专题36 八省联考阅读微技能之文章大意题（满分攻略+八省名校模拟）【含答案解析】

专题36八省联考阅读微技能之文章大意题（满分攻略+八省名校模拟）解析版（山西、河南、陕西、内蒙古、四川、云南、宁夏、青海）技能专区：冲刺备考名师提醒，提供高效提分干货，帮你举一反三提分一、记叙文主旨大意题1.看首段和尾段，以尾段为主2.借助主题词或关键词归纳二、说明文和议论文主旨大意题1.看首段和每段段首句，以首段为主2.借助主题词或关键词归纳三、文章大意题错误选项典型错误一是“以偏概全”：选项范围太窄，只表达局部信息或某一细节，不能概括整篇文章的主旨大意；二是“概括宽泛”：所表达的内容超出或多于文章阐述的内容；三是“无中生有”：即文章中根本未提到或者不是指定段落的大意。四、文章大意五种题型题型一：利用主题句在段首位置推敲段落大意技巧点拨：说明文和议论文学会关注“首段”和“段首”。借鉴“七选五”小标题类型特点，段首句统领全段主旨大意，由此推断段落大意。题型二：利用主题句在段中位置推敲段落大意技巧点拨：有时主题句出现在段中某句，这就需要考生耐心阅读揣摩段落各句之间内在逻辑关系，确定主题句位置，进而明确段落主旨大意。题型三：利用主题句在段尾位置推敲段落大意技巧点拨：有时主题句出现在段尾，关注一些表征总结性，结论性的词:in

brief/short,all

in

all,in

conclusion,

inaword等，这些词后面连接的通常是主题句。题型四：利用段落没有主题句推敲段落大意技巧点拨：有时候段落没有出现主题句，需要考生自己总结提炼，难度更大。题型五：利用“总-分-总”结构推敲语篇主旨大意题技巧点拨：有时候段落没有出现主题句，需要考生自己总结提炼，难度更大。五、文章大意题思维导图真题专区：研读高考真题，洞悉高考命题规律，探寻满分技巧和应试思维！(2024新课标II卷第31题)Weallknowfreshisbestwhenitcomestofood.However,mostproduceatthestorewentthroughweeksoftravelandcoveredhundredsofmilesbeforereachingthetable.Whilefarmer’smarketsareasolidchoicetoreducethejourney,BabylonMicro-Farm(BMF)shortensitevenmore.BMFisanindoorgardensystem.Itcanbesetupforafamily.Additionally,itcouldservealargeraudiencesuchasahospital,restaurantorschool.Theinnovativedesignrequireslittleefforttoachieveareliableweeklysupplyoffreshgreens.Specifically,it’safarmthatreliesonnewtechnology.ByconnectingthroughtheCloud,BMFisremotelymonitored.Also,thereisaconvenientappthatprovidesgrowingdatainrealtime.Becausethesystemisautomated,itsignificantlyreducestheamountofwaterneededtogrowplants.Ratherthanwateringrowsofsoil,thesystemprovidesjusttherightamounttoeachplant.Afterharvest,userssimplyreplacetheplantswithanewpre-seededpod(容器)togetthenextgrowthcyclestarted.Moreover,havingasysteminthesamebuildingwhereit’seatenmeanszeroemissions(排放)fromtransportingplantsfromsoiltosalad.Inaddition,there’snoneedforpesticidesandotherchemicalsthatpollutetraditionalfarmsandthesurroundingenvironment.BMFemployeesliveoutsustainabilityintheireverydaylives.Abouthalfofthemwalkorbiketowork.Insidetheoffice,theyencouragerecyclingandwastereductionbylimitinggarbagecansandavoidingsingle-useplastic.“Wearepassionateaboutreducingwaste,carbonandchemicalsinourenvironment,”saidaBMFemployee.28.WhatcanbelearnedaboutBMFfromparagraph1?A.Itguaranteesthevarietyoffood. B.Itrequiresday-to-daycare.C.Itcutsthefarm-to-tabledistance. D.Itreliesonfarmer’smarkets.29.Whatinformationdoestheconvenientappoffer?A.Real-timeweatherchanges. B.Currentconditionoftheplants.C.Chemicalpollutantsinthesoil. D.Availabilityofpre-seededpods.30.WhatcanbeconcludedaboutBMFemployees?A.Theyhaveagreatpassionforsports.B.Theyaredevotedtocommunityservice.C.Theyarefondofsharingdailyexperiences.DTheyhaveastrongenvironmentalawareness.31.Whatdoesthetextmainlytalkabout?A.BMF’smajorstrengths. B.BMF’sgeneralmanagement.C.BMF’sglobalinfluence. D.BMF’stechnicalstandards.【答案】28.C29.B30.D31.A【解析】【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了巴比伦微农场（BMF）的一些主要优势，包括减少食物运输距离、通过云技术远程监控、自动化系统节约水资源、减少化学污染、以及员工的环保生活方式等。28.细节理解题。