2023年中考英语专项复习：阅读理解说明文议论文（江苏专用）

专题04阅读理解说明文&议论文-备考2023年中考英语一模分项讲

解和真题练习(江苏专用)

说明文选材通常是各学科的前沿问题;高科技领域的科研成果;人们比较关心的社会问题;人文方面的经典。

说明文是试卷中阅读理解题中相对比较难的，通常后置。通常要求考生做到以下几个方面：

①理解语篇主旨要义

②理解文中具体信息

③根据上下文提供的线索推测生词的词义

④根据文中事实和线索作出简单的判断和推理

⑤理解文章的宏观结构和文脉逻辑关系

⑥理解作者的观点、意图和态度

说明文阅读及解题策略：

1.略读

通过整体粗读，领略内容大意，帮助理解，为细读做准备。寻找主题句，获取大意，找出每段的主题。

每一篇说明文通常都是围绕一个中心展开的。所以找出主题句，抓住中心，理解主题句与文章的具体事实

细节的关系，对文章进行整体理解，获取文章表达的正确信息。

2.跳读

寻找所需信息，如年代、数字、人名、地名等，把握住关键词，利用语法过渡词、语气转折词及时态

等，抓住文章脉络。

3.细读

分段细读，注意细节，注意语言结构，抓住关键信息，解释文章结构的内在联系，帮助深化理解。一

片文章就是一个有机的整体，段落与段落之间存在着内在的紧密联系，而每段的内容都与主题有着很重要

的联系，所以弄清文章结构上的问题，对于把握文章主题，文章大意非常重要。

议论文的阅读方法：

1.抓论点、寻论据

阅读议论文我们要抓住论题，即作者提出的观点、给出的例证及最后得出的结论。抓住了论题，我们就把

握了中心。

2.重文章结构，理清文章脉络。把握文章结构，有利于对文章大体的理解。

文章结构：

(1)一般来说，议论文会在第一或第二段提出论点，有的时候第一段是阐述一个现象或者提出一个问题，

目的为了引出论点或者引起读者兴趣。

(2)一般情况下会有实验。细节题容易针对实验过程及实验结果提问。

(3)关注专家所说的话。

题目类型：

一、主题题型

1.问mainidea,primarypurpose,title等等。

(1)正确选项必须具备三个特征：①有focus；②无细节；③态度与原文一致

能找到主题句则直接看同义句，找不到依据这三个特征使用排除法。

(2)先看选项的主体动词，迅速排除干扰项：

©presentation型的文章：present,describe,explain,illustrate,pointout?

©argumentation型的文章：evaluate,criticize,refute,challenge,counter,correct

以上动词出现则优先选(只是技巧，并不绝对)

2.问focus应直接定位主题句。

需要注意以下几点：

后面出现大段无关论述时：主题“从前不从后”；

前面主题句已对某事物给了正态度，末尾再作转折，说一些毛病，缺点，这是倒让步，而不是文章的重点，

不用考虑！

二、作者态度题型

1.判断依据：

(1)判断句(系动词、情态动词、自由褒贬词)通过找自由褒贬词对判断作者态度很有作用，但前提是要

对全文的结构逻辑把握的比较好，单纯通过自由褒贬词的判断还是不很保险，但这是一个思路。

(2)某些名人说话引号中的形容词或副词表评价：

asthat...作者的意见和名人的一致，要注意全文的起承转合，比较明显的词forexample,suchas等等很

多。二是作者的意见和名人的不一致，有时名人的话只是给文章好开个头，批的就是他。这就是观点对立

式主题文章的类型，在文中的明显的词有：istemptedtosay,itispreviouslybelievedthat…等等。注意观点对

立式这里就一定会出现意思的强转折，例如however,but,while,onthecontrary等等。

(3)一些实义动词表评价，尤其在讲原理，或研究的文章中：

负：failto/overestimate/underestimate/exaggerate/misinterpret/misrepresent/ignore/neglect/overlook

正：find/discover/show/demonstrate/prove/confirm/determine

(4)从大不从小原则：从全文来讲，看前面、开头或主题讲的是什么评价。

【真题详解】

【常州漂阳市南渡初级中学2022年中考英语一模试题】

A

Myopia(近视)inChildren

Howdochildrengetmyopia?

