专题37 八省联考阅读微技能之态度推断题（满分攻略+八省名校模拟）【含答案解析】

专题37八省联考阅读微技能之态度推断题（满分攻略+八省名校模拟）解析版（山西、河南、陕西、内蒙古、四川、云南、宁夏、青海）技能专区：冲刺备考名师提醒，提供高效提分干货，帮你举一反三提分态度观点态度类试题的解题方法：第一：结合题干人物和内容定位原文出现在哪一（些）段；然后仔细比对该句言外之意；第二：加入自己的态度。要注意区分试题考查的是作者的态度还是作者引用别人的态度；第三：态度没有明确提出时，要学会根据作者在文章中所运用词汇的褒贬性去判断作者的态度，尤其是动词、形容词和副词，如wonderfully,successfully,unfortunately,doubtfully等。乐观支持类词汇：optimistic乐观的；positive肯定的；favorable支持的，赞同的；supportive支持的；approving赞成的客观中立类词汇：objective客观的；neutral中立的；cautious谨慎的消极反对类词汇：negative否定的；opposite相反的；unfair公正的；doubtful怀疑的；indifferent漠不关心的；critical批评的；ironic讽刺的；skeptical质疑的；disappointed失望的；disapproving不赞同的；pessimistic悲观的；dismissive轻蔑的，不屑一顾的真题专区：研读高考真题，洞悉高考命题规律，探寻满分技巧和应试思维！(2024全国甲卷第31题)TheSaintLukastraindoesn’tacceptpassengers—itacceptsonlythesick.TheSaintLukasisoneoffivegovernment-sponsoredmedicaltrainsthattraveltoremotetownsincentralandeasternRussia.Eachstoplastsanaverageoftwodays,andduringthattimethedoctorsandnursesonboardproviderural(乡村)populationswithbasicmedicalcare,X-rayscansandprescriptions.“Peoplestartedqueuingtomakeanappointmentearlyinthemorning,”saysEmileDucke,aGermanphotographerwhotraveledwiththestaffoftheSaintLukasforatwo-weektripinNovemberthroughthevastregions(区域)ofKrasnoyarskandKhakassia.Russia’spublichealthcareservicehasbeeninseriousneedofmodernization.Thegovernmenthasstruggledtocomeupwithmeasurestoaddresstheproblem,particularlyinthepoorer,ruralareaseastoftheVolgaRiver,includingarrangingdoctor’sappointmentsbyvideochatandexpandingfinancialaidprogramstomotivatedoctorstopracticemedicineinremotepartsofthecountrylikeKrasnoyarsk.TheannualarrivaloftheSaintLukasisanotherattempttoimprovethesituation.For10monthseveryyear,thetrainstopsatabouteightstationsovertwoweeks,beforereturningtotheregionalcapitaltorefuelandrestock(补给).Thenitstartsalloveragainthenextmonth.Moststationswaitaboutayearbetweenvisits.Doctorsseeupto150patientseveryday.Thetrain’sequipmentallowsforbasiccheckups.“Iwasveryimpressedbythedoctorsandtheirassistantsworkingandlivinginsuchlittlespacebutstillstayingfocusedandveryconcerned,”saysDucke.“Theywerethebestchanceformanyruralpeopletogetthetreatmenttheywant.”28.HowistheSaintLukasdifferentfromothertrains?A.Itrunsacrosscountries. B.Itreservesseatsfortheseniors.C.Itfunctionsasahospital. D.Ittravelsalongariver.29.Whatcanweinferfromparagraph3aboutKrasnoyarsk?A.Itisheavilypopulated. B.Itofferstrainingfordoctors.C.Itisamoderncity. D.Itneedsmedicalaid.30.HowlongcantheSaintLukasworkwithonesupply?A.Aboutayear. B.Abouttenmonths.C.Abouttwomonths. D.Abouttwoweeks.31.WhatisDucke’sattitudetowardtheSaintLukas’services?A.Appreciative. B.Doubtful C.Ambiguous. D.Cautious.【答案】28.C29.D30.D31.A【解析】【导语】本文是说明文。文章主要讲述政府赞助了五辆名为圣卢卡斯的医疗列车为俄罗斯中部和东部偏远地区每年提供为期10个月的巡回医疗服务，为乡村居民提供基本医疗检查和治疗，改善当地医疗条件。28.细节理解题，根据文章第一段“TheSaintLukasisoneoffivegovernment-sponsoredmedicaltrainsthattraveltoremotetownsincentralandeasternRussia.Eachstoplastsanaverageoftwodays,andduringthattimethedoctorsandnursesonboardproviderural(乡村)populationswithbasicmedicalcare,X-rayscansandprescriptions.