（高考英语作文炼句）第11篇老师译文笔记

PAGEPAGE11.有充分文献证实,过大的压力会引起焦虑以及抑郁.因此,对自己期望过高或经常担心成绩的学生患上这些心理症状的风险很高.Itiswelldocumentedthat

(1.有充分文献证实)intensepressurecan

leadto

(2.导致)bothanxietyanddepression.Consequently,studentswho

placeexcessivelyhighexpectationson

(3.对……期望过高)themselvesorareconstantlyworriedabouttheirgradeswillbe

athighriskof

(4.……的风险很高)developingtheseemotionalsymptoms.

1-Itiswelldocumentedthatbewelldocumented可以直译为"被详细记录”,that引导主语从句,it为形式主语.

词典释义：documentverb

transitive

UK

[ˈdɒk.jʊ.mənt/

torecordthedetailsofanevent,aprocess,etc.

记录,记载•Hisinterestincrickethasbeen

well-documented(=recordedandwrittenabout)bythemedia.他对板球的兴趣在媒体的报道中都有详细的记载.

外刊例句：Itiswelldocumentedthat

lonelinessandsocialisolationamongolderpeopleintheUKisincreasing,resultinginchallengessuchasincreasedcostsofcaringforolderpeopleinhospitalasthisarticlesuggests.有充分文献证实,英国老年人群中的孤独和社交隔离给政府带来了各种挑战,比如本文所述的正不断增加的老年人医疗花费.

学生错误表达：(1)

Therearesufficientreferencesproventhat点评：reference一般指"引文出处,参考书目”,用在这里不妥.(2)

Accordingtoabundantmaterials点评：material指写文章时用到的素材和资料,用在这里不准确.

总结：大多数同学是通过中文意思直译过来,把"文献”翻译成名词,没有document作动词表示地简洁有力.

2-leadto

词典释义：lead

●●○○○11.VERB

动词

招致;致使;导致If

somethingleadstoasituationorevent,usuallyanunpleasantone,itbegins

aprocesswhichcausesthatsituationoreventtohappen.

【语法信息】：Vton•Ethnictensionsamongtherepublicscould

leadtocivil

war...共和国之间紧张的种族关系可能会引发内战.•Hewarnedyesterdaythatapayriseforteacherswould

lead

tojobcuts.他昨天警告说,给教师们加薪会导致职位的裁减.

外刊例句：SpurringMrKiriyenkoonisdreadofanabruptdevaluationwhichcould

leadto

acollapseofconfidenceintheeconomy,notonlyamongforeigninvestorsbutamongRussian

citizens.

()刺激到基里延科先生是对于突发的货币贬值的恐惧,因为在此影响下,不单是外国投资者,俄罗斯群众也会丧失对经济的信心.

替换表达：resultin/cause/giveriseto

学生错误表达：(1)

induce点评：induce是指"诱导某人做某事”,不可以用来指"导致……的结果”.

3-placeexcessivelyhighexpectationson

词典释义：expectation

[ˌek.spek'teɪ.ʃən]

noun

IMPROVER

countable

usuallyplural

■whenyouexpectgoodthingstohappeninthefuture

期盼;盼望;希望•Theholiday

livedupto

allour

expectations

(=wasasgoodaswewereexpecting).假期过得一点也没有令我们失望.•I

havehigh

expectations

for

thisjob

(=Ibelieveitwillbegood).我对这份工作有很高期望.•Wedidsowell-

beyondall

(=betterthan)our

expectations.我们做得非常好——远远超出我们的预期.•Ithinkshehad

unrealistic

expectations

of

motherhood.我觉得她对当妈妈的憧憬有些不切实际.

外刊例句：Thishopeofescapingsolitudeis,Isuspect,whypeople

putsuchhighexpectationson

their

partner.(TheGuardian)我怀疑,人们之所以对伴侣报以如此高期待的原因是他们希望借此能逃离孤独.