根据第一段“Whilefarmer’smarketsareasolidchoicetoreducethejourney,BabylonMicro-Farm(BMF)shortensitevenmore.(虽然农贸市场是减少旅程的可靠选择，但巴比伦微型农场（BMF）甚至缩短了旅程)”可知，巴比伦微型农场（BMF）进一步缩短了从农场到餐桌的距离。故选C。29.细节理解题。根据第三段“Also,thereisaconvenientappthatprovidesgrowingdatainrealtime.(此外，还有一个便捷的应用程序，可以实时提供增长数据)”可知，这个便捷的应用程序提供了植物生长的实时数据。故选B。30.推理判断题。根据最后一段“BMFemployeesliveoutsustainabilityintheireverydaylives.Abouthalfofthemwalkorbiketowork.Insidetheoffice,theyencouragerecyclingandwastereductionbylimitinggarbagecansandavoidingsingle-useplastic.“Wearepassionateaboutreducingwaste,carbonandchemicalsinourenvironment,”saidaBMFemployee.(BMF员工在日常生活中追求可持续发展。大约一半的人步行或骑自行车上班。在办公室里，他们通过限制垃圾桶和避免一次性塑料来鼓励回收和减少浪费。BMF的一名员工表示：“我们热衷于减少环境中的废物、碳和化学品。”)”可知，BMF员工具有强烈的环保意识。故选D。31.主旨大意题。根据第一段“Whilefarmer’smarketsareasolidchoicetoreducethejourney,BabylonMicro-Farm(BMF)shortensitevenmore.(虽然农贸市场是减少旅程的可靠选择，但巴比伦微型农场（BMF）甚至缩短了旅程)”、第三段“ByconnectingthroughtheCloud,BMFisremotelymonitored.Also,thereisaconvenientappthatprovidesgrowingdatainrealtime.Becausethesystemisautomated,itsignificantlyreducestheamountofwaterneededtogrowplants.Ratherthanwateringrowsofsoil,thesystemprovidesjusttherightamounttoeachplant.(通过云连接，对BMF进行远程监控。此外，还有一个方便的应用程序可以实时提供不断增长的数据。由于该系统是自动化的，因此大大减少了种植植物所需的水量。该系统不是给一排排土壤浇水，而是为每株植物提供合适的水量)”以及最后一段“BMFemployeesliveoutsustainabilityintheireverydaylives.Abouthalfofthemwalkorbiketowork.Insidetheoffice,theyencouragerecyclingandwastereductionbylimitinggarbagecansandavoidingsingle-useplastic.“Wearepassionateaboutreducingwaste,carbonandchemicalsinourenvironment,”saidaBMFemployee.(BMF员工在日常生活中追求可持续发展。大约一半的人步行或骑自行车上班。在办公室里，他们通过限制垃圾桶和避免一次性塑料来鼓励回收和减少浪费。BMF的一名员工表示：“我们热衷于减少环境中的废物、碳和化学品。”)”可知，文章主要介绍了巴比伦微农场（BMF）的一些主要优势，包括减少食物运输距离、通过云技术远程监控、自动化系统节约水资源、减少化学污染、以及员工的环保生活方式等。故选A。模拟专区：做好题才有好成绩！练技能，补漏洞，提分数，强信心！【01】（24-25高三上·江苏南通·期中）Inthe1980s,RayBarnettworkedinUgandaasahumanitarianworker.Oneday,aboywenttohimandshowedhisgratitudebysingingasong,whichdeeplytouchedBarnett’sheart.“WhenIwentbacktoCanadaandpeoplewerenotinterestedinUganda,Irememberedthesmallboy.IknewthatifsomeUgandanchildrencouldtraveltotheWest,peoplewouldbedeeplymovedandwouldcertainlywanttohelp,”Barnettrecalls.InApril1984,BarnettandateamofvolunteerstravelledbacktoUgandatoselect31childrenwhowouldbecomethefirstAfricanChildren’sChoir.InSeptember1984,thechoirarrivedinNorthAmericaandachievedmorethroughouttheirtourthanBarnettcouldimagine.Theyinspiredaudienceswiththeirstoriesthroughmusic,danceanddramaandraisedenoughfundstoopenachildren’shomeinUganda.Thisprovidedastableenvironmentandaqualityeducationforthechoirchildrenandotherchildrenwhoneededcare.WhileBarnetthadthoughtofthechoirasaone-timeattempt,thechoir’sinstantpopularityandtheongoingneedsinUgandaconvincedhimtocontinuewithchoirwork.In1985,asecondchoirwasselectedfromanorphanagehomeinMakerere,Kikoni,andtheAfricanChildren’sChoirbegananothertour.Itssuccessmeantitwasabletoprovideformanychildrenbeyondthoseinthechoir.Overthenextyears,sixmorehomeswereestablishedtocaterforvulnerablechildren.Anumberofspecialliteracyschoolswereestablishedwherethechildrenlearnedhowtoreadandwrite,andgainedconfidenceandskills.Theorganizationnextestablishedasponsorshipprogrammetohelpthechildrenmovefurtherintheirschooling.In1990,theAfricanChildren’sChoirspreaditswingsandopenedinKenya.In1994,itopenedinRwanda.In1996,itopenedanotherbranchinSouthSudan,Nigeria,GhanaandSouthAfrica.Currently,theAfricanChildren’sChoirismadeupof44choirs,eachwithbetween17-24members,bothboysandgirlsagedbetween7-15.1.WhydidBarnettreturntoUgandain1984?A.Toprovidehumanitarianaidtothearea.B.Tosearchfortheboyhehadmetbefore.C.Toorganizeachoirtohelppoorchildren.D.TosenddonationsfromCanadianstoUganda.2.Howwasthechildren’sfirstperformance?A.Itwasanunexpectedhit. B.Itbarelycovereditscosts.C.Itwasanordinaryattempt. D.Itwasenjoyedbyorphans.3.WhatcanweinferabouttheAfricanChildren’sChoirfromthelasttwoparagraphs?A.Itiswell-receivedbylocalparentsandschools.B.Ithasgrownrapidlyandmorekidsbenefitfromit.C.Itsuffersfinancialdifficultyandrequiressponsoring.D.Itpaysmoreattentiontokids’schoolinginsteadofmusic.4.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.AgreatchoirbringshopetoAfricankids.B.Musicisabridgeacrossdifferentcultures.C.TheAfricanChildren’sChoirchangesAfrica.D.Musiccanshakeoffpovertyandbringhappiness.【答案】1.C2.A3.B4.A【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了RayBarnett创立非洲儿童合唱团的过程及其对非洲贫困儿童生活的积极影响。1.细节理解题。由文章第一段中“InApril1984,BarnettandateamofvolunteerstravelledbacktoUgandatoselect31childrenwhowouldbecomethefirstAfricanChildren’sChoir.(1984年4月，巴内特和一组志愿者回到乌干达，挑选31名儿童，他们将成为第一个非洲儿童合唱团。)”和第二段中“Theyinspiredaudienceswiththeirstoriesthroughmusic,danceanddramaandraisedenoughfundstoopenachildren’shomeinUganda.Thisprovidedastableenvironmentandaqualityeducationforthechoirchildrenandotherchildrenwhoneededcare.(他们用音乐、舞蹈和戏剧的故事激励着观众，并筹集了足够的资金在乌干达开设了一个儿童之家。这为合唱团的孩子和其他需要照顾的孩子提供了一个稳定的环境和优质的教育。)”可知，Barnett返回乌干达是为了挑选孩子组成合唱团，以帮助贫困儿童。故选C。2.细节理解题。由文章第二段中“InSeptember1984,thechoirarrivedinNorthAmericaandachievedmorethroughouttheirtourthanBarnettcouldimagine.Theyinspiredaudienceswiththeirstoriesthroughmusic,danceanddramaandraisedenoughfundstoopenachildren’shomeinUganda.Thisprovidedastableenvironmentandaqualityeducationforthechoirchildrenandotherchildrenwhoneededcare.(1984年9月，合唱团抵达北美，并在整个巡演中取得了巴尼特无法想象的成就。他们用音乐、舞蹈和戏剧的故事激励着观众，并筹集了足够的资金在乌干达开设了一个儿童之家。这为合唱团的孩子和其他需要照顾的孩子提供了一个稳定的环境和优质的教育。)”可知，孩子们的第一次演出超乎想象地成功。故选A。3.推理判断题。由文章倒数第二段“Overthenextyears,sixmorehomeswereestablishedtocaterforvulnerablechildren.Anumberofspecialliteracyschoolswereestablishedwherethechildrenlearnedhowtoreadandwrite,andgainedconfidenceandskills.Theorganizationnextestablishedasponsorshipprogrammetohelpthechildrenmovefurtherintheirschooling.(在接下来的几年里，又建立了6个家庭来照顾弱势儿童。建立了一些特殊的扫盲学校，在那里孩子们学习如何阅读和写作，并获得信心和技能。该组织随后设立了一个赞助计划，帮助孩子们在学业上更进一步。)”和最后一段“In1990,theAfricanChildren’sChoirspreaditswingsandopenedinKenya.In1994,itopenedinRwanda.In1996,itopenedanotherbranchinSouthSudan,Nigeria,GhanaandSouthAfrica.Currently,theAfricanChildren’sChoirismadeupof44choirs,eachwithbetween17-24members,bothboysandgirlsagedbetween7-15.