(圣卢卡斯号是五列政府资助的医疗列车之一，前往俄罗斯中部和东部的偏远城镇。每一站平均停留两天，在此期间，船上的医生和护士为农村人口提供基本医疗服务、X光扫描和处方。)”可知，圣卢卡斯号与其他火车的不同之处在于它是政府资助的医疗火车，充当医院。因此选C。29.推理判断题，第三段提到“Russia’spublichealthcareservicehasbeeninseriousneedofmodernization.Thegovernmenthasstruggledtocomeupwithmeasurestoaddresstheproblem,particularlyinthepoorer,ruralareaseastoftheVolgaRiver,includingarrangingdoctor'sappointmentsbyvideochatandexpandingfinancialaidprogramstomotivatedoctorstopracticemedicineinremotepartsofthecountrylikeKrasnoyarsk.(俄罗斯的公共卫生保健服务迫切需要现代化。政府一直在努力提出解决这一问题的措施，特别是在伏尔加河以东较贫穷的农村地区，包括通过视频聊天安排医生预约，扩大财政援助计划，激励医生到克拉斯诺亚尔斯克等偏远地区行医。)”可以推断，Krasnoyarsk需要医疗援助，故选D。30.细节理解题，根据第四段“For10monthseveryyear,thetrainstopsatabouteightstationsovertwoweeks,beforereturningtotheregionalcapitaltorefuelandrestock(补给).”(每年有10个月，火车在两周内停靠大约八个车站，然后返回地区首府进行补给和重新装货。)”可知，圣卢卡斯号一份补给可以工作大约两周，故选D。31.推断判断题。根据最后一段的““Iwasveryimpressedbythedoctorsandtheirassistantsworkingandlivinginsuchlittlespacebutstillstayingfocusedandveryconcerned,”saysDucke.“Theywerethebestchanceformanyruralpeopletogetthetreatmenttheywant.”(“医生和他们的助手在这么小的空间里工作和生活，但仍然保持专注和非常关注，这给我留下了深刻的印象，”Ducke说。这是许多农村人获得他们想要的治疗的最好机会。”)”可知，Ducke对SaintLukas的服务持赞赏的态度，故选A。模拟专区：做好题才有好成绩！练技能，补漏洞，提分数，强信心！【01】（24-25高三上·广东·期中）Sandingontheshoreofalake,Ican’thelpbutmarvelatthetensorhundredsofthousandsofsmallrocksthatsurroundmyboots.Theywereallcreatedfromhardsurfaces,theiredgessofteningovertime.AndIwonder,canwelearnfromapileofrocks?Eventhetallestmountainshaveworndown;noneareastallastheywere1,000yearsago.Andmuchlikearock.I’vefoundmyattitudehassoftenedandmydesiretobetterunderstandothershasexpandedwitheachtriparoundthesun.OnceItoowasasharprockcoveredinpointyedges.Today,afterdecadesofthewatersoflifecoursingoverme,myedgesaresofterandmoreunderstanding.I’mlesslikelytojudgeandmoreinterestedinlearninghowwecanexisttogether.ButI’mnotarock.I’mahuman-beingfilledwithallthedramabuiltintomyDNA.Twoyearsago,whiletravelinginthePacificNorthwest,Iwatchedarestaurantowneraskaguytoleavefornotfallinginlinewiththerules.Notforcefulandnetrude.Onthedoorreadasign:“Pleasewearamaskbeforeenteringourrestaurant.Wedon’tlikeiteither,butlet’salldowhatwecan.”Buttheguytriedtoargueaboutthenote.Isatwatching.understandingbothsides.I’vebeenthisguybefore,usingmyyouthfuledgestochipawayattheworld.WhatIlost,however,wastheabilitytogrowbylookingthroughothers’eyes,andthusthepossibilityoffindingcontentandsuccess.Youcanfitmoreroundedrocksinajarthanthosewithsharpedges.Theformerlookforwaystoadjustandmakeroomforothers;thelatternevergiveaninchtoaccommodateothers.Time,likethewatersrollingagainstoncesharpstones,changesusbywashingawayourresistancetoseeingtheworldfromanother’spointofview.Iplacedaroundedstoneintomypocket.MotherNatureisholdingclassagain.1.Whatdoestheauthorcomparetherocksto?A.Peoplewithvariedpersonalities.B.DNAuniquetoeachperson.C.Challengesthatwecomeacross.D.Ourabilitiesthatgrowswithtime.2.Whatcausedtheargumentintherestaurant?A.Lackofclarityinthesign.B.Theowner’sinappropriateattitude.C.Demandingrestaurantrequests.D.Theguy’sfailingtoobeytherules.3.Whichbestdescribestheauthor’sattitudetowardtheworldwhenhewasyoung?A.Respectful. B.Aggressive. C.Ambiguous. D.Tolerant.4.Whatdoestheauthortrytoconveythroughthistext?A.Weshouldadjustourselvestonewconditions.B.Bebravewheninthefaceofdifficultiesinlife.C.It’snecessarytoobeytherulesinpublicspaces.D.Beingopenandunderstandingbringssatisfaction.【答案】1.A2.D3.B4.D【导语】本文是一篇夹叙夹议的文章，主要叙述并议论了人如同岩石一般不断磨平棱角，学会理解体谅他人的过程。1.细节理解题。从文章第三段“Eventhetallestmountainshaveworndown;noneareastallastheywere1,000yearsago.Andmuchlikearock.I’vefoundmyattitudehassoftenedandmydesiretobetterunderstandothershasexpandedwitheachtriparoundthesun.(即使是最高的山也已磨损；没有一座像一千年前那么高。和这些岩石很像，我发现我的态度软化了，而随着每一次的旅行，我也更渴望能去更好地了解他人)”可知，作者把岩石比成有着各自性格的人。故选A项。2.细节理解题。文章第六段讲到“Twoyearsago,whiletravelinginthePacificNorthwest,Iwatchedarestaurantowneraskaguytoleavefornotfallinginlinewiththerules.Notforcefulandnetrude.Onthedoorreadasign:“Pleasewearamaskbeforeenteringourrestaurant.Wedon’tlikeiteither,butlet’salldowhatwecan.”Buttheguytriedtoargueaboutthenote.(两年前，在太平洋西北地区旅行时，我看到一个餐馆老板要求一个不遵守规定的人离开。他的态度既不强硬，也不粗鲁。门上写着：“请戴上口罩进入我们的餐厅。我们也不喜欢这样，但让我们一起尽己所能。”但那家伙试图就这条规定进行争吵。)”，从中可知，这次餐馆的争吵原因是这个人未能遵守规则。故选D项。3.推理判断题。从文章第四段“OnceItoowasasharprockcoveredinpointyedges.(我也曾是一块边缘锐利的尖石）”可知，作者年轻时是有棱有角的性格，态度比较激进好斗。故选B项。4.推理判断题。从文章倒数第二段“Youcanfitmoreroundedrocksinajarthanthosewithsharpedges.Theformerlookforwaystoadjustandmakeroomforothers;thelatternevergiveaninchtoaccommodateothers.Time,likethewatersrollingagainstoncesharpstones,changesusbywashingawayourresistancetoseeingtheworldfromanother’spointofview.(圆的石头比棱角分明的石头更容易装进罐子里。前者想办法调整自己，为他人腾出空间；后者从不让步迁就别人。时间就像水流冲刷着尖锐的石头，冲走我们对从别人的角度看世界的抗拒，从而改变了我们）”可知，作者通过本文传达的应是“开放和理解的态度将使我们获得满意”。故选D项。【02】（24-25高三上·福建厦门·期中）SomegraduatestudentsinLondonwererecentlytaskedwithoutwittingalargelanguagemodel(LLM),atypeofAIdesignedtoholdusefulconversations.LLMsareoftenprogrammedwithguardrailstostopthemgivingharmfulreplies:instructionsonmakingbombsinabathtub,forinstance.Theaimofthetaskwastobreakthoseguardrails.Someresultsweremerelystupid.Oneparticipantgotthechatbottoclaimduckscouldbeusedasindicatorsofairquality.Butthemostsuccessfuleffortswerethosethatmadethemachineproducethetitlesandpublicationdatesofnon-existentacademicarticles.AIbasthepotentialtobeabigbenefittoscience.Butitcomeswithdownsides,too.Startwiththesimplestproblem:academicmisconduct.SomeresearchersuseLLMstohelpwritepapers.GuillaumeCabanac,acomputerscientist,hasuncovereddozensofpapersthatcontainphrasessuchas“regenerateresponse”-thetextofabuttoninChatGPTthatcommandstheprogramtorewriteitsmostrecentanswer,probablycopiedintothemanuscript(原稿)bymistake.AnotherproblemariseswhenAlmodelsaretrainedonAI-generateddata.LLMsaretrainedontextfromtheInternet.Astheyproducemoresuchtext,theriskofLLMstakingintheirownoutputs-grows.Thatcancause“modelcollapse’.In2023lliaShumailov,acomputerscientist,co-authoredapaperinwhichamodelwasfedhandwrittendigitsandaskedtogeneratedigitsofitsown,whichwerefedbacktoitinturn.Afterafewcycles,thecomputer’snumbersbecamemoreorlessincomprehensible.Someworrythatcomputer-generatedinsightsmightcomefrommodelswhoseinnerworkingsarenotunderstood.Inexplainablemodelsarenotuseless,saysDavidLeslieatanAl-researchoutfitinLondon,buttheiroutputswillneedrigoroustestingintherealworld.Thatisperhapslessunnervingthanitsounds.Checkingmodelsagainstrealityiswhatscienceissupposedtobeabout,afterall.Fornow,atleast,questionsoutnumberanswers.Thethreatsthatmachinesposetothescientificmethodare,attheendoftheday,thesameonesposedbyhumans.AIcouldacceleratetheproductionofnonsensejustasmuchasitacceleratesgoodscience.AstheRoyalSocietyhasit,nulliusinverba:takenobody’swordforit.Nothing’s,either.1.TheresultofthetaskconductedinLondonshowsthat.A.LLMsgiveawayusefulinformation B.theguardrailsturnouttobeineffectiveC.AI’sinfluencewillpotentiallybedecreased D.theeffortputintothestudyofAIhardlypaysoff2.Whatdoes“modelcollapse"indicate?A.Thereadabilityofthemodels’outputisunderestimated.B.Thediversesourcesofinformationconfusethemodels.C.Trainingonregenerateddatastopsmodelsworkingwell.D.Thedatabecomesreliableafterfeedingonitsowndigits.3.WhatisDavidLeslie’sattitudetowardsinexplainablemodels?A.Dismissive. B.Objective. C.Favorable. D.Ambiguous.4.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.FasterNonsense:AICouldAlsoGoWrong B.ImperfectModels:HowWillAIMakeAdvances?C.TheRiseofLLMs:AICouldStillBePromising D.BiggerThreats:AIWillBeUncontrollable【答案】1.B2.C3.B4.A【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了大型语言模型（LLM）等人工智能技术虽对科学有益，但也带来了学术不端、模型崩溃、输出结果难以解释等问题，对科学方法构成了威胁，需要谨慎对待。1.细节理解题。根据第一段中“LLMsareoftenprogrammedwithguardrailstostopthemgivingharmfulreplies:instructionsonmakingbombsinabathtub,forinstance.Theaimofthetaskwastobreakthoseguardrails.Someresultsweremerelystupid.Oneparticipantgotthechatbottoclaimduckscouldbeusedasindicatorsofairquality.(大型语言模型（LLM）通常被设置了“护栏”以防止它们给出有害的回复：例如，禁止提供在浴缸里制造炸弹的指令。这项任务的目标是打破这些“护栏”。一些结果只是愚蠢的尝试。有一名参与者让聊天机器人声称鸭子可以用来作为空气质量的指示器)”可知，伦敦进行的任务结果表明，原本旨在防止大型语言模型（LLM）给出有害回复的“网络护栏”实际上并不有效。故选B。2.细节理解题。根据第三段中“In2023lliaShumailov,acomputerscientist,co-authoredapaperinwhichamodelwasfedhandwrittendigitsandaskedtogeneratedigitsofitsown,whichwerefedbacktoitinturn.Afterafewcycles,thecomputer’snumbersbecamemoreorlessincomprehensible.(2023年，计算机科学家lliaShumailov与人合著了一篇论文，在论文中，一个模型被输入手写数字，并被要求生成自己的数字，这些数字依次被反馈给它。经过几个周期后，计算机的数字多少变得难以理解了)”可知，modelcollapse指的是在模型被训练在再生数据上时，模型会吸收自己的输出，导致模型崩溃，无法正常工作。故选C。3.推理判断题。根据第四段中“Inexplainablemodelsarenotuseless,saysDavidLeslieatanAl-researchoutfitinLondon,buttheiroutputswillneedrigoroustestingintherealworld.(伦敦一家人工智能研究机构的DavidLeslie说，无法解释的模型并非毫无用处，但它们的结果需要在现实世界中进行严格的测试)”可知，DavidLeslie认为这些模型并非无用，但它们的输出需要在现实世界中经过严格的测试。这表明他既看到了这些模型的潜力，也认识到了它们的局限性，因此他的态度是客观的。故选B。4.主旨大意题。