替换表达：have/holdunrealisticexpectations

学生错误表达：(1)

haveoverhightargetof点评：中式表达,target是指"目标”,而不是指期望.(2)

holdaninflatedexpectationabove点评：中式表达,inflated是指想法和主张等过于夸张,不可以用来修饰expectation,此外,expectation后面的介词应该是for,不是above

4-beathighriskofdoing

词典释义：[rɪsk]

nounattheriskofdoingsth

■usedbeforeyou

saysomethingthatmayseemoffensiveorstupid

(表示自己说的话可能造成冒犯或听起来很蠢)冒着…的风险•Atthe

risk

ofseemingrude,I'mafraidIhavetoleavenow.恕我失礼,恐怕我现在必须得走了.•Atthe

risk

ofsoundingstupid,howdoIsendthisemail?

问一个傻问题,我怎么发出这封电子邮件呢?

外刊例句：A2013paperbyCarlBenediktFreyandMichaelOsborne,oftheUniversityofOxford,arguedthatjobs

areathighriskof

beingautomatedin47%oftheoccupationalcategoriesintowhichworkiscustomarilysorted.Thatincludesaccountancy,

legalwork,technicalwritingandalotofotherwhite-collaroccupations.()由牛津大学专家贝内迪克·弗雷和马歇尔·奥斯波勒所作的论文认为47%的日常工作都很有可能遭机器人替代,这包括诸如会计、法律工作和技术性写作等大量白领职业.

替换表达：Thereisahighriskthat...

学生错误表达：(1)

beinhighriskof点评：这里介词使用错误,应该是beathighrisksof(2)

havehighpotentialof点评：表达不准确,potential是指做某事的潜力,不能用来指风险的可能性.(3)

takeahighriskof点评：表达错误,takeariskof表示"冒着……的风险”,如：Soyoumakea

gooddecisiontotakeariskofsomethingyoudidn'tevenknowitwasthere.所以,你决定去冒险,一个你甚至不知道它就在那里的险.

Q：emotional并没有"心理”相关的意思,为什么"心理症状”要用它呢?A：这里emotional有"心理上,情感上”的意思emotionalUK

[ɪ'məʊ.ʃən.əl]

US

[-'moʊ-]

adjective

ESSENTIAL

■relatingtotheemotions

情绪(上)的,情感(上)的•achild's

emotional

development孩子情感方面的发展•Mydoctorsaidtheproblemwasmore

emotional

than

physical.我的医生说问题主要出在情感方面而不是身体机能上.•Amnesiacanbecausedby

emotional

trauma.情感创伤可以使人罹患健忘症.

这里使用psychological/mentalsymptoms也可以.

Q：老师您好,我用的是ithasbeenwelldocumentedthat完成时表示可以吗?A：可以,但是这里没必要使用完成时,更加常见的说法是itiswelldocumentedthat

Q：leadtobothanxietyanddepression可以不加both吗?A：可以,不加both句子也成立.

Itiswelldocumentedthatintensepressurecanleadto

bothanxietyanddepression.Consequently,studentswhoplaceexcessively

highexpectationsonthemselvesorareconstantlyworriedabouttheirgrades

willbeathighriskofdevelopingtheseemotionalsymptoms.

[分析]第一个句子是一个被动句,其中It是形式主语,其真正主语是that引导的名词性从句.该that从句是一个主谓宾结构,其中,intensepressure是主语,canleadto是谓语,bothanxietyanddepression是由并列连词both…

and…连接的宾语部分.

第二个句子是一个主系表结构,其主干部分是students…willbeathighrisk.句首的Consequently作状语,顺承上句而来,表明本句是上句的结果.

主语部分中,students后跟一个由关系代词who引导的定语从句whoplaceexcessivelyhighexpectationsonthemselvesorare

constantlyworriedabouttheirgrades,对students进行限定.在该定语从句中,who作主语,or连接了两个并列的谓语部分placeexcessivelyhighexpectationsonthemselves和areconstantlyworriedabouttheirgrades,表明两种情况的学生,在第一个谓语部分中,place作谓语,excessively作状语,highexpectations作宾语,onthemselves作状语.第二个谓语部分中,are是系动词,constantlyworriedabouttheir

grades是表语.