Ifachildspends7+hoursaweekon

13computerormobilephone,hemayhave

myopia.

02/53

Feweroutdooractivitiesincreasetheriskof

二瘠二

gettingmyopia.

Parentswhohavemyopiamayhavea

zmyopiachild.

Howmanychildrenhavemyopia?

14.5%ofthechildrenunder6

36.0%oftheprimaryschoolstudents

53.6%ofthechildreninChina

hadmyopiain2021.

71.6%ofthejuniorhighschoolstudents

81.0%oftheseniorhighschoolstudents

▲

Atleast2hoursofoutdooractivitieseveryday.

20/20/20rulewhenusingthecomputerormobilephone:Every20minutes,lookatsomething20

feetawayfor20minutes.

Getenoughsleep.

23.Whichcanshowthechangeinthenumberofmyopicchildrenastheygrow?

24.Whichofthefollowingcanbeputin"”?

A.Whereshouldchildrenhavefun.B.Whyshouldchildrendosports.

C.Whenshouldchildrenread.D.Whatshouldchildrendo.

25.Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?

©Reasonsformyopia.②Thenumberofmyopickids.

③Waystostayawayfrommyopia.©Properfoodformyopickids.

A.①②④B.①③④C.①②③D.②③④

【答案】23.C24.D25.C

【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了儿童近视的原因、近视的人数以及预防近视的一些方法。

[23题详解】

推理判断题。根据第二个表格中“14.5%ofthechildrenunder6”、“36.0%oftheprimaryschoolstudents”、

“71.6%ofthejuniorhighschoolstudents"和"81.0%oftheseniorhighschoolstudents”可知，随着年龄的增

长，近视人数也不断上涨，选项C的图片符合。故选C。

[24题详解】

推理判断题。通读第二个表格中的下半部分内容可知，此部分主要介绍了一些预防近视的方法，由此可知

此部分在告诉儿童“应该做什么”。故选D。

[25题详解】

推理判断题。通读全文可知，第一个表格介绍了儿童近视的原因，第二个表格的上半部分介绍了近视儿童

的数量，第二个表格的下半部分介绍了一些预防近视的方法。故选C。

AnartistusesteatohelphimrelaxwhenpractisinginMountEmeiinSichuanProvince.Ayoungcouplein

Malaysiaserveteatoexpressthankstotheirparentsattheweddingceremony（仪式）.Thesescenesaboutteaare

fromtheBBCdocumentary,OneCup.AThousandStories.

Ittook3yearstocompleteCup.ACup.ThousandStoriesin13countriesacrosssixcontinents（大洲）.Itgives

viewersachancetolearnabouttea'sinfluenceondailylifeindifferentplaces.Someancienttalesarealsotold.

ThesearerarelyheardbyyoungChinesepeopletoday.

Accordingtothedocumentary,teahasbecomemorepopularanddifferentdrinkingmethodsareenjoyedbybillions

ofpeopleworldwide.TeaisChina?sgreatgifttomankind.Itprovidescalm,energyandenjoymentforpeople.For

manypeopleitispartoftheirdailylife.Wewantedtoexplorethisrichworldofteacultureanditsinfluenceon

people'slifearoundtheworld,“saysMatthewSpringford,thedocumentary^producer.

Thedocumentaryisfullyfunded（资助）byChinesecompanyMigu.MiguandBBClistedalotofthemesatfirst,

suchastraditionalChinesemedicineandnewtechnologies.Butteawasfinallypickedasthesubject.a4Teaisa

subjectclosetobothChineseandBritishpeople'shearts,sinceweareallteadrinkerswithalonghistoryofsocial

teadrinking.^^saysSpringford.