根据最后一段中“Thethreatsthatmachinesposetothescientificmethodare,attheendoftheday,thesameonesposedbyhumans.AIcouldacceleratetheproductionofnonsensejustasmuchasitacceleratesgoodscience.(说到底，机器对科学方法构成的威胁与人类构成的威胁是一样的。人工智能可以加速废话的产生，就像它可以加速好的科学一样)”以及通读全文可知，文章主要讨论了大型语言模型（LLM）等人工智能技术的潜在好处和缺点，特别是它们可能对科学方法构成的威胁。虽然AI可以加速好的科学的产生，但同样也可能加速无意义的废话的产生。因此，文章强调AI也可能出错。选项A“FasterNonsense:AICouldAlsoGoWrong(更快的废话：AI也可能出错)”准确地概括了文章的主旨，适合作本文最佳标题。故选A。【03】（24-25高三上·福建龙岩·期中）Adrenaline(肾上腺素),alsoknownasepinephrine,isatypeofhormonethatisreleasedwheneverapersonexperiencesfear,anxiety,orstress.Infact,assoonasyourbrainsensesdanger,ittellsyourbodytostartmakingadrenaline.Thehormonemovesthroughyourbloodstreamquicklyandjumpsintoactionbybindingitselftomoleculescalledadrenoceptors,whichcanbefoundincellsinalmosteveryorgan.Whenalargeamountofthechemicalisproducedallatonce—morethan10timeshigherthanwhenyou’recalm—it’scalledanadrenalinerush.Thatfloodhaslotsofnoticeableeffects,andeachoneisintendedtoprotectyouinadangeroussituation.Yourpupils(瞳孔)willwidentoletmorelightintoyoureyessothatyoucanseemoreofyoursurroundings.Yourbrainbeginstoworkfastertodrawupaplan.Yourheartbeatsmorerapidlyandpumpsextrabloodtoyourmuscles,alsodeliveringanincreaseofoxygenfromyourlungs.Alloftheseeffectsaccumulateintonervous,anxiousfeelings.That’swhyitmightseemasifyourheadisspinning,yourthoughtsareracing,oryourheartisbeatingoutofyourchest.Despitewhatsuperherostoriesmighttellyou,there’snotmuchevidencethatthehormonegivesyouextrastrength.Instead,expertsthinkthatgreatachievements-likeaparentliftingacaroffatrappedkid-happenwhensomekindofpsychologicalswitchgetsflipped(按动).Thatis,unlessyou’reunderseriouspressure,youmightunderestimatewhatyourbodyisreallycapableof.Ingeneral,adrenalinerusheshavepreparedanimalsforstressfulsituationsformillionsofyears.Theglands(腺)thatproducethestimulatingchemicalarefoundinanyspecieswithabackbone.Evendinosaurslikelyhadthestimulatingstuffpumpingthroughtheirveins(静脉).EarlypeoplelikeHomoerectusandHomohabilisprobablyfeltfearandnervousnessastheywanderedthroughtheprehistoricjungles.Whenapopquizmakesyousweatytoday,youfeelthesametensionthathelpedyourancestors10,000generationsagodefeatfiercelions.1.Whatcanbelearnedconcerningan“adrenalinerush”?A.Itcontrolsthelevelofthehormone.B.Itmakespassivefeelingsdisappear.C.Itleadshumanstofeelenergetic.D.Itresultsfromastressfulsituation.2.Howisparagraph3mainlydeveloped?A.Byexplainingconcepts. B.Byprovidingexactdata.C.Bydescribingdetails. D.Bymakingcomparisons.3.Whatcanbeinferredfromparagraph4?A.Adrenalinegivesextrastrengthlikeinsuperherotales.B.Greatachievementsareduetopsychologicalswitch,notadrenaline.C.Aparentliftingacaroffatrappedchildisimpossiblewithoutadrenaline.D.Adrenalinerusheshaveonlybeenimportantforanimalsrecently.4.What’stheauthor’sattitudetotheroleof“adrenalinerushes”?A.Positive. B.Doubtful. C.Cautious. D.Ambiguous.【答案】1.D2.C3.B4.A【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了肾上腺素在人体内的作用机制及其在应对危险和压力时引发的生理反应。1.细节理解题。