Unit 1 Science and Scientists Reading and Thinking 知识点课件-高中英语人教版（2019）选择性必修第二册

Unit1ReadingandThinkingJOHNSNOWDEFEATS“KINGCHOLERA”约输•斯诺战胜“霍乱王”Cholerausedtobe

oneofthemostfeareddiseasesintheworld,untilaBritishdoctor.JohnSnow,showedhowitcouldbeovercome.Thisillnesscausessevere

diarrhoea,dehydration,andevendeath.Intheearly19thcentury,whenanoutbreakofcholerahitEurope,millionsofpeoplediedfromthedisease.Asayoungdoctor,JohnSnowbecamefrustratedbecausenooneknewhowtopreventortreatcholera.Intime,herosetobecomeafamousdoctor,andevenattendedtoQueenVictoriawhenshegavebirth.However,heneverlosthisdesiretodestroycholeraonceandforall.1.P2Asayoungdoctor,JohnSnowbecamefrustratedbecausenooneknewhowtopreventortreatcholera.frustratedadj.懊恼的，沮丧的(形容人或人的表情、声音等)；失意的；不得志的frustratevt.使沮丧;使懊恼frustratingadj.令人沮丧的;令人懊恼的frustrationn.懊恼；令人懊恼的事物常见搭配：be/feel/get/becomefrustratedat/withsth.因…感到沮丧/懊恼1).语境串记：What__________memostwasthe_______________newsaboutthefootballmatch,whoseresultmadeeveryonehere_____________.(frustrate).2).Afteralongand__________(tire)flight,Ritzwas___________(frustrate)atthenews__________hisluggagehadbeensenttoHangKong_________mistake.3).Maryfailedintheexamandherfatherworriedthatshecouldn’tstandthe_____________(frustrate)ofit.4).当我们没有做到我们自己的期望时，我们往往会感到沮丧。答案：1.1)frustrated;frustrating;frustrated2)tiring;frustrated;that;by3)frustration4).Whenwefailtoliveuptoourownexpectations,weoftenfeelfrustrated.Ingeneral,doctorsinthosedayshadtwocontradictorytheoriestoexplainhowcholeraspread.Onetheorywasthatbadaircausedthedisease.Theotherwasthatcholerawascausedbyaninfectionfromgermsinfoodorwater.Snowsubscribedtothesecondtheory.Itwascorrect,buthestillneededproof.Consequently,whenanoutbreakofcholerahitLondonin1854,Snowbegantoinvestigate.Hediscoveredthatintwoparticularstreetsthecholeraoutbreakwassoseverethatmorethan500peoplediedintendays.Hewasdeterminedtofind

outwhy.2.P2Theotherwasthatcholerawascausedbyaninfectionfromgermsinfoodorwater.infectionn.感染；传染infectvt.使感染；传染infectedadj.受感染的infectiousadj.传染性的be/becomeinfectedwith感染上…；传染上…infectiousdisease传染病1).Inheavily____________(infect)areas,halfthepopulationbecomeblind.2).Whenapersonhasan___________(infect)disease,heisusually______________(separate)fromothers.3).因为有效预防，很少有人感染这个病毒答案：2.1)infected2)infectious;separated3)Fewpeopleareinfectedwiththevirusowingto/dueto/becauseofeffectiveprevention.3.P2Snowsubscribedtothesecondtheory.subscribeto赞成，同意；定期订购；定期捐助1).Eversinceheentereduniversity,he_____________(subscribe)toamonthlymagazineabouttennis.2).Allscientistssubscribed_____theviewthattheincrease_______theearth’stemperatureisduetothe______________(burn)offossilfuels.3).经理同意了Tim提出的我们订一些有用杂志的建议。答案：3.1)hassubscribed2)to;in;burning3)ThemanagersubscribedtothesuggestionTimputforwardthatweshouldsubscribetosomeusefulmagazines.Snowbeganbymarkingonamaptheexactplaceswhereallthosewhodiedhadlived.ThereweremultipledeathsnearthewaterpumpinBroadStreet(especiallyhousenumbers16,37,38,and40).However,somehouseholds(suchas20and21BroadStreet,and8and9CambridgeStreet)hadhadnodeaths.Thesepeopleworkedinthepubat7CambridgeStreet.Theyhadbeengivenfreebeer,andsohadnotdrunkthewaterfromthepump.Snowsuspectedthatthewaterpumpwastoblame.Whatismore,inanotherpartofLondon,awomanandherdaughterhaddiedofcholeraaftermovingawayfromBroadStreet.Itseemedthatthewomanlikedthewaterfromthepumpsomuchthatshehaditdeliveredtoherhouseeveryday.Asaresultofthisevidence,JohnSnowwasabletoannouncethatthepumpwatercarriedcholeragerms.Accordingly,hehadthehandleofthepumpremovedsothatitcouldnotbeused.Throughthisintervention,thediseasewasstoppedinitstracks.4.P2Snowsuspectedthatthewaterpumpwastoblame.suspectv.