04/53

TomMcDonald,managingdirectoratBBCStudios,saysmorethan20teamsweresenttodifferentplacestoshoot

thedocumentary,witheachplacehavingaround25members.stFmquiteproudofthedocumentary.Ifsanexcellent

pieceofworkwithreallyhighproductionvalues.We'rebestknownfbrourworkinnaturalhistoryandscience,but

Ithinkteaisagoodexampleofwhatwecanachievewhenweputoureffortsinit,“saysMcDonald.

ThedocumentaryhasalreadywonpraisefrommanyviewersinChina.Ayoungmansaysthatthescenesshowthe

beautyofChineseteaculture,makinghimlookforwardtoaslow-pacedlife.

26.Howdoesthewriterstartthepassage?

A.Bydescribingscenes.B.Bylistingnumbers

C.Byshowingpoints.D.Byusingsayings.

27.Whywasthesubjectchosenfinally?

A.BecauseitiseasyforBBCStudiostoexploreteaculture

B.BecauseChinahasalonghistoryofsocialteadrinking

C.BecauseteaispopularamongbothChineseandBritishpeople

D.BecausethedocumentaryisfundedbyaChinesecompany

28.Whatcanwelearnaboutthedocumentary?

A.Itshowssomenewtechnologiesbesidestea.

B.Thedirectorisnotsatisfiedwiththeirwork

C.25peopleflewtodifferentplacestocompleteit.

D.ItisthoughthighlyofbymanyChineseviewers.

【答案】26.A27.C28.D

【解析】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了BBC纪录片《一叶茶千夜话》。

【26题详解】

细节理解题。根据文中“AnartistusesteatohelphimrelaxwhenpractisinginMountEmeiinSichuan

Province.AyoungcoupleinMalaysiaserveteatoexpressthankstotheirparentsattheweddingceremony

（仪式）.ThesescenesaboutteaarefromtheBBCdocumentary,OneCup.AThousandStories.“可知，作者通

过描述场景来开始文章。故选A。

[27题详解】

细节理解题。根据文中'“'TeaisasubjectclosetobothChineseandBritishpeople'shearts,sincewearealltea

drinkerswithalonghistoryofsocialteadrinking.^^saysSpringford.”可知，最终选择了"茶"这个主题，是

因为因为茶在中国人和英国人中都很受欢迎。故选C。

[28题详解】

细节理解题。根据文中“ThedocumentaryhasalreadywonpraisefrommanyviewersinChina.Ayoungman

saysthatthescenesshowthebeautyofChineseteaculture,makinghimlookforwardtoaslow-pacedlife/9

可知，这部纪录片受到许多中国观众的高度评价。故选D。

D

Nowmoreandmorepeoplewhowanttolearnanewlanguageturntomobileappsforhelp.Whiletheselanguage

learningappsallowuserstostudyanewlanguageanywhereatanytime,howeffective（有效的）arethey?

ThatisaquestionShawnLoewen,aprofessoratMichiganStateUniversity（MSU）,istryingtoanswer.Herecently

madeastudyfocusingonBabbel,apopularlanguagelearningapp,toseeifitreallyworkedatteachinganew

language.

""Millionsaroundtheworldarealreadyusinglanguagelearningapps,butfewstudieshaveresearchedwhetherthey

canhelpimproveone'sspeakingskills,^Loewensaid."Therearealmostnootherstudiesthathavelookedatmobile

languagelearningapps.So,thisstudyisveryimportanttothefield.^^

Inthestudy,85studentsatMSUusedBabbelfor12weekstolearnSpanish.Atthebeginningofthestudy,the

studentstookatesttoassess（评价）theirspeaking,vocabularyandgrammarinSpanish.After12weeks,the54

studentswhocompletedallstudyrequirementstookthesametestagaintoseehowmuchknowledgetheyhad

gained.