(1990年，非洲儿童唱诗班在肯尼亚展翅高飞。1994年，它在卢旺达开业。1996年，它在南苏丹、尼日利亚、加纳和南非又开设了一家分店。目前，非洲儿童合唱团由44个合唱团组成，每个合唱团有17-24名成员，年龄在7-15岁之间，既有男孩也有女孩。)”可知，合唱团发展迅速，更多孩子从中受益。故选B。4.主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是由文章第一段中“IknewthatifsomeUgandanchildrencouldtraveltotheWest,peoplewouldbedeeplymovedandwouldcertainlywanttohelp,”Barnettrecalls.InApril1984,BarnettandateamofvolunteerstravelledbacktoUgandatoselect31childrenwhowouldbecomethefirstAfricanChildren’sChoir.(我知道，如果一些乌干达儿童能够去西方旅行，人们会深受感动，当然会想要帮助他们，”巴内特回忆道。1984年4月，巴内特和一组志愿者回到乌干达，挑选31名儿童，他们将成为第一个非洲儿童合唱团。)”根据第二段中“Theyinspiredaudienceswiththeirstoriesthroughmusic,danceanddramaandraisedenoughfundstoopenachildren’shomeinUganda.Thisprovidedastableenvironmentandaqualityeducationforthechoirchildrenandotherchildrenwhoneededcare.(他们用音乐、舞蹈和戏剧的故事激励着观众，并筹集了足够的资金在乌干达开设了一个儿童之家。这为合唱团的孩子和其他需要照顾的孩子提供了一个稳定的环境和优质的教育)”可知，和最后一段“In1990,theAfricanChildren’sChoirspreaditswingsandopenedinKenya.In1994,itopenedinRwanda.In1996,itopenedanotherbranchinSouthSudan,Nigeria,GhanaandSouthAfrica.Currently,theAfricanChildren’sChoirismadeupof44choirs,eachwithbetween17-24members,bothboysandgirlsagedbetween7-15.(1990年，非洲儿童唱诗班在肯尼亚展翅高飞。1994年，它在卢旺达开业。1996年，它在南苏丹、尼日利亚、加纳和南非又开设了一家分店。目前，非洲儿童合唱团由44个合唱团组成，每个合唱团有17-24名成员，年龄在7-15岁之间，既有男孩也有女孩。)”可知，全文围绕非洲儿童合唱团的成立和发展，以及它如何为非洲的孩子们带来希望和改变展开，选项A“AgreatchoirbringshopetoAfricankids.(一个伟大的合唱团给非洲孩子带来了希望。)”符合题意。故选A。【02】（23-24高三上·江西赣州·期末）Shipsarethelifelineoftradeamongcountries.Almosteverything,fromfoodtomachinery,comesbywayoftheseainhugeshipspilotedbycaptains.Butthecaptainofashipisresponsibleforguidingthevesseluntiltheyhitaport,waitingtoentertheharbor.Thetaskofbringingtheshipintotheharboranddockingitistakenupbyadifferentcaptain.Thiscaptainiscalledamarinepilot.Amarinepilotisaboatpilotwithspecializedknowledgeofaparticularportorharbor.Thepilotisneededtodirectlargeshipsintoaport,wherethereareoftendeep-waterchannelssurroundedbyshallowerseabeds.Withouttheservicesofamarinepilot,dockingshipswouldbehazardous.Therewouldbearealchanceofrunningagroundanddamagingtheshipandthecargo,someofwhichmightbedangerousifreleasedintoawater-basedecosystem.Inadditiontotheshallowerseabeds,tideandwindposefurtherchallengesforbringingshipsintoaport.Duringdifferenttides,currentsmaychangefromonedirectiontotheother.Thesamestrategyfordockingashipduringanincomingtidemaynotworkduringanoutgoingtide.Also,thewindcansignificantlyalterthedirectionoftheshipandhowitreacts,addingtothedifficultyofdockingtheship.Marinepilotageisajobthatrequiresahighdegreeofproficiencyaswellasquickandindependentthinking.Aboveall,itisaboutriskmanagement.Amarinepilotgoesonboardatacrucialtimeandcontrolstheshipbasedonhisorherknowledgeoftheportandthesituationathand.Thepilotisresponsiblefornotonlythesafetyoftheshipbutalsotheprotectionoftheportandthemarineenvironment.1.