句子的表语部分中,由of引导的介词短语修饰highrisk,这里既可以将developingtheseemotionalsymptoms看做high

risk的同位语,也可以看做highrisk的定语.

2.对于本科生来说,决定毕业之后做什么毫不夸张地说是一个艰难的抉择.对于绝大多数学生来说,他们都在读研究生与找工作之间做选择.Forundergraduatestudents,decidingwhattodo

upongraduation(1.毕业之后)canbeatoughdecision

tosaytheleast(2.毫不夸张地说).For

thevastmajorityof

(3.绝大多数)students,thechoiceisbetween

pursuingpostgraduatestudies

(4.读研究生)andfindingajob.

1-upongraduationupon作为介词,有"一……(就……)”的含义,后跟名词或动名词.

词典释义：upon

●●●●○

2.PREP

介词

一…即…;一…就…

Youuse

upon

when

mentioninganeventthatisfollowedimmediatelybyanotherevent.

【搭配模式】：PREP-ing/n

【语域标签】：FORMAL正式•Thedoorontheleft,

upon

enteringthechurch,leadstotheCryptofStIssac...一进教堂左边的那扇门通往圣以撒墓.•Uponconclusionofthesestudies,thepatientwastold

thatshehadasevereproblem.这些研究的结果出来后,病人被告知她的病情严重.

外刊例句：Gettingworkexperienceeitherbeforeyoustartstudying

chemicalengineeringorduringyourstudiesisrecommended.You'llgeta

betterunderstandingofwhattheindustryisallaboutandit'snotuncommon

forstudentswhomakeagoodimpressiononplacementstobeoffereda

full-timejobatthesamecompany

upongraduation.(TheGuardian)在开始学习化学工程前或者是在学习途中去找些实习积累工作经验是个广为推荐的做法.你可以借此更好地了解到该行业的概况.再者,实习表现优秀的学生经常能在毕业后获得公司的全职工作邀请.

替换表达：soonaftergraduation

学生错误表达：(1)

aftergraduating点评：应该改为aftergraduatingfromcollege

2-tosaytheleast

词典释义：16.PHRASE

短语

轻则;往轻里说;客气点说

Youcanuse

tosaytheleast

tosuggestthatasituationisactuallymuchmoreextremeorseriousthanyou

sayitis.

【搭配模式】：PHRwithcl

【语用信息】：emphasis•Accommodationwasbasictosaythe

least...往轻里说是住宿条件简陋.•Somemembersofthepubliccanbeabitabusivetosaythe

least.有些民众客气点说是嘴里不大干净.

外刊例句：Therewasgreatexcitementlastyearwhenthegovernment

announcedthatitwouldopenthestockmarkettoforeigninvestmentonJune

15th.Buttherulesitlaidoutthisweekgoverningsuchinvestmentsare

cautious,

tosaytheleast.

()政府在上年6月15日宣布要把股票市场对外资开放,大家当时都非常激动.然而,政府在本周公布了对于外资的具体管理条例,而这些条例往轻里说吧,就是很谨慎.

替换表达：withoutexaggeration/itisnoexaggerationtosaythat

学生错误表达：(1)withoutexaggeratedspeaking点评：中式表达,这里可以改为withoutexaggeration(2)

Itcanbesaidwithoutanyexaggerationthat点评：可以改为更常见的itisnoexaggerationtosaythat

3-thevastmajorityof

词典释义：thevastmajority(ofsth)

usedwhen

youwanttoemphasizethatsomethingistrueaboutalmostallofagroupof

peopleorthings(…的)绝大多数：•Thevastmajority

ofbooksonthesubjectarecompleterubbish.有关这一话题的绝大多数书籍都是一派胡言.

