英语语言学之Morphology

Lecture5

授课题目:morphology.

教学目标及基本要求：Teachingtargetandobject

(1)

Letstudentsknowwhatmorphologyis,andhowthemorphemesarecombinedintolargerunitsforhumancommunication.(2)

Letstudentsknowhownewwordsareformed.

教学重点Teachingfocus(1)

wordandwordclasses(2)

word,morphemes,andallomorph(3)

typesofmorphemes(4)

morphologicalrules(5)

theformationofnewwordsRevisionexercisesWhatisphonology?Whatisthesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenphoneticsandphonology?Howcanwedistinguishaphone,aphonemeandanallophone?Whatisaminimalpair?Giveussomeexamples.WhatisMorphologyMorphologystudiesmorphemesandtheirdifferentformsandthewaytheycombineinwordformation.Soitreferstothestudyoftheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.Morphologyisthestudyoftheinternalstructure,formsandclassesofwords.Forexample:

“Purify”consistsoftwoparts:“pur(e)”and“–ify”,fromwhichonecanworkoutarule:anewformofverbcanbeformedbyadding“-ify”toanadjective.Thisiscalledamorphologicalrule.“doing”consistedoftwoparts“do”and“-ing”,fromwhichwecanworkoutarule:wecanput“–ing”toaverbtoforma“-ing’participle.形态学研究词素、词素的不同形态(即词素变体)极其构词法.英语形态学是研究英语词素及其构词法的.

Whatisaword?Whatarethemainfeaturesofaword?Whatdoyouthinkofthefollowingdefinitionsofaword?Awordisameaningfulgroupoflettersprintedorwrittenhorizontallyacrossapieceofpaper.Awordis“aminimumfreeform”,thatis,thesmallestformthatcanoccurbyitself.ThefourcharacteristicsofawordAwordisasoundorcombinationofsoundswhichweproducevoluntarilywithourvocalequipment.e.g.“we”[wi:]Awordissymbolic.Itstandsforsomethingelsesuchasobject,happeningorideas.“table”Wordsarepartofthelargercommunicationsystemwecalllanguage.“Iteachlinguistics”Wordshelphumanbeingsinteractculturallywith

oneanother.(p.75)

ThedefinitionofawordandtheclassificationofwordsAwordisameaningfulandgrammatical

languageunitwhichcanbeusedbyitsown.EverywordbelongstoacertainwordclassandinEnglish,wordscanbedividedintothefollowingtenclasses:n.article,determiner,conjunction,interjection.ThesetenwordclassescanbedividedintoOpenClassandClosedClassOpenClass

referstonoun,verb,adjective,andadverb,becausewecanregularlyaddanothermorphemeoranewwordtothesewordclasses.E.g.“boyfriend”,”dislike”,”impossible”.Openclasswordsarealsotermedlexicalwordsorcontentwordsorvariablewordsfortheyallcarrycertainsemanticcontents.Eg.Bookbooksbook’sWorkworksworkedworkingFastfasterfastestClosedClass

referstoprep.Article,conjunction,interjection;pron,prep,anddeterminer,becauseitisimpossibletoaddnewwordstotheseclassesofwords.Closedwordsarealsocalledgrammaticalwordsorfunctionwords,

orinvariablewordssincetheirrolesarelargelyorwhollygrammatical.Isawordthesmallestmeaningfullinguisticunit?Whatisthesmallestmeaningfullinguisticunit?Whatisamorpheme?（词素）

Amorphemeisthesmallestlinguisticunitthatcarriesgrammaticaland/orsemanticmeaning.Thismeansthatitcannotbefurtherdividedintosmallergrammaticalunits.Amorphememaybeacompletewordoranaffix.Forexample:

“book”,“help”,clap”,”from”“television”,‘gentleness”“unavoidable

RelyonemorphemeRely+abletwomorphemesRely+able+itythreemorphemesUn+rely+able+ityfourmorphemesUnbearableuneducatedWatchfulinspiringSoft-heartedhorsemanship