ThestudyshowedthatnearlyallthestudentswhocompletedtherequirementsimprovedtheirSpanishlanguage

knowledgeandabilitytocommunicateafter12weeksofusingBabbel.

“Onthewhole,learnersinthisstudyincreasedtheiroralproficiency（口语能力）Loewensaid."Theseresultsshow

thatBabbelnotonlyhelpsteachknowledgeofgrammarandvocabulary,butalsospeedsupthedevelopmentoforal

communicationskills.^^

Also,learninggainsinoralproficiency,grammarandvocabularywereconnectedwithhowmuchtimestudents

spentusingtheapp.59%ofstudentsimprovedspeakingskillsbyatleastonelevelinanAmericanforeignlanguage

proficiencyassessingsystem.Thepercentageoflearnerswhoimprovedroseevenhigheramongthosewhospent

moretimeusingtheapp.Forthosewhostudiedatleastsixhours,69%increasedatleastonelevel,risingto75%for

thosewhostudiedforatleast15hours.

33.WhatdoesLoewensayabouthisappstudy?

A.Itisbasedonalotofpublishedstudies.

B.Itcomparesmanylanguagelearningapps.

06/53

C.Itanswersaquestionaboutlearningnewlanguages.

D.Itmaybethefirsttostudyifappshelplanguagelearning.

34.Whatdidthestudentsdointhestudy?

A.TheylearntSpanishinclassusingBabbel.

B.Theytriedusingdifferentlanguagelearningapps.

C.Someofthemtooktwotestsbeforeandafter12weeks

D.Someofthemfinishedtheirstudyrequirementsin24weeks.

35.WhatdidLoewen'sstudyfindaboutBabbel?

A.Itcanbeusefulforjustsomeofitsusers.

B.Iteffectivelyhelpsteachanewlanguage.

C.ItmightbethebestSpanishlearningtoolsofar.

D.Itdoesbetterinimprovingskillsthanknowledge.

36.Whatdothenumbersinthelastparagraphshow?

A.Therelationshipbetweenappusetimeandprogress.

B.Thedisadvantagesofusinglanguagelearningapps.

C.Thebigdifferencesinstudents9learninghabits.

D.Thedifficultiesoflearninganewlanguage.

【答案】33.D34.C35.B36.A

【解析】本文告诉读者研究应用程序是否有助于语言学习。

【33题详解】

推理判断题。根据文章第三段最后一句“Therearealmostnootherstudiesthathavelookedatmobile

languagelearningapps.So,thisstudyisveryimportanttothefield.”可知，它可能是第一个研究应用程序是

否有助于语言学习的公司。故选D。

【34题详解】

细节理解题。根据文章第四段第一句"Inthestudy,85studentsatMSUusedBabbelfor12weekstolearn

Spanish•”及“After12weeks,the54studentswhocompletedallstudyrequirementstookthesametestagain

toseehowmuchknowledgetheyhadgained.”可知，有些人在12周之前和之后进行了两次测试。故选Co

【35题详解】

细节理解题。根据文章倒数第二段""Onthewhole,learnersinthisstudyincreasedtheiroralproficiency（□

语能力）"Loewensaid.”可知，它能有效地帮助教授一门新语言。故选B。

【36题详解】

app…根据文章最后一段“Also,learninggainsinoralproficiency,grammarandvocabularywereconnected

withhowmuchtimestudentsspentusingtheapp...69%increasedatleastonelevel,risingto75%forthose

whostudiedforatleast15hours.”可知，应用程序使用时间与进度的关系。故选A。

[2022•江苏扬州市江都区中考英语一模试题】

C

Doestheendlessmessagesandthethoughtofreplyingtounopenedtextsmakeyoustressed?Textingstressisareal

thing,andmorecommonthanyou'dthink.

Inthelast25years,textinghasalreadychangedthewaywecommunicate.FromQQtoWeChat,likes,sharesand

groupchatsjointraditionalformsofcommunicationlikeemailandtexting.Manyfindthemselvestiredoutfromthe

endlessnoticesandgroupconversations.

