考点4 阅读理解 科学科普类-五年（2020-2024年）高考英语真题专项分类汇编

五年（2020-2024）高考真题专项分类汇编PAGEPAGE13考点4阅读理解科学科普类—五年（2020—2024年）高考英语真题专项分类汇编一、【2021年新高考Ⅰ卷】

WhentheexplorersfirstsetfootuponthecontinentofNorthAmerica,theskiesandlandswerealivewithanastonishingvarietyofwildlife.NativeAmericanshadtakencareofthesepreciousnaturalresourceswisely.Unfortunately,ittooktheexplorersandthesettlerswhofollowedonlyafewdecadestodecimatealargepartoftheseresources.Millionsofwaterfowl(水禽)werekilledatthehandsofmarkethuntersandahandfulofoverlyambitioussportsmen.Millionsofacresofwetlandsweredriedtofeedandhousetheever-increasingpopulations,greatlyreducingwaterfowlhabitat(栖息地).

In1934,withthepassageoftheMigratoryBirdHuntingStampAct(Act),anincreasinglyconcernednationtookfirmactiontostopthedestructionofmigratory(迁徙的)waterfowlandthewetlandssovitaltotheirsurvival.UnderthisAct,allwaterfowlhunters16yearsofageandovermustannuallypurchaseandcarryaFederalDuckStamp.TheveryfirstFederalDuckStampwasdesignedbyJ.N."Ding"Darling,apoliticalcartoonistfromDesMoines,Iowa,whoatthattimewasappointedbyPresidentFranklinRooseveltasDirectoroftheBureauofBiologicalSurvey.Hunterswillinglypaythestamppricetoensurethesurvivalofournaturalresources.

About98centsofeveryduckstampdollargoesdirectlyintotheMigratoryBirdConservationFundtopurchasewetlandsandwildlifehabitatforinclusionintotheNationalWildlifeRefugeSystem—afactthatensuresthislandwillbeprotectedandavailableforallgenerationstocome.Since1934,betterthanhalfabilliondollarshasgoneintothatFundtopurchasemorethan5millionacresofhabitat.LittlewondertheFederalDuckStampProgramhasbeencalledoneofthemostsuccessfulconservationprogramseverinitiated.1.WhatwasacauseofthewaterfowlpopulationdeclineinNorthAmerica?A.Lossofwetlands. B.Popularityofwatersports.C.Pollutionofrivers. D.Arrivalofotherwildanimals.2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"decimate"meaninthefirstparagraph?A.Acquire. B.Export. C.Destroy. D.Distribute.3.WhatisadirectresultoftheActpassedin1934?A.Thestamppricehasgonedown. B.Themigratorybirdshaveflownaway.C.Thehuntershavestoppedhunting. D.Thegovernmenthascollectedmoney.4.Whichofthefollowingisasuitabletitleforthetext?A.TheFederalDuckStampStory B.TheNationalWildlifeRefugeSystemC.TheBenefitsofSavingWaterfowl D.TheHistoryofMigratoryBirdHunting二、【2024年新课标Ⅰ卷】IntheracetodocumentthespeciesonEarthbeforetheygoextinct,researchersandcitizenscientistshavecollectedbillionsofrecords.Today,mostrecordsofbiodiversityareoftenintheformofphotos,videos,andotherdigitalrecords.Thoughtheyareusefulfordetectingshiftsinthenumberandvarietyofspeciesinanarea,anewStanfordstudyhasfoundthatthistypeofrecordisnotperfect."Withtheriseoftechnologyitiseasyforpeopletomakeobservationsofdifferentspecieswiththeaidofamobileapplication,"saidBarnabasDaru,whoisleadauthorofthestudyandassistantprofessorofbiologyintheStanfordSchoolofHumanitiesandSciences."Theseobservationsnowoutnumbertheprimarydatathatcomesfromphysicalspecimens(标本),andsinceweareincreasinglyusingobservationaldatatoinvestigatehowspeciesarerespondingtoglobalchange,Iwantedtoknow:Aretheyusable?"Usingaglobaldatasetof1.9billionrecordsofplants,insects,birds,andanimals,Daruandhisteamtestedhowwellthesedatarepresentactualglobalbiodiversitypatterns."Wewereparticularlyinterestedinexploringtheaspectsofsamplingthattendtobias(使有偏差)data,likethegreaterlikelihoodofacitizenscientisttotakeapictureofafloweringplantinsteadofthegrassrightnexttoit,"saidDaru.Theirstudyrevealedthatthelargenumberofobservation-onlyrecordsdidnotleadtobetterglobalcoverage.Moreover,thesedataarebiasedandfavorcertainregions,timeperiods,andspecies.Thismakessensebecausethepeoplewhogetobservationalbiodiversitydataonmobiledevicesareoftencitizenscientistsrecordingtheirencounterswithspeciesinareasnearby.Thesedataarealsobiasedtowardcertainspecieswithattractiveoreye-catchingfeatures.Whatcanwedowiththeimperfectdatasetsofbiodiversity?"Quitealot,"Daruexplained."Biodiversityappscanuseourstudyresultstoinformusersofoversampledareasandleadthemtoplaces—andevenspecies—thatarenotwell-sampled.Toimprovethequalityofobservationaldata,biodiversityappscanalsoencourageuserstohaveanexpertconfirmtheidentificationoftheiruploadedimage."5.Whatdoweknowabouttherecordsofspeciescollectednow?A.Theyarebecomingoutdated. B.Theyaremostlyinelectronicform.C.Theyarelimitedinnumber. D.Theyareusedforpublicexhibition.6.WhatdoesDaru'sstudyfocuson?A.Threatenedspecies. B.Physicalspecimens.C.Observationaldata. D.Mobileapplications.7.Whathasledtothebiasesaccordingtothestudy?A.Mistakesindataanalysis. B.Poorqualityofuploadedpictures.C.Improperwayofsampling. D.Unreliabledatacollectiondevices.8.WhatisDaru'ssuggestionforbiodiversityapps?A.Reviewdatafromcertainareas. B.Hireexpertstochecktherecords.C.Confirmtheidentityoftheusers. D.Giveguidancetocitizenscientists.三、【2021年新高考Ⅰ卷】