根据第一段“Adrenaline(肾上腺素),alsoknownasepinephrine,isatypeofhormonethatisreleasedwheneverapersonexperiencesfear,anxiety,orstress(肾上腺素，也称为肾上腺素，是一种激素，每当一个人经历恐惧、焦虑或压力时就会释放出来)”以及第二段“Infact,assoonasyourbrainsensesdanger,ittellsyourbodytostartmakingadrenaline.Thehormonemovesthroughyourbloodstreamquicklyandjumpsintoactionbybindingitselftomoleculescalledadrenoceptors,whichcanbefoundincellsinalmosteveryorgan.Whenalargeamountofthechemicalisproducedallatonce—morethan10timeshigherthanwhenyou’recalm-it’scalledanadrenalinerush.(事实上，一旦你的大脑感知到危险，就会告诉身体开始产生肾上腺素。这种激素迅速通过血液流动，并通过与几乎每个器官细胞中的分子（称为肾上腺素受体）结合而发挥作用。当这种化学物质在短时间内大量产生——比你平静时高出10倍以上时——这被称为肾上腺素激增)”可知，肾上腺素激增是因为大脑感知到危险，从而产生大量肾上腺素。因此，肾上腺素激增是由压力情况引起的。故选D。2.推理判断题。根据第三段的“Yourpupils(瞳孔)willwidentoletmorelightintoyoureyessothatyoucanseemoreofyoursurroundings.Yourbrainbeginstoworkfastertodrawupaplan.Yourheartbeatsmorerapidlyandpumpsextrabloodtoyourmuscles,alsodeliveringanincreaseofoxygenfromyourlungs.(你的瞳孔会变宽，让更多的光线进入你的眼睛，这样你就可以看到更多的周围环境。你的大脑开始更快地制定计划。你的心脏跳动得更快，向肌肉泵送额外的血液，同时也从肺部输送更多的氧气)”可知，第三段详细描述了肾上腺素激增时身体的各种反应，如瞳孔放大、大脑加速运转、心跳加快等。这些都是具体的生理反应细节。因此，第三段主要是通过描述细节来展开的。故选C。3.推理判断题。根据第四段的“Instead,expertsthinkthatgreatachievements-likeaparentliftingacaroffatrappedkid-happenwhensomekindofpsychologicalswitchgetsflipped(按动).Thatis,unlessyou’reunderseriouspressure,youmightunderestimatewhatyourbodyisreallycapableof.(相反，专家认为，当某种心理开关被触发时，就会发生像父母从被困孩子身上抬车这样的伟大成就。也就是说，除非你处于严重的压力之下，否则你可能会低估你的身体真正的能力)”可知，专家认为伟大的成就可能是由于某种心理开关被激活，而不是肾上腺素直接赋予额外力量。由此可推知，伟大成就归因于心理开关，而不是肾上腺素。故选B。4.推理判断题。根据最后一段“Ingeneral,adrenalinerusheshavepreparedanimalsforstressfulsituationsformillionsofyears.Theglands(腺)thatproducethestimulatingchemicalarefoundinanyspecieswithabackbone.Evendinosaurslikelyhadthestimulatingstuffpumpingthroughtheirveins(静脉).(总的来说，肾上腺素激增已经在数百万年间为动物应对压力情况做好了准备。能够产生这种刺激性化学物质的腺体存在于所有有脊椎的物种中。即使是恐龙，很可能也有这种刺激性物质在其血管中流动)”可知，作者虽然对肾上腺素直接赋予额外力量的说法持怀疑态度，但是文章整体描述了肾上腺素在危险情况下的保护作用。由此可推知，作者对其作用持积极态度。故选A。【04】（24-25高三上·甘肃·期中）Duringherworkwithgreysquirrels,LuciaJacobswroteanarticletothejournalNaturalHistory,describinghowsquirrelscache(贮藏):Thesquirrelsperformedperfectlyfromthefirstday.IwasabsorbedasIobservedoneofthesetinysquirrelspickupahazelnutforthefirsttime,searchintentlyforasuitableburyingsite,andthen,withgreatinterest,digahole,bothpawsflying,thenutfirmlyclenchedbetweentinyteeth,withalltheapparentconfidenceandsuccessofaparksquirrelburyingitsmillionthpeanut.Cachingisaveryimportantaspectofsquirrellife.Cachesfallbroadlyintotwocategories:youcanputallyoureggsinonebasket,sotospeak,whichwecalllardercaching;oryoucanscatteryourvaluablesallovertheplace,whichisscattercaching.Lardercachingislesseffortbecauseeverythingisinoneplaceandyoucaneasilyseehowmuchyouhaveleft.Theproblem,however,isthatifyourcacheisdiscoveredbysomeoneelse,theycantakeeverythingandleaveyouwithnothing.Scattercachingmakesitlesslikelythatyou’dloseeverything,butrequiresmoreefforttofindsuitablespots,digallthoseholesand,moreimportantly,rememberwhereyou’veputeverything.HaveyoueverbeendoingthespringcleaningandfoundaChristmaspresentyou’dhiddenforoneofthekids?Redandgreysquirrelsscattercachesand,giventhatagreysquirrelmaycachesome3,000nutsduringaseason,rememberingwheretheyallarewhenthey’respreadthroughoutthewoodlandisnomeanfeat.Someearlyworksuggestedthatsquirrelsmaynotbetoobotheredaboutwheretheycachedbecausetheirneighbourswerefamilymembersandtheythereforesharedeachother’scaches.Thisistheso-called“CommualCacheTheory”.Morerecently,however,LuciaJacobsinvestigatedthisandfoundthatneighboursweren’tnecessarilyrelativesandthatsquirrelsmovednutstowardthecenteroftheirterritories,groupedtheircaches,buriednutsfurtherfromtheirsourcewhencompetitorswerearoundandaggressivelydefendedcachesfromwould-bethieves.Inotherwords,itwaseverysquirrelforitself.2.WhatimpressedJacobsmostwhileobservingtinysquirrels?A.Theirnaturalabilitytocache. B.Theirstrangeeatingbehavior.C.Theirhugeamountsofcaches. D.Theirwayofselectingcaches.3.Whichisconsideredadisadvantageof“scattercaching”?A.Thecacheswon’tlastlongenough. B.Ittakesmuchefforttodigabiggerspot.C.Someofthespotsarenowheretobefound. D.Thecachesareeasilyfoundbycompetitors.4.Whatdoestheunderlinedpart“nomeanfeat”inparagraph4mean?A.Arareoccurence. B.Agreatachievement. C.Aseriousproblem. D.Acommonphenomenon.5.WhatisJacobs’sattitudetothe“CommunalCacheTheory“?A.Favorable. B.Unclear. C.Uninterested. D.Disapproving.【答案】1.A2.C3.B4.D【导语】本文是一篇说明文。美国加州大学教授LuciaJacobs多年来致力于对北美松鼠种群的行为研究，有了很多有趣的发现。1.推理判断题。根据第二段“Thesquirrelsperformedperfectlyfromthefirstday.IwasabsorbedasIobservedoneofthesetinysquirrelspickupahazelnutforthefirsttime,searchintentlyforasuitableburyingsite,andthen,withgreatinterest,digahole,bothpawsflying,thenutfirmlyclenchedbetweentinyteeth,withalltheapparentconfidenceandsuccessofaparksquirrelburyingitsmillionthpeanut.(松鼠们从第一天起就表现得很好。我全神贯注地看着其中一只小松鼠第一次捡起一颗榛子，专心地寻找合适的埋葬地点，然后饶有兴趣地挖了一个洞，两只爪子飞舞着，小牙齿紧紧地咬着榛子，看起来就像公园里的松鼠成功地埋葬了第一百万颗花生一样自信。)”可知，Jacobs注意到，小松鼠从一开始就对储藏食物的过程和动作非常熟练，其信心和成功率完全可以与公园里经验丰富的老松鼠相媲美，这一点（与生俱来的贮藏食物的本领）让Jacobs印象深刻。故选A。2.细节理解题。根据第三段中“Scattercachingmakesitlesslikelythatyou’dloseeverything,butrequiresmoreefforttofindsuitablespots,digallthoseholesand,moreimportantly,rememberwhereyou’veputeverything.(分散贮藏减少了丢失所有东西的可能性，但需要花费更多的精力来寻找合适的位置，挖掘所有的洞，更重要的是，记住您将所有东西放在哪里。)”可知，分散贮藏这种做法最大的缺点就是：一段时间后松鼠很可能会忘记了它们部分的贮藏地点。故选C。3.词句猜测题。根据第四段中“Redandgreysquirrelsscattercachesand,giventhatagreysquirrelmaycachesome3,000nutsduringaseason,rememberingwheretheyallarewhenthey’respreadthroughoutthewoodlandis(红松鼠和灰松鼠会分散贮藏物，考虑到灰松鼠在一个季节可能会贮藏大约3000颗坚果，当它们散布在整个林地时，记住它们的位置)”可知，灰松鼠在一个季节可能会贮藏大约3000颗坚果，当它们散布在整个林地时，记住它们的位置是绝非易事，是了不起的成就，nomeanfeat意为“了不起的成就”。A.Arareoccurence罕见的事情；B.Agreatachievement伟大的成就；C.Aseriousproblem一个严重的问题；D.Acommonphenomenon一个普遍现象。故选B。4.推理判断题。根据最后一段“Morerecently,however,LuciaJacobsinvestigatedthisandfoundthatneighboursweren’tnecessarilyrelativesandthatsquirrelsmovednutstowardthecenteroftheirterritories,groupedtheircaches,buriednutsfurtherfromtheirsourcewhencompetitorswerearoundandaggressivelydefendedcachesfromwould-bethieves.Inotherwords,itwaseverysquirrelforitself.