Theaveragepersonin2022checkstheirphone262timesaday,upfromadailyaverageof80in2016.Onaverage,

eachpersonwillhave47unreadtextmessagesand1,602unopenedemails.Yettheaveragephonescreentimeis

morethaneverbefore,at4.2hoursperday.

LeahAguirre,apsychotherapistexplainsthattextconversationsareusuallyacauseofstressastheycomewithalot

ofuncertainty.t4Wedon'tknowhowsomeonewillreply,iftheywillreply,orhowquicklytheywillreply.Wecan't

controlotherpeople'sactionsorbehaviourorhowtheythink,andforpeoplethataremorelikelytobestressedthis

canbehardtodealwith.”

Textstresscaninfluenceyourrelationshipswithfriendsandlovedones.A2018studyfoundthatfriendshipsarefar

moresuccessfulwhenyouandtheotherpersonhaveasimilartextingstyle.Ifbothofyoureplytotextsquickly,the

relationshipislesslikelytohittherocks.Similarly,ifeveryoneishappytogohours,days,evenweekswithreplying

totexts,thentherelationshipisbetter.

Aguirresuggestslimitingthetimeyouareonyourphonewillhelpyoufeelrelaxed.t4Youcantellyourselfthatyou

havenocontroloveranotherperson'sreactionorbehaviour.Remindyourselfthatthisisjustaphoneoratext

messageandthatyouareokayandwillbeokay,^^shesaid.

Now,timetogettoallthoseunansweredtexts.

38.Thewriterlistedthedata（数据）inParagraph3totellus.

A.textinghastakenuptoomuchofourtime

B.technologyhasdevelopedfastovertheyears

C.cellphonehasbecomeausefultoolindailylives

08/53

D.peoplewouldliketocommunicatethroughmessages

39.Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?

A.Itmaybeimpolitenottoreplyallthetextmessages.

B.Peopledon'tgetstressediftheyhavesimilartextingstyles.

C.Groupconversationsaremorelikelytomakepeoplestressed.

D.Whetherpeoplegetstresseddependsonhowsomeonereplies.

40.AccordingtoAguirre,wecanreducetextingstressby.

©spendinglesstimeonthephone

©payingnoattentiontomessages

©communicatinginanotherway

©remindingourselvestorelax

A.①③B.②④C.②③D.①④

41.Whichpartofthenewspaperisthepassageprobablyfrom?

A.Education.B.Science.C.Society.D.Culture.

【答案】38.A39.C40.D41.C

【解析】本文主要介绍了短信造成的压力及其应对方法。

[38题详解】

推理判断题。根据“Theaveragepersonin2022checkstheirphone262timesaday,upfromadailyaverage

of80in2016.Onaverage,eachpersonwillhave47unreadtextmessagesand1,602unopenedemails.Yet

theaveragephonescreentimeismorethaneverbefore,at4.2hoursperday.”可知，人们花费在看手机、收

发短信上的时间在不断增长，第三段列这些数据是为了告诉我们“发短信占用了我们太多的时间九故选Ao

【39题详解】

推理判断题。根据“ManyHndthemselvestiredoutfromtheendlessnoticesandgroupconversations.”可知，

许多人发现自己被没完没了的通知和群组对话弄得筋疲力尽。由此推出群组对话更容易让人感到压力。故

选C。

[40题详解】

细节理解题。根据"Aguirresuggestslimitingthetimeyouareonyourphonewillhelpyoufeelrelaxed.“可知,

Aguirre建议花费更少时间在手机上，再由"Remindyourselfthatthisisjustaphoneoratextmessageand

thatyouareokayandwillbeokay”可知,要提醒自己放松。故选D。

[41题详解】

推理判断题。本文主要介绍了短信造成的压力及其应对方法，这最可能出现在“社会”栏。故选C。

D

Themomenttheyarepickedupfromkindergarteneachday,TanXinyanandherfriendsrushedintoaplayground

withnewswings,climbingframesandslides.