Popularizationhasinsomecaseschangedtheoriginalmeaningofemotional(情感的)intelligence.Manypeoplenowmisunderstandemotionalintelligenceasalmosteverythingdesirableinaperson'smakeupthatcannotbemeasuredbyanIQtest,suchascharacter,motivation,confidence,mentalstability,optimismand"peopleskills."Researchhasshownthatemotionalskillsmaycontributetosomeofthesequalities,butmostofthemmovefarbeyondskill-basedemotionalintelligence.

Weprefertodescribeemotionalintelligenceasaspecificsetofskillsthatcanbeusedforeithergoodorbadpurposes.Theabilitytoaccuratelyunderstandhowothersarefeelingmaybeusedbyadoctortofindhowbesttohelpherpatients,whileacheatermightuseittocontrolpotentialvictims.Beingemotionallyintelligentdoesnotnecessarilymakeoneamoralperson.

Althoughpopularbeliefsregardingemotionalintelligencerunfaraheadofwhatresearchcanreasonablysupport,theoveralleffectsofthepublicityhavebeenmorebeneficialthanharmful.Themostpositiveaspectofthispopularizationisanewandmuchneededemphasis(重视)onemotionbyemployers,educatorsandothersinterestedinpromotingsocialwell-being.Thepopularizationofemotionalintelligencehashelpedboththepublicandresearchersre-evaluatethefunctionalityofemotionsandhowtheyservepeopleadaptivelyineverydaylife.

