8.Theresearchersturntosocialmediafeedsto________.A.helpwiththeanalysisofpeople’ssubjectivewell-beingB.integrateintoamainstreamedlifestylemorequicklyC.provethedisconnectbetweenlanguageandemotionsD.collectspecifictermsassociatedwithspecificzeitgeist.9.HowdidJaidkaknowtheanalysiswasn’taccurate?A.Itdidn’treflectthemoodoftheentiregeographiccommunityB.Itdidn’tmatchtheassessmentresultofthephonesurveys.C.Itdidn’tconsiderthefeaturesofInternetlanguage.D.Itdidn’ttaketheregionalvariationsintoaccount.10.WhichofthefollowingstatementswillJaidkamostprobablyagreewith?A.Face-to-facecommunicationisneverreplacedtoensurehappiness.B.Internetuseistoblameforthedecreaseinsubjectivewell-being.C.Internetlanguageshouldbeoriginallyusedasasourceofscientificanalysis.D.Lessmisleadingwordsshouldbeusedinassessingsubjectivewell-being.11.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleofthepassage?A.InternetShockNeedABreak B.UnderlyingLOLNeverFadeAwayC.VirtualMirrorOfEraBeing D.GulfBetweenOldAndNew【答案】8.A9.B10.D11.C【解析】【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了虚拟技术的应用对人的内心世界反应。【8题详解】细节理解题。根据第一段“Inasimilarfashion,researchersareturningtoTwitterforcluesabouttheoverallhappinessofentiregeographiccommunities.”（以类似的方式，研究人员正在Twitter上寻找有关整个地理社区整体幸福感的线索。）可知，研究人员利用社交媒体来帮助分析人们主观幸福感的线索。故选A项。【9题详解】细节理解题。根据文章第四段“Oneofthesimplermethodsthatmanyscientistsusetoanalyzethedatainvolvescorrelatingwordswithpositiveornegativeemotions.Butwhenthoserecordsarecomparedwithphonesurveysthatassessregionalwell-being,Jaidkasays,theydon’tpaintanaccuratepictureofthelocalzeitgeist”（许多科学家用来分析数据的一种更简单的方法是将词汇与积极或消极情绪联系起来。但当这些记录与评估地区幸福感的电话调查相比较时，杰德卡说，它们并不能准确地描绘出当地的时代精神。）可知，Jaidka发现分析结果与电话调查的评估结果并不相符。故选B项。【10题详解】推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段“Take,forexample,LOL.I’vetweetedthewordLOLtoexpressirony,annoyanceandsometimesjustpuresurprise.WhenthemethodsformeasuringLOLasamarkerofhappinesswerecreatedinthe1990s,itstillmeantlaughingoutloud.”（以LOL为例。我在推特上用LOL这个词来表达讽刺、烦恼，有时只是纯粹的惊讶。20世纪90年代，当衡量LOL作为幸福标志的方法被发明出来时，它仍然意味着放声大笑。）以及最后一段“Thereareplentyoftermsthatarelessmisleading,”saysJaidka.“Ourmodelstellusthatwordslikeexcited,fun,great,opportunity,interesting,fantasticandthosearebetterwordsformeasuringsubjectivewell-being.”（Jaidka说：“有很多术语不那么具有误导性。我们的模型告诉我们，兴奋、有趣、伟大、机会、有趣、美妙等词汇是衡量主观幸福感的更好的词汇。”）可知，Jaidka认为在评估主观幸福感时，应少使用误导性的词语。故选D项。【11题详解】主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“Youcantellalotaboutpeople’sgeneralstateofmindbasedontheirsocialmediafeeds.”（你可以从人们的社交媒体动态中了解他们的总体心态。）以及后文论述了社交媒体用语某种程度上反应了人们的心理状态，可知这篇文章主要讲述了虚拟技术的应用对人的内心世界反应。故选C项。DAccordingtoOxfordDictionaries,moralitymeans:“Principlesconcerningthedistinctionbetweenrightandwrongorgoodandbadbehavior.”Thoughmoralityisarathersubjectivesubject,therearesomeprinciplesthatareuniversalacrossallculturesfoundbyanOxfordUniversitystudy:"helpyourfamily,helpyourgroup,returnfavors,bebrave,obeysuperiors,divideresourcesfairly,andrespectothers,property”.Thefactthatthesemoralsarefoundacross60culturesfromaroundtheworlddemonstratesthatmorality,thoughsubjective,isthecornerstoneofkeepingoursocietiestogether.Herearesomereasonstobemoral:withoutmorality,asociallifeisalmostimpossibletomaintain;havingagoodreputationandhavingaclearconscienceispsychologicallyhealthy;