外刊例句：BasingitsresearchontheForbesrichlistanddata

providedbyinvestmentbankCreditSuisse,Oxfamsaid

thevastmajorityof

peopleinthebottomhalfoftheworld’s

populationwerefacingadailystruggletosurvive,with70%ofthemliving

inlow-incomecountries.(TheGuardian)牛津饥荒救济委员会基于福布斯的财富榜和投资银行瑞士信托集团提供的数据进行了研究,他们称全球半数人生活在社会底层,这些人大部分每日都得艰难某生,朝不虑夕,其中70%生活在低收入国家.

学生错误表达：(1)

largeamountsof点评：amountof后面要接不可数名词,而student是可数名词,不能说largeamountsofstudents(2)

mostly点评：mostly是副词,不能修饰students,这里可以改为moststudents

4-pursuepostgraduatestudies

词典释义：postgraduate

UK

[ˌpəʊst'grædʒ.u.ət]

US

[ˌpoʊst'grædʒ.u-]

noun

countable

(USusually

graduate)

■astudentwhohasalreadygotonedegreeandisstudying

atauniversityforamoreadvancedqualification

研究生UK

[ˌpəʊst'grædʒ.u.ət]

US

[ˌpoʊst'grædʒ.u-]

adjective

[beforenoun](mainlyUS

graduate)

■describesuniversitystudiesorstudentsatamoreadvanced

levelthanafirstdegree

研究生(课程)的•postgraduate

studies/research研究生的学习／研究•a

postgraduate

degree

in

microbiology微生物学研究生学位

外刊例句：Firststartedin1983,theCheveningprogrammeistoutedby

theUKgovernmentasaprestigiousinternationalscholarshipschemethat

fullyorpartlyfundssome1,000individualsfromover130countriesto

pursuepostgraduatestudies

in

Britishuniversitieseveryyear.(TheGuardian)英国政府一直吹嘘始于1983年的志奋领项目是项赫赫有名的国际奖学金项目,称该项目每年全额或部分资助分别来自130个国家的到英国大学攻读研究生学位的千名学生.

替换表达：pursuegraduatestudies/attendgraduateschool

学生错误表达：(1)

completeamasterdegree点评：masterdegree应该改为master’sdegree,这里用complete修饰degree不妥,可以改为pursueamaster’sdegree

Q：graduate和postgraduate的区别?A：graduate和postgraduate都有"研究生的”这一层含义,不同的是postgraduate为英式用法,而graduate为美式用法.

3.适当地参与各种体育活动、俱乐部以及志愿者工作对于学生来说实际上是一种很好的日常减压方式.压力更小的学生自然而然会更加健康快乐.Spendinganappropriateamountoftime

participatingin

(1.参与)sports,clubsorvolunteerworkcanactuallybe

anexcellentwayforstudentsto

(2.一个很好的方式)relieveeverydaystress(3.日常减压).Studentswhoareless

stressedout(4.焦虑)willnaturallybehappierandhealthier.

1-participatein

词典释义：participate

UK

[pɑ：'tɪs.ɪ.peɪt]

US

[pɑ：r'tɪs.ə-]

verb

intransitive

IMPROVER

■totakepartinorbecomeinvolvedinanactivity

参与,参加•Shenever

participates

in

anyofour

discussions,doesshe?

她从不参加我们的任何讨论,不是吗?UK

[pɑ：'tɪs.ɪ.peɪt]

US

[pɑ：r'tɪs.ə-]

verb

intransitive

Common

Learner

Errors

participate

Whenparticipateisfollowedbya

directobject,remembertousetheprepositionin.Don'tsay'participate

something'or'participatetosomething',sayparticipateinsomething：

✗

Sheparticipatestoalotofsports

activities.

Sheparticipatesina

lotofsportsactivities.