Althoughthecontinuingpopularappealofemotionalintelligenceisdesirable,wehopethatsuchattentionwillexciteagreaterinterestinthescientificandscholarlystudyofemotion.Itisourhopethatincomingdecades,advancesinsciencewilloffernewperspectives(视角)fromwhichtostudyhowpeoplemanagetheirlives.Emotionalintelligence,withitsfocusonbothheadandheart,mayservetopointusintherightdirection.9.Whatisacommonmisunderstandingofemotionalintelligence?A.ItcanbemeasuredbyanIQtest. B.Ithelpstoexerciseaperson'smind.C.Itincludesasetofemotionalskills. D.Itreferstoaperson'spositivequalities.10.Whydoestheauthormention"doctor"and"cheater"inparagraph2?A.Toexplainarule. B.Toclarifyaconcept.C.Topresentafact. D.Tomakeaprediction.11.Whatistheauthor'sattitudetothepopularizationofemotionalintelligence?A.Favorable. B.Intolerant. C.Doubtful. D.Unclear.12.Whatdoesthelastparagraphmainlytalkaboutconcerningemotionalintelligence?A.Itsappealtothepublic. B.Expectationsforfuturestudies.C.Itspracticalapplication. D.Scientistswithnewperspectives.四、【2023新课标Ⅱ卷】Ascitiesballoonwithgrowth,accesstonatureforpeoplelivinginurbanareasisbecominghardertofind.Ifyou’relucky,theremightbeapocketparknearwhereyoulive,butit’sunusualtofindplacesinacitythatarerelativelywild.Pastresearchhasfoundhealthandwellnessbenefitsofnatureforhumans,butanewstudyshowsthatwildnessinurbanareasisextremelyimportantforhumanwell-being.Theresearchteamfocusedonalargeurbanpark.Theysurveyedseveralhundredpark-goers,askingthemtosubmitawrittensummaryonlineofameaningfulinteractiontheyhadwithnatureinthepark.Theresearchersthenexaminedthesesubmissions,coding(编码)experiencesintodifferentcategories.Forexample,oneparticipant’sexperienceof"Wesatandlistenedtothewavesatthebeachforawhile"wasassignedthecategories“sittingatbeach”and“listeningtowaves.”Acrossthe320submissions,apatternofcategoriestheresearcherscalla“naturelanguage”begantoemerge.Afterthecodingofallsubmissions,halfadozencategorieswerenotedmostoftenasimportanttovisitors.Theseincludeencounteringwildlife,walkingalongtheedgeofwater,andfollowinganestablishedtrail.Namingeachnatureexperiencecreatesausablelanguage,whichhelpspeoplerecognizeandtakepartintheactivitiesthataremostsatisfyingandmeaningfultothem.Forexample,theexperienceofwalkingalongtheedgeofwatermightbesatisfyingforayoungprofessionalonaweekendhikeinthepark.Backdowntownduringaworkday,theycanenjoyamoredomesticformofthisinteractionbywalkingalongafountainontheirlunchbreak."We’retryingtogeneratealanguagethathelpsbringthehuman-natureinteractionsbackintoourdailylives.Andforthattohappen,wealsoneedtoprotectnaturesothatwecaninteractwithit,"saidPeterKahn,aseniorauthorofthestudy.13.Whatphenomenondoestheauthordescribeatthebeginningofthetext?A.Pocketparksarenowpopular.B.Wildnatureishardtofindincities.C.Manycitiesareoverpopulated.D.Peopleenjoylivingclosetonature.14.Whydidtheresearcherscodeparticipantsubmissionsintocategories?A.Tocomparedifferenttypesofpark-goers.B.Toexplainwhytheparkattractstourists.C.Toanalyzethemainfeaturesofthepark.D.Tofindpatternsinthevisitors’summaries.15.Whatcanwelearnfromtheexamplegiveninparagraph5?A.Walkingisthebestwaytogainaccesstonature.B.Youngpeoplearetoobusytointeractwithnature.C.Thesamenatureexperiencetakesdifferentforms.D.Thenaturelanguageenhancesworkperformance.16.WhatshouldbedonebeforewecaninteractwithnatureaccordingtoKahn?A.Languagestudy.B.Environmentalconservation.C.Publiceducation.D.Interculturalcommunication.五、【2020年新高考Ⅱ卷】

Rainforestsarehometoarichvarietyofmedicinalplants,food,birdsandanimals.Canyoubelievethatasinglebush(灌木丛)intheAmazonmayhavemorespeciesofantsthanthewholeofBritain!About480varietiesoftreesmaybefoundinjustonehectareofrainforest.

Rainforestsarethelungsoftheplanet-storingvastquantitiesofcarbondioxideandproducingasignificantamountoftheworld'soxygen.Rainforestshavetheirownperfectsystemforensuringtheirownsurvival;thetalltreesmakeacanopy(树冠层)ofbranchesandleaveswhichprotectthemselves,smallerplants,andtheforestanimalsfromheavyrain,intensedryheatfromthesunandstrongwinds.

Amazingly,thetreesgrowinsuchawaythattheirleavesandbranches,althoughclosetogether,neveractuallytouchthoseofanothertree.Scientiststhinkthisistheplants'waytopreventthespreadofanytreediseasesandmakelifemoredifficultforleaf-eatinginsectslikecaterpillars.Tosurviveintheforest,animalsmustclimb,jumporflyacrossthegaps.Thegroundflooroftheforestisnotalltangledleavesandbushes,likeinfilms,butisactuallyfairlyclear.Itiswheredeadleavesturnintofoodforthetreesandotherforestlife.