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A.Aspecialprofession. B.Shippingandtrading.C.Guidelinesforsafedocking. D.Protectionofthemarineenvironment.2.Whichofthefollowingispartoftheknowledgethatamarinepilotmusthave?A.Thevalueoftheships. B.Thecontentofthecargo.C.Theweatherconditions. D.Thediversityofmarinelife.3.Whatdoes“acrucialtime”inthelastparagraphreferto?A.Whentheshipdepartsfromport. B.Whenthechannelisnotdeepenough.C.Whenthereisacrashoftwoships. D.Whenashipiswaitingtoentertheport.4.Howdoestheauthorconcludethepassageinthelastparagraph?A.Byaddingnewdetails. B.Bypredictingfuturedevelopment.C.Bysummarizingthemainpoints. D.Bygivingadvicetothegeneralpublic.【答案】1.A2.C3.D4.C【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了海洋领航员这份特殊的职业及其工作内容。1.主旨大意题。根据第一段最后一句“Thiscaptainiscalledamarinepilot.”（这个船长被称为海洋领航员。）及第二段第一句“Amarinepilotisaboatpilotwithspecializedknowledgeofaparticularportorharbor.”（海洋领航员是指对某一港口或港口有专门知识的领航员。）及最后一段第一句“Marinepilotageisajobthatrequiresahighdegreeofproficiencyaswellasquickandindependentthinking.”（海上引航是一项要求熟练程度高、思维敏捷、独立的工作。）并结合全文内容可知，本文主要介绍了海洋领航员这份特殊的职业及其工作内容。故选A项。2.推理判断题。根据第三段“Inadditiontotheshallowerseabeds,tideandwindposefurtherchallengesforbringingshipsintoaport.Duringdifferenttides,currentsmaychangefromonedirectiontotheother.Thesamestrategyfordockingashipduringanincomingtidemaynotworkduringanoutgoingtide.Also,thewindcansignificantlyalterthedirectionoftheshipandhowitreacts,addingtothedifficultyofdockingtheship.”（除了较浅的海床，潮汐和风也给船只进港带来了进一步的挑战。在不同的潮汐期间，水流可能从一个方向转向另一个方向。在涨潮时靠岸的同样策略在退潮时可能行不通。此外，风可以显著改变船舶的方向及其反应，增加了船舶停靠的难度。）可知，天气状况会给船只进港带来挑战，海洋领航员需要具有气象方面的知识，才能安全指引船只进港。故选C项。3.词句猜测题。根据最后一段第三句“Amarinepilotgoesonboardatacrucialtimeandcontrolstheshipbasedonhisorherknowledgeoftheportandthesituationathand.”（引航员在关键时刻上船，根据他或她对港口和手头情况的了解来控制船舶。）并结合第一句最后两句“Thetaskofbringingtheshipintotheharboranddockingitistakenupbyadifferentcaptain.Thiscaptainiscalledamarinepilot.”（把船带进港口并靠岸的任务由另一个船长承担。这个船长被称为海洋领航员。）可知，海洋领航员的任务是把船带进港口并靠岸，故引航员会在当一艘船等待进港时上船指挥，故acrucialtime指代“一艘船等待进港的时刻”。故选D项。4.推理判断题。根据最后一段“Marinepilotageisajobthatrequiresahighdegreeofproficiencyaswellasquickandindependentthinking.Aboveall,itisaboutriskmanagement.Amarinepilotgoesonboardatacrucialtimeandcontrolstheshipbasedonhisorherknowledgeoftheportandthesituationathand.Thepilotisresponsiblefornotonlythesafetyoftheshipbutalsotheprotectionoftheportandthemarineenvironment.”（海上引航是一项要求熟练程度高、思维敏捷、独立的工作。最重要的是，它关乎风险管理。引航员在关键时刻上船，根据他或她对港口和手头情况的了解来控制船舶。引航员不仅要对船舶的安全负责，还要对港口和海洋环境的保护负责。）并结合上文描述的领航员的具体工作内容及挑战可知，本段简明扼要地总结了海上引航任务的要求及引航员的工作内容。故最后一段通过总结要点的方式来结束全文。故选C项。【03】（2024·四川德阳·一模）Dogownersoftenbelievethattheirpetsunderstandcommandssuchas“sit”and“stay”,andevenassociatewordswiththeirfavoriteobjects.