外刊例句：Asaresult,Ofstedcommissionedexternalresearchintothe

educationalbackgroundofthosewho

participate

insports

atelitelevel,withaninterestinwhethertherewasalink

betweenthequalityofcompetitiveschoolsportandlatersportingsuccess.(The

Guardian)因此,英国教育标准办公室为了查明学校体育比赛与参赛者日后的体育成就是否有关,委托了外面机构研究那些体育精英的教育背景.

替换表达：be/getinvolvedin

2-anexcellentway(forsb)(todosth)

词典释义：excellent['ek.səl.ənt]

adjective

ESSENTIAL

■extremelygood

卓越的;优秀的;杰出的;极好的

•Thefoodwas

excellent.这食物非常美味.•Hercarisin

excellent

condition.她的汽车车况非常好.•Thefallininterestratesis

excellent

newsfor

borrowers.对于借贷人来讲,利率降低是个好消息.

外刊例句：Windfarmsarecontroversial.Somepeoplethinktheyare

anexcellentway

togenerategreen

electricitywhereasothersreckontheyareablotonthelandscapeanda

dangertobirds.

()风力农场极富争议.部分人认为它们是绿色发电的绝佳手段,而其他人则觉得他们十分碍眼,大煞风景,还可能危及鸟类.

3-relieveeverydaystress

词典释义：relieve[rɪ'li：v]

verb

MAKEBETTER

减轻

ADVANCED

transitive

■tomakeanunpleasantfeeling,suchaspainorworry,

lessstrong

缓解,减轻,解除(疼痛或担忧);使宽心,使宽慰•Shewasgivenashotofmorphineto

relieve

the

pain.医生给她注射了一针吗啡来止痛.•She

relieved

herboredomathomebylearninghowto

type.她在家学打字来打发无聊的时光.

ADVANCED

transitive

■toimproveanunpleasantsituation

缓和,缓解(令人不快的局势)•Thecouncilisconsideringbanningvehiclesfromthetown

centreto

relieve

congestion.市政会正在考虑禁止车辆驶入市中心,以缓解交通拥堵的问题.

everyday['ev.ri.deɪ]

adjective

■ordinary,typicalorusual

日常的;通常的;普通的•the

everyday

lives

ofordinaryRussian

citizens普通俄国人的日常生活•Deathwasan

everyday

occurrence

duringthe

CivilWar.在内战期间,死亡是很普遍的事.['ev.ri.deɪ]

adjective

Common

Learner

Errors

everyday

Remember：everydayisanadjectiveandisusuallyusedbeforea

noun.

Todescribehowregularly

somethingisrepeated,don'twrite'everyday',writeeveryday：Itrytoread

Englishnewspaperseveryday.

外刊例句：Thesechemicalsarescientificallyproventolowerblood

pressure,

relievestress

andboost

thegrowthofcancer-fightingwhitebloodcells.(TheGuardian)这些化学元素已经过科学证明有助于降低血压,缓解压力和促进有抗癌作用的白细胞的增长.

替换表达：relaxandde-stresssbfromthepressure/tension/rigorsofdaily

life

学生错误表达：(1)

lessenpressure点评："减轻压力”一般可以说reduce/lowerpressure,没有lessenpressure的说法.

4-bestressedout

词典释义：[stres]

verb

Phrasal

Verbs

[M]

stresssbout

■tomakesomeone

feelverynervousandworried

令(某人)紧张;使(某人)焦虑不安

•Interviewsalways

stress

meout.面试总是令我非常紧张.

外刊例句：Kids

arestressed

out

bytheamountofhoop-jumpingthey’vegottodotoo.Inafortnight,

likeeveryyear2pupilinEngland,myseven-year-oldswilldotheirstandard

assessmenttests,orSats–aweekofexamsprioritisingthingslikegrammar,

spelling,punctuationandhandwriting.

()孩子也得接受重重磨练,这让他们倍感焦虑.在傍晚,我7岁大的儿子将和其他英国的2年级学生一样,进行他们的标准水平测验考试(Sats),此考试持续一周,所考科目依次为语法、拼写、标点和书写.

