《植物病虫害绿色防控技术》课件-一、玉米大小斑病绿色防控(双语版)

一玉米大小斑病绿色防控

I.GreenPreventionandControlofCornNorthernandSouthernLeafBlight

玉米是重要的粮食作物

Cornisanimportantfoodcrop

玉米是世界上三大粮食作物之一，其种植面积和产量仅次于小麦和水稻而位居世界第三位，中国仅次于水稻居第二位，总产和单产均居粮食作物之首。

Cornisoneofthethreemajorfoodcropsintheworld.Itranksthirdintheworldintermsofplantingareaandyield,followingwheatandrice,andrankssecondinChina,onlyafterrice.Itstotalyieldandunityieldrankfirstamongfoodcrops.玉米的栽培现状CultivationStatusofCorn玉米是高产作物（高产作物之王）Cornisahigh-yieldcrop(highestyieldcrop)玉米是重要的饲料作物

Cornisanimportantfeedcrop

玉米是公认的饲料之王，籽粒和茎叶都是优质饲料，其饲用价值远高于小麦、大麦、燕麦和高粱，

１kg玉米＝1.3kg大麦＝1.35kg燕麦＝1.5kg稻谷

Corniswidelyrecognizedasthe

kingoffeed,anditsgrains,stemsandleavesarehigh-qualityfeed,whichismuchmorevaluablethanwheat,barley,oatsandsorghum.

1kgcorn=1.3kgbarley=1.35kgoats=1.5kgrice玉米是重要的工业原料作物

Cornisanimportantcropasindustrialfeedstock

玉米是重要的工业原料，是人类加工利用最多的谷类作物，其深加工产品已超过3000种。玉米籽粒、秸秆、穗轴、苞叶等都是重要的工业原料。

Cornisanimportantindustrialmaterialandthemostwidelyusedcerealcropinhumanprocessing,withmorethan3,000kindsofdeeplyprocessedproducts.Corngrains,straw,rachis,bracts,etc.areallimportantindustrialmaterials.三大玉米产品：淀粉，糖(成本低)，油(保健油)

Threemajorcornproducts:starch,sugar(lowcost),andoil(healthoil)

由玉米可生产降解地膜，可降解塑料，液体燃料等Degradablemulchingfilms,degradableplastics,liquidfuels,etc.canbeproducedfromcorn玉米的栽培现状CultivationStatusofCorn

玉米大斑病又称玉米煤纹病、玉米条纹斑病、玉米叶枯病等，是我国玉米产区普遍发生的重要病害之一，主要分布于北方春玉米产区和南方玉米产区的冷凉山区。我市部分山区玉米常发此病，一般减产15％～20％，严重时减产达50％以上。

Cornnorthernleafblight,alsoknowncornbacterialstripe,cornleafblight,etc.,isoneofthemajordiseasescommonlyoccurringincornproducingareasinChina,mainlydistributedinspringcornproducingareasinthenorthandcoolmountainareasinsoutherncornproducingareas.Thisdiseaseisoftenseenincorninsomemountainousareasofthecity,generallyreducingyieldby15%to20%,orbymorethan50%inseverecases.

玉米小斑病又称玉米叶枯病、玉米斑点病，是玉米的重要病害之一，在国内玉米产区均有发生，特别是在黄河和长江流域的温暖潮湿地区发生普遍而严重。一般流行年份减产20～30%，严重的达50%以上，甚至导致绝产。Southernleafblight,alsoknownasBipolarismaydisandcornspot,isoneoftheimportantdiseasesofcornandoccursindomesticcornproducingareas,especiallyinwarmandhumidareasoftheYellowRiverandtheYangtzeRiverBasin.Generally,theyieldisreducedby20–30%inepidemicyears,andmorethan50%inseverecases,evenleadingtozeroharvest.一玉米大小斑病绿色防控I.GreenPreventionandControlofNorthernandSouthernCornLeafBlight（一）症状识别

SymptomIdentification

玉米整个生育期均可感染大斑病，主要为害叶片、叶鞘和苞叶，以叶片受害最重。一般从植株下部叶片开始发病，逐渐向上扩展。苗期很少发病，抽雄后发病逐渐加重。

Corncanbeinfectedwithbigleafblightthroughoutthegrowthperiod,mainlydamagingleaves,leafsheathsandbracts,withleavesbeingthemostdamaged.Generally,itstartsfromthelowerleavesofaplantandgraduallyexpandsupward.Itrarelyoccursinseedlingstage,andgraduallyworsensaftertasseling.