怀疑；认为n.嫌疑犯，可疑对象suspectsb.of(doing)sth.怀疑某人(做)某事suspectedadj.有嫌疑的；被怀疑的suspiciousadj.感觉可疑的；令人怀疑的besuspiciousof对…怀疑blamev.指责；责备；谴责把…归咎于…；n.责任；责备；指责blamesb.for…因…责备某人blamesth.on…把某事归咎于…betoblamefor因…责备/负责任take/bear/shouldertheblame(forsth.)(对某事)承担责任put/laytheblameonsb.(forsth)(因…)把责任推给某人1).Olderpeopletend________(be)quiteconservativeandabit______________(suspect)ofanypossibleadvances.2).Theofficialisunder______________(investigate)bythepolicefor_____________(suspect)oftakingmoneyfromthebank.3).____________(blame)fortheaccident,thedrivercouldn’tgetaway__________it.4).Lotsofpeoplefind________hardtogetupinthemorning,andputtheblame________thealarmclock.5).警方怀疑他实施了两起袭击，尽管没有确凿的证据。___________________________________________________________________________________________6).不要总是把失败归咎于别人，有时候是你自己而不是别人该担责任。答案：4.1)tobe;suspicious2)investigation;beingsuspected3).Blamed;with4)it;on5).Thepolicesuspecthimofcarryingouttwoattacks,thoughthere’snosolidevidence.6).Don’talwaysblameyourownfailureonothers.Sometimesitisyouyourself,notothers,thataretoblameforit/shouldtaketheblameforit.ThetruthwasthatthewaterfromtheBroadStreetpumphadbeeninfectedbywaste.Moreover,SnowwaslaterabletoshowalinkbetweenothercasesofcholeraandthedifferentwatercompaniesinLondon.SomecompaniessoldwaterfromtheRiverThamesthatwaspollutedbyrawwaste.Thepeoplewhodrankthiswaterweremuchmorelikelytogetcholerathanthosewhodrankpureorboiledwater.5.P3Moreover,SnowwaslaterabletoshowalinkbetweenothercasesofcholeraandthedifferentwatercompaniesinLondon.linkn.联系；纽带vt.把…连接起来；相关联；挽住；钩住Thereisalinkbetween…and……和…之间有联系link…with…/belinkedwith联系，连接在一起拓展：表示“联系，有关系”的短语：berelatedto;beassociatedwith;beinvolvedin;beconnectedwith;havesomethingtodowith1).Thestudyfurtherstrengthenstheevidence__________(link)smokingwithearlydeath.2).师生之间有紧密的联系。___________________________________________________________________________________________3).健康问题和不良的饮食习惯以及缺乏锻炼有关系。___________________________________________________________________________________________答案：5.1)linking;2).There’sacloselinkbetweenteachersandstudents.3).Healthproblemiscloselylinkedwithbadeatinghabitsandalackofexercise.ThroughSnow’stirelessefforts,watercompaniesbegantosellcleanwaterand

thethreatofcholeraaroundtheworldsawasubstantialdecrease.However,choleraisstillaproblem.Eachyear,millionsofpeoplearoundtheworldgetcholeraandmanydiefromit.Fortunately,wenowknowhowtopreventcholera,thankstotheworkofJohnSnow.Moreover,inhisuseofmapsandstatistics,Snowtransformedthewayscientistsstudydiseases.Forthisreason,Snowisconsideredthefatherofmodernepidemiology.6.P3ThroughSnow’stirelessefforts,watercompaniesbegantosellcleanwater,andthethreatofcholeraaroundtheworldsawasubstantialdecrease.throughone’stirelessefforts通过某人不懈的努力throughgreat/intense/jointefforts通过巨大的/共同的努力asubstantial(dramatic/sharp/marked)decrease(in)(某方面)大幅的/明显的降低decreasen.减少，降低v.(使大小、数量等)减少，降低拓展：onthedecrease在减少decreaseto/by下降到/了…;decreasefrom…to…从…下降到…在动词decrease/drop/fall/reduce(减少)和increase/rise（增加、上升）之后，介词by/to表幅度。1).Populationgrowthrateisdecreasing_________1.4%eachyear.2).Thepriesofcoalarelowasaresultofover-supplyanda______________(decrease)demand.3).Anydecrease________tourismcouldhaveaseriouseffect________thelocaleconomy.4).骑自行车穿红灯的人在减少。___________________________________________________________________________________________5).