替换表达：beanxious/tense/worried/stressed

Q：适当地,例句中用了Spendingappropriateamountoftime,我翻译的时候想"适当地”这个词想和很久都找不到满意的表达方式,这种意译的方式很好,可是不知道什么时候该用,什么时候不需要用.A：如果不确定可不可以用,可以查词典,看看词典例句里面有没有对应的用法.

Q：participate和takepartin：tobeinvolvedinanactivitywithotherpeople;看不出有什么区别,两者可以互换?A：是的,两者可以互换.但participatein会比take

partin更为正式.

Q："志愿者工作”volunteerwork可以换成voluntary

work?A：可以,两个都有"志愿者工作”的含义.

Q：Studentswithlesspressurewouldnaturallybemore

healthyandhappy.这样子表达可以吗?不用happierandhealthier而用morehealthyandhappy?望老师解答.A：不可以.Healthy和happy的比较级形式分别是healthier和happier,不能说morehealthy,要说healthier,happy也同理.

4.如果像音乐、艺术、体育这样的学科被大学取消的话,社会上有才华的音乐家、演员和运动员数量就会停滞不前.无数的艺术家都是在大学学习期间磨练技能,后来迅速走红.Ifsubjectssuchasmusic,artandphysicaleducationwere

shunned

(1.避开)bycollegesanduniversities,societywouldfaceagradual

stagnation

(2.停滞不前)oftalentedmusicians,actorsandathletes.Countlessartistshave

honed

theirskills

(3.磨练技能)duringtheircollegestudiesandsubsequently

risentostardom(4.迅速走红).

1-beshunnedshun指有意地避开.

词典释义：shun[ʃʌn]

(-nn-)

verb

transitive

■toavoidsomething

避开,避免

•Shehasshunnedpublicitysincesheretiredfromthe

theatre.告别舞台生涯后,她便远离了大众的注意.■toignoresomeoneandnotspeaktothembecauseyou

cannotaccepttheirbehaviour,beliefs,etc.

躲避,回避

•Afterthetrialhewasshunnedbyfriendsandfamily

alike.审判后,朋友和家人都躲着他.

外刊例句：Pupilsmustoftenadheretoexactrulesabouttheir

uniforms,hairstylesandgrooming.Individualswhodonotkuukiwoyomu

(roughlytranslatedas"readthevibes”)can

beshunnedby

othermembersoftheclass.

()孩子常常得遵守严格的纪律来管理自身着装、发型和装扮.不懂得"kuukiwoyomu”(可大致理解为察颜观色)的孩子会遭到班上的其他人有意回避.

替换表达：beremoved

2-stagnation

词典释义：stag·na·tion

\stagˈnāshən,-aig-\

noun

(-s)

1.

：

thestateorconditionofbeingstagnant

：

absenceorcessationofmovement,growth,oractivity

：

torpor

<acomplete

stagnation

oftechniqueduring

thesecondcentury

—

C.A.Robinson>

<againtookuppaintingafteraperiodof

stagnation

duringthewaryears

—

RhysGwyn>

外刊例句：Theresearchalsopointsoutthatunderotherscenarios,

including

agradual'stagnation'

of

theTVmarket,itmightfallfarlesssharply,andsomeoftheshortfall

couldbemadeupbynewonlineandpay-TVserviceslaunchedbyestablished

broadcasters.

()研究也指出,在诸如电视市场逐渐陷入"停滞”等可能出现情况下,它可能不会下滑得很厉害,由老牌广播公司制作的新型网络剧和付费电视剧可以部分抵消掉其下滑.

学生错误表达：(1)remainstagnate点评：stagnate是动词,这里应该改为形容词stagnated

3-honeone’sskills

词典释义：honeUK

[həʊn]

US

[hoʊn]

verb

transitive

MAKESHARP

变锋利

■tosharpenanobject

使…变锋利;把…磨尖•Thebonehadbeen

honed

to

apoint.那块骨头已经被磨尖了.UK

[həʊn]

US

[hoʊn]

verb

transitive