土木工程专业英语 试卷及答案 考卷三

土木工程专业英语模拟考卷三（考试时间：90分钟）Part1.VocabularyPleasetranslatethefollowingtechnicaltermsintoEnglish（15X1’）1.预应力混凝土结构2.承载力3.型钢4.有限元分析5.集中荷载6.传感器7.剪力墙8.信号处理9.曲率10.随机变量11.自重12.弯矩图13.相对位移14.优化方法15.简谐运动PleasetranslatethefollowingtechnicaltermsintoChinese（15X1’）1.vibrationcontrol2.steamcuring3.structuraldamping4.modulusofelasticity5.momentofinertia6.moderateearthquake7.interstorydrift8.constantmoment9.well-designed10.strengthorsafetymargin11.jacks12.unitstrain13.internalforces14.neutralposition15.sustainedloadsPart2.TranslationPleasetranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese(5X3’)Itscompressivestrength,likethatofnaturalstones,ishigh,whichmakesitsuitableformembersprimarilysubjecttocompression,suchascolumnsandarches.Inthefrequency-domainmethod,itisassumedthattheloadingisperiodicandhasbeenresolvedintoitsdiscreteharmoniccomponentsbyFouriertransformation.Itmaybeevidentthatforanyarrangementofappliedloads,atendonprofilecanbeselectedsothattheequivalentloadsactingonthebeamfromthetendonarejustequalandoppositetotheappliedloads.Thestructuralframeworkdesignistheselectionofarrangementandsizesofstructuralelementssothatserviceloadsmaybesafelycarried,anddisplacementsarewithinacceptablelimits.Thetermimpactasordinarilyusedinstructuraldesignreferstothedynamiceffectofasuddenlyappliedload.PleasetranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish(5X3’)1.偏心预应力通常比同心预应力更有效。因为结构生命周期里可能出现的最大荷载不确定，因此它可以被考虑为一个随机变量。设计一个给定的桥梁中，要么是将一个卡车的荷载加到整个结构上，要么是将车道荷载施加到结构上。作用在一个结构上的活荷载在设计时应该考虑将其布置在最大效应处，必要时应考虑包括部分布置，隔跨布置或者全跨布置的情况。被动系统包括许多可以增强结构阻尼、刚度、强度的材料和装置。Part3.ParagraphTranslationPleasetranslatethefollowingparagraphsintoChinese(3X8’)1.Liveloadsconsistchieflyofoccupancyloadsinbuildingsandtrafficloadsonbridges.Theymaybeeitherfullyorpartiallyinplaceornotpresentatall,andmayalsochangeinlocation.Theirmagnitudeanddistributionatanygiventimeareuncertain,andeventheirmaximumintensitiesthroughoutthelifetimeofthestructurearenotknownwithprecision.Theminimumliveloadsforwhichthefloorsandroofofabuildingshouldbedesignedareusuallyspecifiedinthebuildingcodethatgovernsatthesiteofconstruction.2.Structuraldesignmaybedefinedasamixtureofartandscience,combiningtheexperiencedengineer’sintuitivefeelingforthebehaviorofastructurewithasoundknowledgeoftheprinciplesofstatics,dynamics,mechanicsofmaterials,andstructuralanalysis,toproduceasafeeconomicalstructurethatwillserveitsintendedpurpose.3.Deadloadisafixed-positiongravityserviceload,socalledbecauseitactscontinuouslytowardtheearthwhenthestructureisinservice.Theweightofthestructureisconsidereddeadload,aswellasattachmentstothestructuresuchaspipes,electricalconduit,air-conditioningandheatingducts,lightingfixtures,floorcovering,roofcovering,andsuspendedceilings;thatis,allitemsthatremainthroughoutthelifeofthestructure.PleasetranslatethefollowingparagraphsintoEnglish(2X8’)高强度混凝土通常具有较高的弹性模量。这意味着在施加预应力时初始弹性应变的减小，以及蠕变应变的减小，其大致与弹性应变成比例。这导致预应力损失的减少。2.通常，高强混凝土通常有更高的弹性模量。这意味着施加预应力下初始弹性应变减小，并且徐变应变减小，而徐变应变是与弹性应变近似成比例的。这就使得预应力损失减小。PrestressedconcretestructureCarrying/BearingcapacityStructuralsteelFiniteelementanalysisConcentratedloadSensorShearwallSignalprocessingCurvatureRandomvariableSelf-weightMomentdiagramRelativedisplacementOptimizationtechniquesSimpleharmonicmotion振动控制蒸汽养护结构阻尼弹性模量惯性矩中震层间位移角固定弯矩设计良好的强度和安全界限千斤顶单位应变内力平衡位置持续荷载PAGE4PAGE1.像天然的石头一样，它的抗压强度很高，所以适合于做受压构件，如柱和拱。2.在频域方法，假设荷载是周期的，并且通过傅里叶变换分解成离散的简谐成分。3.很明显的是，对于任意形式分布的外荷载，可以选择一个合适的预应力线的外形使得通过预应力线作用在梁上的荷载与外荷载相等且反向。4.结构框架设计是选择结构单元的尺寸和顺序的过程，由此工作荷载可以安全的加载并且位移也在可接受的限制内。冲击这个术语应用在结构设计中通常是指在一个突然施加的荷载下结构产生的动力响应。1.Eccentricprestressisusuallymuchmoreefficientthanconcentricprestress.2.Sincethemaximumloadthatwilloccurduringthelifeofastructureisuncertain,itcanbeconsideredarandomvariable.3.Indesigningagivenbridge,eitheronetruckloadingisappliedtotheentirestructure,orthelaneloadingisapplied.4.Liveloadwhenappliedtoastructureshouldbepositionedtogivethemaximumeffect,includingpartialloading,alternatespanloading,orfullspanloadingasmaybenecessary.5.Passivesystemsencompassarangeofmaterialsanddevicesforenhancingstructuraldamping,stiffnessandstrength.活载主要由建筑使用荷载以及桥梁交通荷载组成。它们可能整体或局部分布，也可能完全没有，也可能改变作用位置。对于给定的时间，它们的大小以及分布是不确定的，甚至结构的整个寿命周期中活载的最大值也是无法准确知道的。建筑楼板以及屋顶的最小设计活载可在相关场地建筑设计规范中查得。结构设计可以定义为艺术和科学的结合，再加上有经验的工程师基于静力学，动力学，材料力学和结构分析方面合理的知识而对于一个结构行为的直观感受，来设计一个能够达成它的预期目的的安全经济的结构。静荷载是一种固定位置的重力荷载，这么叫是因为它在当结构服役的时候方向总是指向地球。结构的重量被认为是静荷载，还有结构的附属物，例如管子，电子导管，空调和暖气管，照明设备，楼板，屋盖和吊顶，也就是说所有在结构生命周期内一直存在的东西。High-strengthconcretenormallyhasahighermodulusofelasticity.Thismeansareductionininitialelasticstrainunderapplicationofprestressforceandareductionincreepstrain,whichisapproximatelyproportionaltoelasticstrain.Thisresultsinareductioninlossofprestress.Ordinarily,concreteofsubstantiallyhighercompressivestrengthisusedforprestressedstructuresthanforthoseconstructedofordinaryreinforcedconcrete.High-str