andmostphilosophiesregardunselfishandprincipledbehaviorasimportant.Thereisnodoubtthatwithoutmorals,asocietycannotfunctioneffectively.Aconfusedsituationwouldappear.AccordingtotheSocietyofMorality,“Wearesocialanimals,andtheactionswetake-thethingswedoandthethingswedon’tdo-haveconsequencesonourenvironmentsandontheothersaroundus.Asaresult,weneedtobeabletogovernourbehaviorintheneartermsoasnottoinjureourselvesorourcommunityinthelongterm.Thissystemofcontrollingouractionsandourthoughtsinordertooperateinacommunityiswhatweoftenrefertoasmorality”.Therefore,weneedasetofmoralsinordertooperatewithinasocialcircleandasocialenvironment.Actingimmoralusuallyresultsinbeingexcludedfromsocialactivitiesorbeingavoidedbyasocietybasedonlawsandculturalstandards.Besidesactingmoralhavingasociologicalneed,italsohasapsychologicalbasis.Mostpeopleareconcernedtosomeextentabouttheirreputation.AccordingtoPsyPost,“Alotofeconomicmodelsofhumanbehaviorassumethatpeopleareonlyrational(理性的)whentheynarrowlypursuetheirownself-interest,buthistoryshowsusthatpeoplearealsotremendouslyconcernedwithbeingandappearingmoral”.So,thefearofone’sreputationbeingdamagedisoftenastrongmotivatortobemoral.Andifsomeonehasbeenimmoral,mostpeoplegooutoftheirwaytomakesurenoonefindsout,ortocorrectthebehaviorinordertonotbecaught.Thisgoesinlinewithconscienceaswell.Peoplegenerallyfeelinabetterpsychologicalstateiftheyfeelthattheirconscienceisclean.Adirtyconsciencecanresultinalackofsleep,anxiety,internalstress,andevenillness.Onthesideofphilosophy,thestudyofethics(伦理)comesintoplay.Mostphilosophersagreethatoneshouldrationallychooseasetofstandardsofbehaviorinordertofunction.Thoughthereismoralrelativism,thereareuniversalanthropological(人类学的)morals,asmentionedintheintroduction.Bythenatureofoursocietiesandcultures,wechoosewhatwebelieveisrightandwrong.Butsurprising,thisrationalbehaviorcomestoageneralagreementonmorals.So,thereisafinelinebetweenmoralrelativismandmoralabsolutism.Butthemainthingtotakeawayfromthisdiscussionisthatphilosophersgenerallybelievethateachindividualhastherighttorationallycomeupwithasetofethicstoliveby,andthatitishealthytodoso.12.Theauthordiscussesmoralityinthefirstparagraphinorderto_________.A.explaintherelationshipbetweenmoralityandcultureB.describethemoralrulesfoundallaroundtheworldC.contrastthedistinctionbetweenrightandwrongD.introducethedefinition,principlesandreasonsofmorality13.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat________.A.actingmoralallowsustofitintogroupsbetterB.moralitybringsthesystemofcontrollingbehaviorsC.actingimmoralweakenslawsandculturalstandardsD.Ourcontrolledbehaviorsestablishsetsofmorals14.Whichofthefollowingisthepsychologicalbasisforactingmoral?A.Pursuitofself-interest. B.Acleanconscience.C.Theconcernaboutreputation. D.Adirtyconscience.15.Whatdoestheauthoradviseustodoaccordingtothelastparagraph?A.Toreachageneralagreementonmoralsbasedonethics.B.Tocarveone’sownsenseofethicstooperateinthisworld.C.Tochoosebetweenmoralrelativismandmoralabsolutism.D.Toexcludephilosophers’beliefsandsolutionsaswell.【答案】12.D13.A14.C15.B【解析】【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了道德的定义，原则和原因以及道德的作用。【12题详解】推理判断题。根据第一段“AccordingtoOxfordDictionaries,moralitymeans:“Principlesconcerningthedistinctionbetweenrightandwrongorgoodandbadbehavior.”Thoughmoralityisarathersubjectivesubject,therearesomeprinciplesthatareuniversalacrossallculturesfoundbyanOxfordUniversitystudy:“helpyourfamily,helpyourgroup,returnfavors,bebrave,obeysuperiors,divideresourcesfairly,andrespectothers’property”.Thefactthatthesemoralsarefoundacross60culturesfromaroundtheworlddemonstratesthatmorality,thoughsubjective,isthecornerstoneofkeepingoursocietiestogether.Herearesomereasonstobemoral:withoutmorality,asociallifeisalmostimpossibletomaintain;havingagoodreputationandhavingaclearconscienceispsychologicallyhealthy;andmostphilosophiesregardunselfishandprincipledbehaviorasimportant.(根据牛津词典的解释，道德的意思是:“区分对与错、好与坏行为的原则。”尽管道德是一个相当主观的主题，但牛津大学的一项研究发现了一些在所有文化中都适用的原则：“帮助你的家人，帮助你的团体，回报人情，勇敢，服从上级，公平分配资源，尊重他人的财产。”这些道德在全世界60种文化中都存在的事实表明，道德虽然是主观的，但却是维系我们社会的基石。这里有一些道德的理由：没有道德，社会生活几乎不可能维持；拥有良好的声誉和问心无愧的心理健康；大多数哲学认为无私和有原则的行为是重要的)”可推知，作者在第一段讨论道德，以介绍道德的定义，原则和原因。故选D。【13题详解】推理判断题。根据第二段中“Thissystemofcontrollingouractionsandourthoughtsinordertooperateinacommunityiswhatweoftenrefertoasmorality”.Therefore,weneedasetofmoralsinordertooperatewithinasocialcircleandasocialenvironment.Actingimmoralusuallyresultsinbeingexcludedfromsocialactivitiesorbeingavoidedbyasocietybasedonlawsandculturalstandards.(这种控制我们的行为和思想以便在社会中运作的系统，我们通常称之为道德。因此，我们需要一套道德来在一个社交圈和社会环境中运行。不道德的行为通常会导致被排除在社会活动之外或被基于法律和文化标准的社会所避免)”可推知，有道德的行为能让我们更好地融入群体。故选A。【14题详解】细节理解题。根据第二段中“So,thefearofone’sreputationbeingdamagedisoftenastrongmotivatortobemoral.(因此，对名誉受损的恐惧往往是保持道德的强大动力)”可知，对声誉的担忧是行为道德的心理基础。故选C。【15题详解】推理判断题。根据最后一段“Onthesideofphilosophy,thestudyofethicscomesintoplay.Mostphilosophersagreethatoneshouldrationallychooseasetofstandardsofbehaviorinordertofunction.Thoughthereismoralrelativism,thereareuniversalanthropologicalmorals,asmentionedintheintroduction.Bythenatureofoursocietiesandcultures,wechoosewhatwebelieveisrightandwrong.Butsurprising,thisrationalbehaviorcomestoageneralagreementonmorals.So,thereisafinelinebetweenmoralrelativismandmoralabsolutism.Butthemainthingtotakeawayfromthisdiscussionisthatphilosophersgenerallybelievethateachindividualhastherighttorationallycomeupwithasetofethicstoliveby,andthatitishealthytodoso.(在哲学方面，伦理学的研究开始发挥作用。

大多数哲学家都认为，一个人为了发挥作用，应该理性地选择一套行为标准。虽然有道德相对主义，但也有普遍的人类学道德，如引言中所述。根据我们的社会和文化的性质，我们选择我们认为是对的和错的。但令人惊讶的是，这种理性行为在道德上得到了普遍认同。因此，在道德相对主义和道德绝对主义之间有一条细微的界限。但从这场讨论中得到的主要结论是，哲学家们普遍认为，每个人都有理性地提出一套生活准则的权利，而且这样做是健康的)”可推知，作者建议我们雕刻出自己的道德感，以便在这个世界上运作。故选B。第二节（共5小题；每小题2.5分;满分12.5分）阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。HopeforSolvingOurSeas’ProblemsTheworld’oceans,morethan70percentoftheEarth'ssurface,arefilledwithproblems:Overfishing,warmingandacidifying(酸化的)waters,plasticpollution,alossofabundanceanddiversity.____16____Butit'sofgreatimportance.Tocareabouttheoceaninthe21stcenturyistofeelconflicted:despairingwhat'sbeenlost,optimisticaboutwhatwecansave.DavidDoubiletisaphotographerwhohasalreadyspentmorethan27,000hoursunderwater.____17____ThereisanimagewhereDoubiletholdsaphotohe'smadeonthesamereef,inthesamespot,in2009—andwhatthatreeflookedlikenineyearslater.Thedeclinehasbeencompletelydiscouraging.____18____Hetalksaboutplaceswherethecoral'sstillhealthyandisevenbeingusedtodevelopnewspeciesofmoreresilient(可迅速恢复的)coral.Andhebelieveshisworkdocumentingallofthis—thegoodandthebad—caninformandinspire.