(然而，最近，LuciaJacobs对此进行了调查，发现邻居不一定是亲戚，松鼠把坚果搬到它们领地的中心，把它们的储藏物分组，当竞争者在附近时，把坚果埋在离它们的来源更远的地方，并积极地保护储藏物不被潜在的小偷偷走。换句话说，它是一只自顾自的松鼠。)”可推断，LuciaJacobs经过自己的细心研究，否定了松鼠贮藏食物的“CommunalCacheTheory(家族共享)”理论。故选D。【05】（24-25高三上·河南安阳·阶段练习）Thesportoftennishasaproblemwithwastethatmanyplayersdonotevenrecognizeeachtimetheyopenanewcontainerofgameballs.Majorprofessionaltenniscompetitionsgothroughnearly100,000ballsduringtwoweeksofplay.Almostallofthe330millionballsproducedeachyearendupinwasteasgarbageinlandfills.Oncethere,itcantakeaslongas400yearsfortheballstobreakdown.Tennisisincrediblyenvironmentally-destructivebecausetheballsarenotrecyclable.Theballs’outersoftlayer,calledthefelt(毛毡),isstronglyattachedtoasoftcenter.Thefeltisacombinationofwoolandnylonwhichcannotberecycled.Inaddition,thecenteroftop-levelballsismadewithrubberfromrubbertrees.Rubberharvestingmenacesforestsandbiodiversity.Oncetheballsareproduced,theyarepackagedinthickplasticoraluminumcontainerswithametallidandaplasticcap.Companieswillintentionallyusenon-recyclableplasticbecausetherecyclablekindwillleakpressure.Aftertheballshavebeenproducedandpackaged,theywillgetshippedallaroundtheworld.Thisseriesofeventswillrelease1.2poundsofcarbonemissionsperball.TheInternationalTennisFederation(ITF)isagoverningbodyofprofessionaltennis.LastyeartheITFbroughttogetherproducers,tennisofficialsandrecyclerstobeginworkingonthetennisballissue,lookingforsolutions.Andsomestepshavebeentakentoreduceandreuseballs.Currently,professionalplayerschangetoanewsetofballsafterthefirstsevengamesandthenaftereveryninegames.Individualusedballssometimesbecomeplaythingsfordogsorarereusedinothersmallways.Hugenumbersofusedballscanalsobecrushed(碾压)topiecesforuseasbuildingmaterial,likeflooring.However,itisalongwaytogotoenjoyanenvironment-friendlytennismatch.1.Whyarethefiguresofballslistedinparagraph1?A.Tostresstheirharmtotheenvironment.B.Tostatedisapprovalofthesportrules.C.Toindicatehowpopulartennisis.D.Tosuggestavoidingplayingtennis.2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“menaces”inparagraph2mean?A.Threatens. B.Enriches. C.Benefits. D.Removes.3.Whatisthelastparagraphmainlyabout?A.Plansmadeforthefuture.B.Effortstakentosolvetheproblem.C.Organizationsfoundedtoworkontheissue.D.Resolutionsadoptedtoimprovethequality.4.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetothefutureuseofeco-friendlytennisballs?A.Doubtful. B.Dismissive. C.Objective. D.Unclear.【答案】1.A2.A3.B4.C【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了网球造成的环境污染问题以及目前所做的努力。1.推理判断题。根据文章第一段提到“Majorprofessionaltenniscompetitionsgothroughnearly100,000ballsduringtwoweeksofplay.Almostallofthe330millionballsproducedeachyearendupinwasteasgarbageinlandfills.Oncethere,itcantakeaslongas400yearsfortheballstobreakdown.(在为期两周的重大职业网球比赛中，会使用近10万个球。每年生产的3.3亿个球中，几乎所有的球最终都会被当作垃圾填埋场的废物。一旦到了那里，这些球要分解可能需要长达400年的时间。)”可知，作者在第一段列出球的