Theyarenotcalledrainforestsfornothing!Rainforestscangenerate75%oftheirownrain.Atleast80inchesofrainayearisnormal-andinsomeareastheremaybeasmuchas430inchesofrainannually.Thisisrealrain—yourumbrellamayprotectyouinashower,butitwon'tkeepyoudryifthereisafullrainstorm.Injusttwohours,streamscanrisetentotwentyfeet.Thehumidity(湿气)oflargerainforestscontributestotheformationofraincloudsthatmaytraveltoothercountriesinneedofrain.17.Whatcanwelearnaboutrainforestsfromthefirstparagraph?A.Theyproduceoxygen. B.Theycoveravastarea.C.Theyarewellmanaged. D.Theyarerichinwildlife.18.Whichofthefollowingcontributesmosttothesurvivalofrainforests?A.Heavyrains B.Bigtrees. C.Smallplants. D.Forestanimals.19.Whydotheleavesandbranchesofdifferenttreesavoidtouchingeachother?A.Formoresunlight. B.Formoregrowingspace.C.Forself-protection. D.Forthedetectionofinsects.20.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.Life-GivingRainforests B.TheLawoftheJungleC.AnimalsintheAmazon D.WeatherinRainforests六、【2020新高考Ⅰ卷】

AccordingtoarecentstudyintheJournalofConsumerResearch,boththesizeandconsumptionhabitsofoureatingcompanionscaninfluenceourfoodintake.Andcontrarytoexistingresearchthatsaysyoushouldavoideatingwithheavierpeoplewhoorderlargeportions(份),it'sthebeanpoleswithbigappetitesyoureallyneedtoavoid.

Totesttheeffectofsocialinfluenceoneatinghabits,theresearchersconductedtwoexperiments.Inthefirst,95undergraduatewomenwereindividuallyinvitedintoalabtoostensibly(表面上)participateinastudyaboutmovieviewership.Beforethefilmbegan,eachwomanwasaskedtohelpherselftoasnack.Anactorhiredbytheresearchersgrabbedherfoodfirst.Inhernaturalstate,theactorweighed105pounds.Butinhalfthecasessheworeaspeciallydesignedfatsuitwhichincreasedherweightto180pounds.

Boththefatandthinversionsoftheactortookalargeamountoffood.Theparticipantsfollowedsuit,takingmorefoodthantheynormallywouldhave.However,theytooksignificantlymorewhentheactorwasthin.

Forthesecondtest,inonecasethethinactortooktwopiecesofcandyfromthesnackbowls.Intheothercase,shetook30pieces.Theresultsweresimilartothefirsttest:theparticipantsfollowedsuitbuttooksignificantlymorecandywhenthethinactortook30pieces.

Thetestsshowthatthesocialenvironmentisextremelyinfluentialwhenwe'remakingdecisions.Ifthisfellowparticipantisgoingtoeatmore,sowillI.Callitthe"I'llhavewhatshe'shaving"effect.However,we'lladjusttheinfluence.Ifanoverweightpersonishavingalargeportion,I'llholdbackabitbecauseIseetheresultsofhiseatinghabits.Butifathinpersoneatsalot,I'llfollowsuit.Ifhecaneatmuchandkeepslim,whycan'tI?21.Whatistherecentstudymainlyabout?A.Foodsafety. B.Movieviewership.C.Consumerdemand. D.Eatingbehavior.22.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"beanpoles"inParagraph1referto?A.Bigeaters. B.Overweightpersons.C.Pickyeaters. D.Tallthinpersons.23.Whydidtheresearchershiretheactor?A.Toseehowshewouldaffecttheparticipants.B.Totestiftheparticipantscouldrecognizeher.C.Tofindoutwhatshewoulddointhetwotests.D.Tostudywhyshecouldkeepherweightdown.24.Onwhatbasisdowe"adjusttheinfluence"accordingtothelastparagraph?A.Howhungryweare. B.Howslimwewanttobe.C.Howweperceiveothers. D.Howwefeelaboutthefood.