'Tmsurprisedthatsuchasmallchangecanbringthechildrensomuchjoy,“saysTan'smotherHuYufengwhile

talkingabouttheplaygroundinhercommunity.

Theappearanceinoldneighborhoodsofwell-equippedchildren'splaygroundsshowsthatChinaistakingstepsto

createbetterconditionsforraisingachild.

Thecountrywiththelargestpopulationispreparingforthelowfertilityofrates（生育率），atalowlevelof1.3in

2020.

In2015,Chinabegantoallowallcouplestohaveasecondchild.In2021,thiswas▲tothreechildrenfor

eachfamily.Itwasfollowedbyaseriesofsupportiveactions.Thecountry9snewpopulationandfamilyplanning

lawwasalsomadetobuildamorebirth-friendlysociety.

Evenso,mostofthecouplesdon'twanttoasecondorathirdchildmainlybecauseoftheheavystressofbearing,

raisingandeducatingchildren.Asaresult,supportfromlocalgovernmentincludeslongerpaternityleave（产彳发），

extraparentalleaveandbetterpublicservices.

Havinggrownupastheonlychildinherfamily,the35-year-oldmotheralwaysenviedthosewhohadsiblingsto

playwithandoffersupport.However,shedoubtedwhethertohaveasecondchildinthebeginning,worryingthat

herparentsandparents-in-lawarealreadyintheirlate60s,andsheandherhusbandbothhavebusycareers.

“Ifwecouldnotofferthechildrentheattentionandcaretheyneedforahappyandhealthychildhood,wewouldn't

haveasecondchild“Husays.

Asitturnsout,shefoundmorehappinesswithtwochildren.uWhatdoubledisnottheworkload,butthejoyand

goodmemoriestheycreated/9Husays.

Withsupportiveactionsbeingtaken,moremothers-to-beaimingfortwoorthreechildrenareexpectedtofeelthe

sameway.

Ingeneral,childrenarethecreatorsofourfuture,andifsthejobofusgrown-upstocreateanenvironmenttomake

10/53

thiscometrue.

42.Whafsthepurposeofthefirstthreeparagraphs?

A.Toexpressopinions.B.Tointroducethetopic.

C.Toshowfeelings.D.Todrawaconclusion.

43.Whichofthefollowingwordscanbeputintheblank▲?

A.Returned.B.Included.C.Reduced.D.Increased.

44.Whafsthemainreasonwhymostcouplesdon'twantasecondorathirdchild?

A.Theirparentsandparents-in-lawarealreadyintheirlate60s.

B.Mostcoupleshavebusycareersandonlycareaboutthemselves.

C.Thestressofbearing,raisingandeducatingchildrenisheavy.

D.Theycannotofferthechildrentheattentionandcaretheyneed.

45.Theunderlinedword“siblings“means.

A.relativesandfriendsB.fatherandmother

C.teachersandstudentsD.brothersandsisters

【答案】42.B43.D44.C45.D

【解析】

【导语】本文主要介绍了国家为了鼓励多孩政策所创造的一些便利条件，同时介绍了家长对二胎或三胎的

不同看法和担忧。

【42题详解】

段落大意题。根据前三段的内容可知，从社区一些娱乐项目的改变引出现在政府为了提高生育率所创造的

一些便利条件这个主题，故选B。

【43题详解】

推理判断题。根据“In2015,Chinabegantoallowallcouplestohaveasecondchild.In2021,thiswas...to

threechildrenforeachfamily”可知，2015年开始开放二胎，2021年增加到三胎，故选D。

【44题详解】

推理判断题。根据"Evenso,mostofthecouplesdon5twanttoasecondorathirdchildmainlybecauseof

theheavystressofbearing,raisingandeducatingchildren.”可知，主要是因为生育、抚养和教育孩子的巨

大压力，故选C。

[45题详解】

词义猜测题。根据"Havinggrownupastheonlychildinherfamily,the35-year-oldmotheralwaysenvied

thosewhohadsiblingstoplaywithandoffersupport.”可知，作为独生女总是会羡慕别人有兄弟姐妹可以

一起玩耍和互相支持，所以siblings表示“brothersandsisters",故选Do

【2022年南京市金陵中学中考英语一模试题】

B

倒

Acastlewasthefortress（堡垒）andhomeofakingornobleman.