Seetheexercises1and2onpage82

1)un-+bear+-able 2)watch+-ful

3)person+-ify(i)+-cation4)un-+exception+-al+-ly

5)un-+educate+-(e)d 6)inspir(e)+-ing

7)soft+heart+-ed 8)horse+man+-ship1)geography 2)inter-+nation+-al+-ly

3)forget+-(t)en 4)Washington 5)inform+-ation

6)industry(i)+-al+-iz(e)+-ation

7)pre-+dominat(e)+-ant 8)pre-+consciousAllomorph（词素变体）:Anallomorphisthedifferentvariantsofthesamemorpheme.Itcanbephonologicallyormorphologicallyconditioned.Seemoreonp.82Themorphemerepresentingthepluralformofnounscanbeexpressedby[-s],[-z],[-iz],[-vz]etc.Sothephoneticsegments[-s],[-z],[-iz],[-vz]arethemorphsofthesamemorpheme{-s},thephonologicalororthographicvariantsofthemorpheme{s}:–s.-es,-vesaretheallomorphsofthesamemorphemerepresentingthepluralformoftheEnglishwords.Howmanyallomorphsdoesthepluralmorpheme”-s’have?Theplural“s“hasmanymorphologically-conditionedallomorphs.Forexample.(1)–(e)s,asin“cats”,“matches”(2)–(r)en:asin“oxen”,“children”(3)–e-:asin“men”,“women”(4)–ee-,asin“feet”,“teeth”(5)zero,asin“sheep”,“deer”Howmanyallomorphsdoesthepastformmorpheme“ed”have?-edasin“worked”-dasin“lived”Zeroasin“put”

Howmanyallomorphsdoesthepresentparticiplemorphemeform“ing”have?1.2.Typesofmorphemes:Morphemesaretheminimalunitsofmeaning.MorphemescanbedividedintoFreemorphemes自由词素

andBoundmorphemes.粘着词素Freemorphemes:Afreemorphemeisonethatmayconstituteaword(freeformbyitself,suchas“bed”,”tree”,’sing”.”dance”.Sofreemorphemesaresomethinglikeroot.

Boundmorphemes:

aboundmorphemeisonethatmayappearwithatleastoneothermorpheme,suchas“-s”in“dogs”,”-al”in“national”,“-dis”in“disclose”.Theycannotstandbythemselves.Thustheword‘distempered’hasthreemorphemes:“dis+temper+ed”,ofwhich‘temper’isafreemorpheme.Lookatthefollowingwords:‘unavoidable’“un+avoid+able”,“boyishness””boy+ish+ness”;“gentlemanliness””gentle+man+li+ness”Lookatthefollowingwords:‘unavoidable’un+avoid+able“boyishness”boy+ish+ness;“gentlemanliness”gentle+man+li+nessBoundmorphemescanbefurtherdividedinto

derivationalmorphemes（派生词素）

inflectionalmorphemes（曲折词素）;Thederivationalmorphemesmainlyrefertotheaffixes:prefixesandsuffixes.Theyareattachedtotheotherfreemorphemesandusuallychangethecategoryandthegrammaticalfunction.Whentheyareconjoinedtoothermorphemes,anewwordisderivedorformed.e.g.“-ify”,“-ate”,“-ic”etc.Inflectionalmorphemes

（曲折词素）refertothemorphemeswhichneverchangetheirsyntacticcategorybutrepresenttheconceptoftenseandaspect.InEnglish,thereareeightinflectionalmorphemes:“-s(动词第三人称单数）”,“-ed（动词过去式）”,‘-ing（现在分词）”,“thepastparticiple(-en)”“-s”(名词复数)“-s’（名词所有格）”,”-er（形容词比较级）”,“-est（形容词最高级）”.MorphemeFreemorpheme

自由词素Boundmorpheme

粘着词素Derivationalmorpheme

派生词素Inflectionalmorpheme

曲折词素

Prefixes前缀Suffixes后缀LexicalmorphemesFunctionalmorphemes2.MorphologicalRulesofwordformationLookatthefollowinglistofwords:

A.B.

kroupslowlyrearmclearly

slarmquicklyThewordsincolumnAareonlypermissiblesoundsequencewithoutanymeanings,butthewordsincolumnbareperfectEnglishwordsmadeupoftwomorphemes.Thewayswordsareformedarecalledmorphologicalrules.Theserulesdeterminehowmorphemescombinetoformwords.Thecommonmorphologicalrules