答案以及解析一、1.答案：A解析：理解具体信息。根据第一段中的"Millionsofacresofwetlandsweredriedtofeedandhousetheever-increasingpopulations,greatlyreducingwaterfowlhabitat(栖息地)"可知,湿地丧失是水禽数量减少的原因之一,故A项正确。2.答案：C解析：理解词汇。画线词所在句形成了副词"Unfortunately"修饰整个句子的情况,因此,该句讲到的内容应该会偏消极一些。选项中acquire"获得"、export"出口"、distribute"分配;散布"都是中性词,只有"destroy"偏消极,代人验证"不幸的是,探险者及随之而来的殖民者只用了几十年,就将这些资源中的大部分破坏",故画线词与C项的意义最为接近。3.答案：D解析：理解具体信息。根据第三段中的"About98centsofeveryduckstampdollargoesdirectlyintotheMigratoryBirdConservationFund...Since1934,betterthanhalfabilliondollarshasgoneintothatFund"可知,《候鸟狩猎印花税法案》带来的一个直接结果是政府筹到了钱,故D项正确。4.答案：A解析：理解文章主旨要义。阅读文章内容可知,本文主要讲述了《候鸟狩猎印花税法案》出台的背景、鸭票的设计和用途以及鸭票的作用和影响,故A项正确。5.答案：B解析：细节理解题。根据第一段"Today,mostrecordsofbiodiversityareoftenintheformofphotos,videos,andotherdigitalrecords."可知，现在，大多数生物多样性的记录通常以照片、视频和其他的数字记录形式存在。故选B。6.答案：C解析：细节理解题。根据第二段"andsinceweareincreasinglyusingobservationaldatatoinvestigatehowspeciesarerespondingtoglobalchange,Iwantedtoknow:Aretheyusable?"和第三段"Usingaglobaldatasetof1.9billionrecordsofplants,insects,birds,andanimals,Daruandhisteamtestedhowwellthesedatarepresentactualglobalbiodiversitypatterns."可知，Daru的研究集中于观测数据。故选C。7.答案：C解析：推理判断题。根据第四段"Wewereparticularlyinterestedinexploringtheaspectsofsamplingthattendtobias(使有偏差)data,likethegreaterlikelihoodofacitizenscientisttotakeapictureofafloweringplantinsteadofthegrassrightnexttoit"可知，不当的采样方式会导致数据偏差。故选C。二、8.答案：D解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段"Biodiversityappscanuseourstudyresultstoinformusersofoversampledareasandleadthemtoplaces—andevenspecies—thatarenotwell-sampled.Toimprovethequalityofobservationaldata,biodiversityappscanalsoencourageuserstohaveanexpertconfirmtheidentificationoftheiruploadedimage."可知，Daru建议生物多样性应用程序为公民科学家提供指导。故选D。9.答案：D解析：理解具体信息。根据第一段中的"Manypeoplenowmisunderstandemotionalintelligenceasalmosteverythingdesirable...'peopleskills'."可知,许多人错误地把情商看作一个人身上几乎所有的优秀品质,故D项正确。10.答案：B解析：理解目的。根据第二段的内容可知,作者在这一段首先陈述了一个观点,即我们更喜欢将情商描述为一组既可用于好的目的,也可用于坏的目的的特定技能,然后作者通过医生和骗子的例子来阐释这个观点,故B项正确。11.答案：A解析：理解观点、态度。根据第三段中的"theoveralleffectsofthepublicityhavebeenmorebeneficialthanharmful...hashelpedboththepublicandresearchers...ineverydaylife"可知,作者对情商普及化的态度是支持的,故A项正确。favorable"肯定的,赞同的,支持的"。12.答案：B解析：理解段落主旨要义。根据最后一段的内容,尤其是"wehope...studyofemotion.Itisourhopethat...pointusintherightdirection"可知,本段主要讲述了作者对未来有关情商的研究的希望和期待,故B项正确。三、13.答案：B解析：理解具体信息。题干问的是在文章开头作者描述的是什么现象。根据第一段中的"accesstonatureforpeoplelivinginurbanareasisbecominghardertofind"(城市居民越来越难以接触大自然)以及"it’sunusualtofindplacesinacitythatarerelativelywild"(在一个城市里找到相对天然的地方是罕见的)可知,在城市里很难接触大自然。故B项正确。A项(袖珍公园现在很普遍)和C项(许多城市都人口过剩)在原文中均未提及。D项(人们喜欢住得靠近自然)有一定的迷惑性,根据原文,虽然人们愿意接近自然,但居住在城市里,作者并未说他们喜欢居住在哪里,更未将人们愿意靠近自然居住当作一种现象来描述。14.答案：D解析：推断。题干问的是研究人员将参与者提交的文件分类的原因。根据第四段第一句话"Acrossthe320submissions,apatternofcategories...begantoemerge"(在320份提交的材料中,一种被研究人员称为"自然语言"的类别模式开始出现)可知,研究人员这样做是为了从访客的总结材料中找出类别规律。故D项正确。15.答案：C解析：推断。题干间的是我们从第五段所举的例子中可以学到什么。根据第五段所举的例子"theexperienceofwalkingalongtheedgeofwatermightbesatisfying...afountainontheirlunchbreak"可知,年轻的职业人士周末可以在公园徒步旅行,周内可以沿着喷泉散步,用不同的形式去体验自然,即同样的与自然的互动体验会有不同的表现形式。故C项正确。A项(散步是接近自然的最佳方式)和D项(自然语言会提高工作绩效)原文未提及,B项(年轻人太忙无法与自然交流)与原文矛盾。16.答案：B解析：理解具体信息。题干问的是在我们与大自然互动之前,我们应该做些什么。根据最后一段Kahn的话"Andforthattohappen,wealsoneedtoprotectnaturesothatwecaninteractwith