“Thetimeintheseahasgivenmeapricelessperspective,”hesays.“Icanmakepicturesthatbearwitness.Pictureshavethispowertoeducate.Butheiscarefulnottoshowonlypicturesthatmakepeoplefeelbad—“____19____”That’sthemessageofthisissue:____20____AsDoubiletputsit;“Withhope,there'salwaystheabilitytochange.Whetherwechoosetodriveahybridcarornot,whetherwechoosetoturndownthetemperature,whetherweusesustainableenergy.Aboveall,thereishope.”A.Weneedpicturesthatalsoshowhopeandresilience.B.Thereisreasonforhopeandalotthateachofuscando.C.Itwaslikeabunchofcorals,andIwentbacktoaboneyard.D.Hehasphotographedthestoryaboutthechangestocoralreefs.E.YetDoubiletremainshopefulthatwecanturnalotofthisaround.F.Findingsolutions,orevenreasonsforoptimism,canseemademandingtask.G.Thereyou'llfindideasforaddressingtheproblemsandbeingpartofthesolutions.【答案】16.F17.D18.E19.A20.B【解析】【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了一位水下摄影师通过拍摄水下珊瑚礁的照片，提出对于解决海洋问题，我们应充满希望。【16题详解】根据前文“Theworld’oceans,morethan70percentoftheEarth'ssurface,arefilledwithproblems:Overfishing,warmingandacidifying(酸化的)waters,plasticpollution,alossofabundanceanddiversity.(占地球表面70%以上的海洋，充满了各种问题：过度捕捞，变暖和酸化的海水，塑料污染，丰富性和多样性的丧失)”讲述了海洋存在的问题，所以接下来可以阐述解决这些存在问题的方法。选项F.“Findingsolutions,orevenreasonsforoptimism,canseemademandingtask.(找到解决办法，甚至找到乐观的理由，似乎是一项艰巨的任务)”与前文逻辑一致，符合题意。故选F。【17题详解】根据前文“DavidDoubiletisaphotographerwhohasalreadyspentmorethan27,000hoursunderwater.(DavidDoubilet是个摄影师，他已经在水下呆了超过27000小时)”及后文“ThereisanimagewhereDoubiletholdsaphotohe'smadeonthesamereef,inthesamespot,in2009.(有一张图片是Doubilet在2009年的同一个地点，在同一个珊瑚礁上拍摄的)”可知，DavidDoubilet的职业摄影师，他拍摄了一张珊瑚礁的照片。所以空白处的内容应为他拍摄的主题是什么。选项D.“Hehasphotographedthestoryaboutthechangestocoralreefs.(他拍摄了珊瑚礁变化的故事)”与前后文的逻辑一致，符合题意，故选D。【18题详解】根据第二段最后两句“ThereisanimagewhereDoubiletholdsaphotohe'smadeonthesamereef,inthesamespot,in2009—andwhatthatreeflookedlikenineyearslater.Thedeclinehasbeencompletelydiscouraging.(有一张图片是Doubilet在2009年的同一个地点，在同一个珊瑚礁上拍摄的，这张照片是九年后那个珊瑚礁的样子。这种衰退完全令人沮丧)”可知，照片中的珊瑚礁和9年前的样子比较，可以看出珊瑚礁的衰退。空白后下文“Andhebelieveshisworkdocumentingallofthis—thegoodandthebad—caninformandinspire.(他相信他记录所有这一切的工作——好的和坏的——能够提供信息和启发)”可知，他认为他的记录会给我们提供信息和启发，来做出对珊瑚礁有利的措施。所以空白处应为承前启后的作用。应该讲述他对珊瑚礁的恢复是有信心的。选项E.“YetDoubiletremainshopefulthatwecanturnalotofthisaround.(但Doubilet仍然希望我们能扭转局面)”与文意相符，故选E。【19题详解】根据前文“Butheiscarefulnottoshowonlypicturesthatmakepeoplefeelbad(但他很细心，不只展示那些让人感觉不好的照片)”可知，接下来要讲述的为他的照片中还要继续展示好的一面。选项A.“Weneedpicturesthatalsoshowhopeandresilience.(我们需要同时展现希望和韧性的照片)”与文意相符，故选A。【20题详解】根据下文“AsDoubiletputsit;"Withhope,there'salwaystheabilitytochange.Whetherwechoosetodriveahybridcarornot,whetherwechoosetoturndownthetemperature,whetherweusesustainableenergy.Aboveall,thereishope.”(正如Doubilet所说，“有了希望，就总有能力改变。我们是否选择开混合动力车，是否选择降低温度，是否使用可持续能源。最重要的是希望。”)”讲述了对于我们的未来，充满希望是重要的，因为希望决定着我们能否改变。所以空白处应该讲述我们要充满希望的理由及我们可以做的事情。选项B.“Thereisreasonforhopeandalotthateachofuscando.(我们有理由充满希望，我们每个人都可以做很多事)”与文意一致，故选B。第三部分语言运用(共两节,满分30分)第一节(共15小题;每小题1分,满分15分)阅读下面短文,从短文后各题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。Whyliarslie:WhatsciencetellsusaboutdeceptionWealldoitsometimes,eventhoughweknowit’swrong.Buthere’stheproblemwithlying:researchshowsthatthemoreyouli