MostofthecastleswethinkoftodaywerebuiltinEurope.Theywerebuiltfromabout1,000ADtoabout1,

500AD,duringaperiodknownastheMiddleAges.

CastlesplayedanimportantroleafterthefalloftheRomanEmpire.Whenakinggrantedlandtonobles,the

noblespromisedinreturntoservethekingandprovidehimwithsoldiers.Noblesbuiltcastlesonthelandsgivento

them.Butsomenoblessimplyclaimedlandastheirownandbuiltacastleonit.Thatwasaskingfortrouble.There

weremanypowerstrugglesbetweennoblesandkings,andamongthenoblesthemselves.

Atypicalstonecastlehadseveralmainparts.Atthecentreofthecastlewasatallandverystrongbuilding

calledthekeep.Thisiswherepeopleinthecastlemadetheirlaststandiftheouterdefences（防御）failed.Thekeep

wassetinacourtyard,wheretherewereworkshops,stables,andakitchen.

High,thickwallssurroundedthekeepandthecourtyard.Strong,rounddefensivetowersstoodatthecornersof

thewalls.Guardswalkedalongthetopsofthewallsandtowers.

Manystonecastlesweresurroundedbyawideditchcalledamoat（护城河）.Somemoatswerefilledwith

water,butmanywerenot.Theonlywayintothecastlewasacrossawoodendrawbridgeoverthemoat.Ifenemies

attacked,thedefendersraisedthebridge.Thentheyloweredaheavyiron-and-woodbarriercalledaportcullisto

blocktheentrancetothecastle.

Awell-builtcastlewasaprettysafeplacetobe.Attackershadahardtimegettingin.Buttheystillhadsome

options.Theycouldgooverthewallsusingladders.Theycouldsmash（撞碎）throughthewallsordoors.Orthey

coulddigunderthewallsandtrytogetpartofthewalltofalldown.Ifnoneofthosethingsworked,theycouldjust

campoutsideuntilthedefendersranoutoffood.

Attackerssometimesbroughtlargemachinescalledsiegeengineswiththemtobreakthroughcastledoorsor

walls.Thiswasaheavywoodenbeamwithametalcap.Intheearly1500s,cannonsenteredwideuseinwarfare.

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Cannonballscoulddigintothebaseofstonewallsandweakenthem.Thewallsthenfellundertheirownweight.As

aresult,castleswerenolongerneeded.

29.Theunderlinedword"That"referstothefactthat.

A.noblesbuiltcastlesonthelandsgiventothemB.thenoblespromisedtoservethekinginreturn

C.somenoblessimplyclaimedlandastheirownD.thenoblesprovidedthekingwithsoldiers

30.Howmanychoicesarementionedtooccupyacastlebeforethesixteenthcentury?

A.3B.4C.5D.6

31.Whatcanweinferfromthepassage?

A.Somecastleswerebuilttoattractmorevisitors.

B.KingsinancientEuropeweremoregenerous.

C.Portculliseswereusedtobreakthroughcastledoors.

D.Warfaremustbecommonfrom1,000ADtoabout1,500AD.

32.Whatisthebestsubtitleofthelasttwoparagraphs?