自从采取安全措施以后，我们已经看到事故数量明显下降。___________________________________________________________________________________________答案：6.1).by2)decreasing3)in;on4)Thenumberofcyclistsrunningredlightsisonthedecrease.5).Wehaveseenasubstantial(dramatic/sharp/marked)decreaseinthenumberofaccidentssincethesesafetymeasureswereintroduced/taken.UsingLanguageTHEFATHEROFCHINA’SAEROSPACE中国航天之父PerhapsnootherscientisthashadagreaterimpactonChina’saerospacesciencethanQianXuesen.DescribedbytheauthorsoftheStoryofQianXuesenasamanwith"greatscientificthoughtandscientificspirit"whowaspatrioticandservedhishomelandwitheffort,achievement,anddevotion,Qianwasanextremelywell-respectedman.BorninHangzhouin1911,QianattendedschoolsinBeijingandthenenteredShanghaiJiaoTongUniversitytostudyRailwayMechanicalEngineering.However，aftertheSonghuBattlebrokeoutin1932，QianmadethedecisiontoswitchhismajortoaviationbecauseherealisedthatChinaneededitsownpowerfulairforcetoprotectanddefendthecountry.QianwenttotheUnitedStatesin1935topursuehisgraduatestudies.Overthecourseofthe1930sand1940s,QianbecameapioneerinAmericanjetandrockettechnology.AsagraduateassistantattheCaliforniainstituteofTechnologyduringthe1930s,Qianhelpedconductimportantresearchintorocketpropulsion,andinthe1940s,heandseveralotherpeoplefoundedtheJetPropulsionLaboratory,nowoneofNASA'Sleadingspace-explorationcentres.AfterovercomingsomedifficultiesduringhisfinalfewyearsintheUSQianreturnedtoChinain1955.Hereceivedahero’swelcomefromhishomelandandwasputinchargeofnotonlydevelopingChina’srocketsciencebutalsoitsspaceandmissileprogramme.Atthattime,Chinawaspooranditsrocketsciencewasundeveloped.NoinstituteoruniversityinChinaofferedrocketscienceasamajor,andtherewerenotalentsorexpertsinthisfieldinChina.Nevertheless,Qiandidnotletthatdiscouragehimfromtakingonthechallenge.Whenasked"CanweChinesepossiblymakemissiles?”hisreplywasadetermined"Whynot?WeChineseareabletomakethesamethingsthatotherpeoplemake.”UnderQiansleadership,ChinadevelopedtheDongfengmissiles,followedbythefirstgenerationofLongMarchrockets.In1970,Chinasuccessfullylauncheditsfirstman-madesatellite,DongFangHongI,fromaLongMarchrocket.BecausemuchofthetechnologybehindtheShenzhourocketscanalsobetracedbacktoQian'sresearch,Qianearnedthenameof"thefatherofChina'saerospace.”Qianreadalotandwasextremelyknowledgeable,especiallyintheareaoffrontierscienceresearch.However,whatmighthavemadehimsuchanoutstandingandcreativescientistwasprobablyhisstronginterestinotherthings,suchasmusicanddrawing.Hisdeepappreciationforartoftengavehiminspirationinhisscientificresearch.On31October2009,thewholecountrywassaddenedbyQiansdeath,andpeoplehonouredandrememberedhimindifferentways.AWORLDOFPURETHOUGHT一个纯思维的世界StephenHawkingwasoneofthemostfamousandgiftedscientistsinphysics.Mostpeoplearefamiliarwithimagesofhiminhiswheelchairunabletomoveandusingacomputertotalk.Sincehecamedownwithadiseasewhichcausedhimtolosetheuseofmostofhismuscleshisworldbecameoneofabstractthought.Hawkingfirstachievedfamewhenhewasstillhealthyenoughtowalk,asagraduatestudentinphysicsatCambridgeUniversityin1964.Ingeneralthereweretwomaintheoriesontheoriginoftheuniverse.Thefirstwasthesteadystatetheory,whichholdsthattheuniversehasnobeginningorend.Theotherwasthebigbangtheory,whichholdsthattheuniversebeganatasinglepointintimeandspace.ThebiggestchampionofthesteadystateconceptwasFredHoyle,aprofessoratCambridge.DuringthequestionandanswerperiodafteroneofHoyle’slectures,HawkingstoodupandpointedoutthatHoylehadmadeamistakeinhismaths.Oncethemathswascorrected,itshowedthatthebigbangtheory—andnotthesteadystatetheory—wastrue.Hawking’sownworkonthebigbangtheorywassoonprovenbyastronomerswithtelescopes.Astarwasborn.So,whatmadeStephenHawkingagenius?Besidesbeingbrilliant,hewasbrave,thoughsometimescarelessinwhathesaidordid.Hewaswillingtosaywhatotherswereafraidtosay,andtodreamofwhatotherswereafraidtodreamabout.Furthermore,hewasquitedetermined.Thishadhelpedhimasascientist,andhadhelpedhimevenmoreinhisfightagainsthisdisease.Aboveall,Hawkingwaswillingtoadmithisfaults.Thisoddcombinationofcharacteristicshadmadehimoneofthegreatestthinkersofthe20thand21stcenturies.一个纯思维的世界史蒂芬・霍金是物理学界最负盛名、最具天赋的科学家之一。大多数人都很熟悉他坐在轮椅上无法动弹、只能通过电脑来说话的样子。他因患病致使其大部分肌肉萎缩无力，他的世界变成了一个抽象思维的世界霍金最早成名于1964年，当时他身体健康，行动自如，是剑桥大学物理学研究生。总的来说，宇宙起源有两大理论:第一个是稳恒态理论，认为宇宙无始无终;另一个是大爆炸理论，认为宇宙始于时空中的一个点。稳恒态概念的最大拥护者是剑桥大学的弗雷德・霍伊尔教授。在霍伊尔的一次讲座中，霍金在问答环节站了起来，指出霍伊尔教授计算有误。错误纠正之后显示大爆炸理论而非稳恒态理论是正确的。不久，天文学家用望远镜观察宇宙，验证了霍金对大爆炸理论的研究。一位明星就此诞生。那么，是什么使史蒂芬・霍金成为一名天オ呢?除了才华横溢之外，他还是一个勇敢的人，尽管有时候言行举止比较随意。他敢说别人不敢说的话，做别人不敢做的梦。此外，他意志坚定。无论是作为一位科学家，还是与病魔作斗争，这种品质对他都大有帮助，最重要的是，霍金敢于承认错误。这些性格特点的奇特组合使得他成为二十世纪与二十一世纪最伟大的思想家之一。8.P7However,aftertheSonghuBattlebrokeoutin1932,QianmadethedecisiontoswitchhismajortoaviationbecauseherealizedthatChinaneededitsownpowerfulairforcetoprotectanddefendthecountry.breakout爆发；突然开始break构成的其他短语：breakin强行闯入；打断，插画breakinto强行闯入；突然开始(笑、唱等)breakdown出故障；(身体)垮了；(谈判)失败；breakup解散；绝交；粉碎breakawayfrom逃脱；脱离 breakthrough突破，有重大发现；defendvt.保卫；防守；辩解；防御defencen.保卫；辩护，辩解defensiveadj.防御的；保卫的常见搭配：defend…against/from…保护/保卫…免受…之害(=protect…from/against…)defendagainst/from…抵御…indefenceof…为了保卫…inone’sdefence为某人辩护用break短语，完成以下1—5题:1).Don’t_____________whenwearetalking.Waitforyourturn.2).Howthebigforestfirehas________________remainstobeamystery.3).Herparents’quarrelingwitheachotherconstantlyledtoherfamily________________.4).Thefootballstar___________________hisformerclubandplannedtojoinanother.5).Afterthreedaysofcontinuouswork,he________________onceandforall.6).Thestrongwallsofthecastleservedasagood_____________(defend)againsttheattackers.7).Weshouldbuildupapowerfularmy_____________(defend)ourmotherland.8).Speaking__________________(为…辩护)theproposal,hepointedouthowmuchcheaperitwouldbe.9).一旦感染HIV，身体不能抵御疾病。___________________________________________________________________________________________答案：8.1)breakin2)brokenout3)breakingup4)brokeawayfrom5)brokedown6).defence7).todefend8).indefenceof9).OnceinfectedwithHIV,thebodyisunabletodefenditselfagainstdiseases.9.P8Hereceivedahero’swelcomefromhishomelandandwasputinchargeofnotonlydevelopingChina’srocketsciencebutalsoitsspaceandmissileprogramme.beputinchargeof(被动)=putsb.inchargeof(主动)任命某人负责/掌管常见搭配：inchargeof负责/掌管inthechargeof由…负责/掌管takechargeof(强调动作)负责/掌管freeofcharge免费charge(sb.)sth.(forsth.)收费；要价chargesb.with…/accusesb.of…指控..做某事1).他负责那家公司。他因为收取顾客额外费用而被指控。___________________________________________________________________________________________以下句子用charge短语填空：2).Thegeneralengineerlefthissecretary______________theprojectduringhisabsence.3).He________________murderbuthewasfoundinnocentlater.4).Wealsohaveaswimmingpool,whichisopenalldayand________________.答案：9.1).Thecompanywasinthechargeofhim.Hewaschargedwithchargingthecustomersextrafees.2).inchargeof3)waschargedwith4).Freeofcharge10.P8Sincehecamedownwithadiseasewhichcausedhimtolosetheuseofmostofhismuscles,hisworldbecameoneofabstractthought.comedownwit