“Bringmeyourball”willoftenresultinexactlythat.Butsciencehashadtroubledeterminingwhetherdogsandotheranimalstrulycreateamentalimageintheirmindsuponhearingthenameofanobject,arelationshipwithlanguagecalledreferentialunderstanding,whichwouldsuggestadeeperunderstandingoflanguage,likethekindthathumanshave.ArecentstudyconductedinHungary,appearinginCurrentBiology,exploresthisissue.Itinvolved18dogsandemployedanon-invasiveEEGproceduretomeasuretheirbrainactivity.Researchersplayedaudioclipsoftheirownerssayingthenamesofobjects,suchas“ball”or“frisbee”,andthenshowedthedogseitherthecorrespondingobjectoradifferentonetoseeifdogswouldshowadistinctbrainresponsewhentheobjectmatchedthewordcomparedtowhenitdidnot.Boros,aco-leadwriterofthestudy,said“Adifferentbrainpatternappearedwhenthedogswereshownanobjectthatmatchedthewordcomparedtowhenitdidnot,indicatingthattheymightcreateamentalimageoftheobjectuponhearingitsname.Thatwaspreviouslyunproven.”LillaMagyari,anotherco-leadwriter,notedthatwhileotheranimalshaveshownsomelevelofreferentialunderstanding,theyoftenrequireextensivetraining.Incontrast,thestudysuggeststhatindogs,suchabilitiesappeartobeinbornandrequirenospecialtrainingortalent.Thisfindingsupportsthatreferentialunderstandingisnotnecessarilyuniquetohumans.Despitethestudy’spromisingresults,someexpertsareskeptical.CliveWynnefromArizonaStateUniversityarguedonFacebookthatthestudyonlydemonstratesdogs’responsestostimuli(刺激物),ratherthananunderstandingofspecificwords.Hedoubtswhetherdogsgrasptheexactmeaningofwords.Scientistsbelievethefirstdogsbegantobekeptbyhumansupto30,000yearsago.Theanimalshavelivedcloselyalongsideuseversince.However,whetherthislonghistoryofcohabitationcontributedtotheirabilitytounderstandreferentiallanguageremainsanopenquestion.1.Whatdoes“referentialunderstanding”referto?A.Associatingwordswithemotions. B.Respondingactivelytocommands.C.Formingmentalimagesofobjects. D.Learningobjectsthroughtraining.2.Howdidresearcherstestdogs’brainresponses?A.Byusingdifferentaudiotones. B.Byadjustingshapesofobjects.C.Bymatchingobjectswithwords. D.Bycomparingdifferentobjects.3.WhichdoesCliveWynneagreewithaboutthestudy?A.Itoverestimatesdogs’cognitiveabilities.B.Itiswidelyacceptedbythescientificfield.C.Itprovesdogsknowspecificwordsverywell.D.Itprovidesanewinsightaboutdogs’evolution.4.What’sthetextmainlyabout?A.Whatdogowners’beliefabouttheirpetsis.B.Whatdogs’responsetothedifferentobjectsis.C.Whetherwecantraindogstofollowcommands.D.WhetherreferentialunderstandingexistsinDogs.【答案】1.C2.C3.A4.D【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了关于狗是否具有指称理解能力，即是否能在听到物体名称时在脑海中形成该物体的心理图像的科学研究。1.词句猜测题。根据第二段中“Butsciencehashadtroubledeterminingwhetherdogsandotheranimalstrulycreateamentalimageintheirmindsuponhearingthenameofanobject,arelationshipwithlanguagecalledreferentialunderstanding,whichwouldsuggestadeeperunderstandingoflanguage,likethekindthathumanshave.(但科学一直难以确定，狗和其他动物在听到物体的名字时，是否真的会在脑海中形成该物体的心理图像，这种与语言的关系被称为referentialunderstanding，这表明它们对人类语言有着更深的理解)”可知，referentialunderstanding指的前文中“狗和其他动物在听到物体的名字时，在脑海中形成该物体的心理图像”这一现象，所以，referentialunderstanding指的是“在脑海中形成该物体的心理图像”。故选C项。2.细节理解题。根据第三段中“Researchersplayedaudioclipsoftheirownerssayingthenamesofobjects,suchas‘ball’or‘frisbee,’andthenshowedthedogseitherthecorrespondingobjectoradifferentonetoseeifdogswouldshowadistinctbrainresponsewhentheobjectmatchedthewordcomparedtowhenitdidnot.