A.AttackingacastleB.VisitingacastleC.AprettysafeplaceD.Weaknessofacastle

【答案】29.A30.B31.D32.A

【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述的是城堡的历史。

【29题详解】

词义猜测题。根据"Noblesbuiltcastlesonthelandsgiventothem.Butsomenoblessimplyclaimedlandas

theirownandbuiltacastleonit.”可知，此处是说但有些贵族干脆宣称土地是自己的，并在上面建了一座

城堡。这引起很多麻烦，由此可知“That”指的是贵族们在给他们的土地上建造城堡。故选A。

[30题详解】

细节理解题。根据倒数第二段"Theycouldgooverthewallsusingladders.Theycouldsmash（撞碎）through

thewallsordoors.Ortheycoulddigunderthewallsandtrytogetpartofthewalltofalldown.”和

“Attackerssometimes...Intheearly1500s,cannonsenteredwideuseinwarfare.”可知，攻击城堡的方式有：

用梯子翻墙、砸碎墙壁或门、或者在墙下挖掘让墙的一部分倒塌以及使用大炮。因此是4种方式。故选Bo

[31题详解】

推理判断题。根据"Theywerebuiltfromabout1,000ADtoabout1,500AD,duringaperiodknownasthe

MiddleAges."和"CastlesplayedanimportantroleafterthefalloftheRomanEmpire.”可知，此处是说城堡

大多建于公元1000年至公元1500年以及说城堡在罗马帝国灭亡后发挥了重要作用。由此可推断在这一时

期有很多战争。故选D。

【32题详解】

标题归纳题。根据倒数第二段开头“Awell-builtcastlewasaprettysafeplacetobe.Attackershadahard

timegettingin.Buttheystillhadsomeoptions.”和最后一段“Attackerssometimesbroughtlargemachines

calledsiegeengineswiththemtobreakthroughcastledoorsorwalls.”可知，最后两段主要是讲述攻击者

怎么攻击城堡的。因此A项“攻击一座城堡”符合题意。故选A。

C

Doyouknowsomepeoplehavememoriesthatarecompletelywrong?Theyrememberthingsthatnever

happened.Sometimes,manypeoplehavethesamewrongmemory.Whenthishappens,ifsbelievedthatitis

becauseoftheMandelaEffect.

PeoplefirstnoticedtheMandelaEffectin2013.Thatyear,NelsonMandelapassedaway.However,thousands

ofpeoplerememberedhimdyinginthe1980s.Theydescribedwatchinghisfuneral（葬礼）onTVButinfact,

Mandelalivedtobe95yearsold.Howcouldthatbe?Howcouldsomanypeoplehavethesamewrongmemory?

MostexpertsexplaintheMandelaEffectusingbrainscience.Whenwemakememories,ourbrainskeepthem

ingroups.Eachgroupincludesmemoriesthataresimilartoeachother.Sometimes,ourbrainsmessedup（混舌L）.

Theymixtwosimilarmemoriestogether.ThafswhypeoplethoughtNelsonMandeladiedinthe1980s.Theyknew

hewasimprisoned（坐牢）duringthe1980s.Forsomereason,theymixedhisimprisonmentwithhisdeath.

Thatwouldexplainwhysomanypeoplein2013thoughtNelsonMandelawasalreadydead.Butwouldit

explainwhyallthosepeoplegavesimilardescriptionsofhisfuneral?Couldallthosepeoplehavemixedupthe

sametwomemories?

TherearemanyotherexamplesoftheMandelaEffect.HaveyoueverseentheMonaLisa?Manypeople

rememberthewomaninthepaintingwithafrown（皱眉）.Otherssayshewasstraight-faced.IfyoulookattheMona

Lisatoday,you511findshe'ssmiling.Didyoueverreadaseriesofchildren'sbooksaboutTheBerensteinBears?No,

youdidn't.Inourreality,thebooksareaboutTheBerensteinBears,spelledwithan"a"insteadofan“e”.Still,

thousandsofpeoplebelievetheyrememberthenamespelleddifferently.

Arethesewrongmemoriestheresultofmixedmemories,oristhereanotherexplanation?Withoutfurther

scienceresearch,wecan'tsayforsure!

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33.WhatistheMandelaEffect?

A.Somepeoplehaveworsememorythanothers.

B.Somepeoplem