1)un+adjective=not+adjectiveun+even=not+even2)re+verb=verb+againre+boil=boil+again3)dis+adjective=not+adjective

dis+continuous=not+continuous4)dis+noun=lackofthenoun

dis+comfort=lackofcomfort5)dis+verb=refuseto/nottoverb

dis+like=nottolike6)in/im/il/ir+adjective=not+adjective/notableto+verbin+formal=not+formal

im+perfect=notperfect

il+legal=not+legal

ir+regular=notregular7)non+adjective=not+adjectivenon+alphabetical=notalphabetical8)non+noun=thelackofnounnon+English=thelackofEnglish9)anti+noun=beingagainst+nounanti+body=beingagainst+body10)pre+verb=verb+inadvancepre+arrange=arrange+inadvance11)mis+noun=bad+noun

mis+behaviour=bad+behaviour12)verb+able=abletobeverb-edadopt+able=abletobeadopted13)verb+er=aperson+who=verb-s

sing+er=apersonwhosing-s14)noun+less=lackingnounchild+less=lackingchild15)verb+less=thatnever+verb-scease+less=thatnevercease-s16)adjective+ness=thequalityof+being+adjectiveloud+ness=thequalityof+being+loud17)noun+ish=belongingtonoun

Swed+ish=belongingto+Sweden18)noun+ish=havingthecharacterof+noun

self+ish=havingthecharacterof+self19)noun+ify=become+noun

person+ify=become=person

3.TheformationofNewWords3.1CompoundingCompoundingorcompositionisaword-formationprocess.Thewayofbuildingnewwordsbyputtingtwowordstogetheriscalledcompounding.ThreepatternsofcompoundsNouncompoundsn.+n.Armchairrainbowv.+n.Pickpocketwashclothadj.+n.BluebirdblackroomVerbcompoundsNoun+verb:tovacuum-clean;tomanhandleVerb+verb:tosleep-walkAdj.+verb:tohighlightAdjectivecompoundsNoun+adj.:color-blind,snow-whiteVerb+adj.Stir-crazyAdj.+adj.Dark-blue,pale-yellow3.2.DerivationDerivationoraffixationisgenerallydefinedasaword-formationprocessbywhichnewwordsarecreatedbyaddingaprefix,orsuffixorboth.Inotherwords,meaningfullanguageelementsareputtogetherinnewcombinationssuchas“television”,‘transistor”,“defog”,“minibike”.3.3.ConversionConversionisaword-formationprocesswherebyawordofacertainword-classisshiftedintoawordofanotherword-classwithouttheadditionofanaffix.Soconversionisalsocalledfunctionalshift.Forexample:“Theenemyattacked

usatnight.”“Theenemylaunchedan

attack

onusatnight.”Seemoreonp.883.4.Blending(拼缀法)Blendingisaprocessofword-formationinwhichanewwordisformedbycombiningthemeaningsandsoundsoftwowords,oneofwhichisnotinitsfullformorbothofwhicharenotintheirfullforms:e.g.“smog”comesfromsmokeandfog.“medicare”comesfrom“medicalcare’,“Brunch”isablendof“breakfastandlunch”Other

examples:videophone/chunnel/motel/gasohol/Eurasia/telecast/hi-tech3.5.Back-formation(逆生法)Backingformationisatermusedtorefertoatypeofword-formationbywhichashorterwordisjoinedbythedeletionofasupposedaffixfromalongerformalreadypresentinthelanguage:“beg”from“Beggar’,“housekeep”from“housekeeper”,”lase”from“laser”,“babysit”from“babysitter”(seemoreonp.90)3.6.ShorteningorabbreviationShorteningcanbedividedintoInitialism(首字母缩略词)andacronym(首字母拼音词).Initialism:tousetheinitialletterofeachofthephrasetoformashorteningwordandwhenyouread,thelettersaresimplypronouncedasletters.(利用一个短语中的各个词的首字母构成的缩略词叫首字母缩略词,朗读时按字母名称读)e.g.WTO/BBC/VOA/(seemoreonP.89)ATM:automatictellermachineCPU:centralprocessunitDVD:digitalvideodiscGDP:grossdomesticproductGNP:grossnationalproductGRE:GraduateRecordExaminationID:identificationcardIQ:intelligentquotientMBA:MasterofBusinessAdministrationMPA:MasterofPublicAdministrationSOS:SaveOurSoulSSCI:SocialsciencecitationindexSCI:ScienceCitationIndex,是由美国科学信息研究所(ISI)1961