(研究人员播放了狗主人说出物体名称（如‘球’或‘飞盘’）的音频片段，然后向狗展示相应的物体或不同的物体，以观察当物体与单词匹配时，与不匹配时相比，狗是否会表现出明显的大脑反应)”可知，研究人员是通过将物体与单词匹配来测试狗的大脑反应的。故选C项。3.推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“CliveWynnefromArizonaStateUniversityarguedonFacebookthatthestudyonlydemonstratesdogs’responsestostimuli(刺激物),ratherthananunderstandingofspecificwords.Hedoubtswhetherdogsgrasptheexactmeaningofwords.(亚利桑那州立大学的克莱夫·温恩在脸书上争论说，这项研究只证明了狗对刺激物的反应，而不是对特定单词的理解。他怀疑狗是否真正理解单词的确切含义)”可知，克莱夫·温恩认为这项研究高估了狗的认知能力，只是证明了狗对刺激物的反应，而不是对特定单词的理解。故选A项。4.主旨大意题。通读全文，结合第二段中“Butsciencehashadtroubledeterminingwhetherdogsandotheranimalstrulycreateamentalimageintheirmindsuponhearingthenameofanobject,arelationshipwithlanguagecalledreferentialunderstanding(但科学一直难以确定，狗和其他动物在听到物体的名字时，是否真的会在脑海中形成该物体的心理图像，这种与语言的关系被称为指称理解)”和最后一段中“However,whetherthislonghistoryofcohabitationcontributedtotheirabilitytounderstandreferentiallanguageremainsanopenquestion.(然而，这种长期的共同居住历史是否有助于它们理解指称语言的能力仍然是一个悬而未决的问题)”可知，文章主要介绍了关于狗是否具有指称理解能力的科学研究，即探讨狗是否能在听到物体名称时在脑海中形成该物体的心理图像。故选D项。【04】（24-25高三上·黑龙江哈尔滨·阶段练习）Formorethantwodecades,ElonMuskhasfocusedSpaceX,hisrocketcompany,onhislifelonggoalofreachingMars.Overthelastyear,hehasalsobuiltupworkonwhatwillhappenifhegetsthere.Mr.Musk,53,hasdirectedSpaceXemployeestodrillintothedesignanddetailsofaMartiancity,accordingtofivepeoplewithknowledgeoftheeffortsanddocumentsviewedbyTheNewYorkTimes.Oneteamisdrawingupplansforsmalldomehabitats,includingthematerialsthatcouldbeusedtobuildthem.AnotherisworkingonspacesuitstocombatMars'shostileenvironment,whileamedicalteamisresearchingwhetherhumanscanhavechildrenthere.Theseinitiatives,whichareattheirearlystage,areashifttowardmoreconcreteplanningforlifeonMarsasMr.Musk'stimelinehashastened(加速).Whilehesaidin2016thatitwouldtake40to100yearstohaveaself-sustainingcivilizationontheplanet,Mr.MusktoldSpaceXemployeesinAprilthathenowexpectsonemillionpeopletobelivingthereinabout20years.Mr.Muskhaslongtriedtodefy(违抗)theimpossibleandhasoftenmanagedtobeattoughodds.ButhisvisionforlifeonMarstakeshisseeminglylimitlessambitionstotheirmostextreme—andsomemightsayabsurdist—point.Noonehaseversetfootontheplanet.NASAdoesn'texpecttolandhumansonMarsuntilthe2040s.Andifpeoplegetthere,theywillbegreetedbyabarrenterrain,icytemperatures,duststorms,andairthatisimpossibletobreathe.YetMr.Muskissowedded(执着)totheideaofcreatingacivilizationonMars—heoncesaidheplanstodiethere—thatithaspushednearlyeverybusinessendeavorhehasundertakenonEarth.HisvisionforMarsunderliesmostofthesixcompaniesthatheleadsorowns,eachofwhichcouldpotentiallycontributetoaspacecolony,accordingtothedocumentsandthepeoplewithknowledgeoftheefforts.TheBoringCompany,aprivatetunnelingventurefoundedbyMr.Musk,wasstartedinparttoreadyequipmenttodigunderMars'ssurface,twoofthepeoplesaid.Mr.MuskhastoldpeoplethatheboughtX,thesocialmediaplatform,partlytohelptesthowacitizen-ledgovernmentthatrulesbyconsensusmightworkonMars.Hehasalsosaidthatheenvisionsresidentsontheplanetwilldriveaversionofthesteel-paneledCybertrucksmadebyTesla,hiselectricvehiclecompany.1.WhatmeasuresarebeingtakenbySpaceXtorealizetheirdreamofMars?A.Designinglargespaceshipsandbuildinghospitals.B.Planningforhabitatsanddesigningspacesuits.C.Developingtechnologiesandtrainingmedicalteams.D.Buildingspacestationsandinspiringemployeestostrive.2.HowdosomepeoplefindMr.Musk'svisionforMars?A.Practicalandachievable. B.Unreasonableandtime-consuming.C.Theoreticalandpromising. D.Over-ambitiousandridiculous.3.WhydidMr.MuskpurchaseXsocialmediaplatform?A.BecauseheintendedtocreateacompanyonMars.B.BecausehewasinterestedinpromotingsocialnetworkonMars.C.BecausehewantedtomakeprofitsbyrunningitonMars.D.Becausehedreamtofaresident-managedgovernmentforMars.4.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A.ElonMusk'sdeterminationandinitiativestoputpeopleonMars.B.ElonMusk'seffortstoovercomethechallengesofexploringMars.C.ElonMusk'soverallvisionforthefuturedevelopmentofMars.D.ElonMusk'scompaniesonMarsandtheircontributions.【答案】1.B2.D3.D4.A【导语】本文是说明文。文章主要介绍了ElonMusk致力于将人类送上火星的决心和举措。1.细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的“Oneteamisdrawingupplansforsmalldomehabitats,includingthematerialsthatcouldbeusedtobuildthem.AnotherisworkingonspacesuitstocombatMars'shostileenvironment,whileamedicalteamisresearchingwhetherhumanscanhavechildrenthere.(一个团队正在为小型圆顶栖息地制定计划，包括可以用来建造它们的材料。另一个正在研究宇航服，以对抗火星的恶劣环境，而一个医疗小组正在研究人类能否在火星上生育。)”可知，SpaceX正在计划建造栖息地和设计宇航服。故选B。2.推理判断题。根据文章第四段中的“Mr.Muskhaslongtriedtodefy(违抗)theimpossibleandhasoftenmanagedtobeattoughodds.ButhisvisionforlifeonMarstakeshisseeminglylimitlessambitionstotheirmostextreme—andsomemightsayabsurdist—point.Noonehaseversetfootontheplanet.(马斯克长期以来一直试图挑战不可能的事情，并经常成功地克服困难。但他对火星生活的愿景将他看似无限的野心推向了极端——有些人可能会说这是荒谬的。从来没有人踏足过这个星球。)”可知，一些人认为Musk的火星愿景是过于雄心勃勃和荒谬的。故选D。3.细节理解题。根据文章最后一段中的“Mr.MuskhastoldpeoplethatheboughtX,thesocialmediaplatform,partlytohelptesthowacitizen-ledgovernmentthatrulesbyconsensusmightworkonMars.(马斯克告诉人们，他收购了社交媒体平台X，部分原因是为了帮助测试一个由公民领导、以共识治国的政府如何在火星上运作。)”可知，Musk购买X社交媒体平台是为了测试在火星上由居民管理的政府如何运作。故选D。4.主旨大意题。根据第一段的“Formorethantwodecades,ElonMuskhasfocusedSpaceX,hisrocketcompany,onhislifelonggoalofreachingMars.(20多年来，ElonMusk一直把他的火箭公司SpaceX专注于他的终身目标——登陆火星。)”，第二段的“Mr.Musk,53,hasdirectedSpaceXemployeestodrillintothedesignanddetailsofaMartiancity,accordingtofivepeoplewithknowledgeoftheeffortsanddocumentsviewedbyTheNewYorkTimes.(据了解《纽约时报》看到的相关工作和文件的五名知情人士透露，现年53岁的马斯克指示SpaceX员工深入研究一座火星城市的设计和细节。)”并通读全文可知，文章主要介绍了ElonMusk致力于将人类送上火星的决心和举措。故选A。【05】（24-25高二上·全国·单元测试）Ifyoucouldchangeyourchildren’sDNAinthefuturetoprotectthemagainstdiseases,wouldyou?ItcouldbepossiblebecauseoftechnologyknownasCRISPR/Cas,orjustCRISPR.CRISPRinvolvesapieceofRNA,achemicalmessenger,designedtoworkononepartofDNA;italsousesanenzymethatcantakeunwantedgenesoutandputnewonesin,accordingtoTheEconomist.ThereareotherwaysofeditingDNA,butCRISPRwilldoitverysimply,quickly,andexactly.TheuseofCRISPRcouldmeanthatcur