发病初期，叶片上出现水渍状灰绿色小斑点，然后沿叶脉逐渐向两端扩展，形成纺锤形或梭形大斑，病斑中央黄褐色或灰褐色，边缘暗褐色；病斑一般长5～10cm，宽1cm。发病后期，多个病斑连接成片，使植株过早枯死。田间湿度较大时，病斑上产生大量黑色霉层，即病菌的分生孢子梗和分生孢子。Attheinitialonset,smallwaterygrayishgreenspotsappearontheleaves,andthengraduallyextendtobothendsalongtheveins,formingspindlyorfusiformlargespots.Thecenterofaspotisyellowishbrownorgrayishbrown,andtheedgeisdarkbrown;andaspotisgenerally5-10cmlongand1cmwide.Inthelatestageofthedisease,multiplespotsareconnectedtoformstripes,causingplantstowitherprematurely.Whenthefieldhumidityishigh,alotofblackmildewlayersaregeneratedonthespot,namelytheconidiophoresandconidiaofthepathogen.

诊断要点：叶片上出现梭形大斑，病部有灰黑色的霉状物。

Essentialsofdiagnosis:largefusiformspotsappearontheleaves,andtherearedark-graymold-likesubstancesattheaffectedparts.一玉米大小斑病绿色防控I.GreenPreventionandControlofNorthernandSouthernCornLeafBlight玉米大斑病

病斑长梭形或纺锤形、大小不等，一般长5-10cm，宽1cmCornLeafBlightThespotsarelongshuttle-shapedorspindle-shapedandvaryinsize,generally5–10cmlongand1cmwide.一玉米大小斑病绿色防控I.GreenPreventionandControlofNorthernandSouthernCornLeafBlight玉米大斑病CornLeafBlight一玉米大小斑病绿色防控I.GreenPreventionandControlofNorthernandSouthernCornLeafBlight（一）症状识别

SymptomIdentification小斑病发生部位：玉米叶片、苞叶和叶鞘；病斑特征在叶片上常见症状有3种：

Occurrencepositionofsouthernleafblight:cornleaves,bractsandleafsheaths;therearethreecommonsymptomscharacteristicsofspotsonleaves:典型症状：受叶脉限制，椭圆或近长方形，黄褐色，边缘深褐色，大小为10～15×3～4mmTypicalsymptoms:limitedbyveins,ovalornearlyrectangular,yellowish-brown,darkbrownmargin,10~15×3~4mminsize不受叶脉限制，多为椭圆形，灰褐色

Notrestrictedbyveins,mostlyoval,grayishbrown

小点状坏死斑，黄褐色，周围有褪绿晕圈

Smallpunctatenecroticspots,yellowishbrown,surroundedbychlorotichalo一玉米大小斑病绿色防控I.GreenPreventionandControlofNorthernandSouthernCornLeafBlight在适宜条件下，病斑彼此相连，使叶片大部分或整张完全枯萎Undersuitableconditions,thespotsareconnectedtoeachothersothatmostoralloftheleavesarecompletelywithered

受叶脉限制，椭圆形or近长方形棕褐色，边缘深褐色Restrictedbyveins,ellipticalorsub-rectangularBrown不受叶脉限制，多为椭圆形，灰褐色，病斑上有时出现轮纹Notrestrictedbyveins,mostinovalandgrayishbrown,withringssometimesappearingonthespots一玉米大小斑病绿色防控I.GreenPreventionandControlofNorthernandSouthernCornLeafBlight一玉米大小斑病绿色防控I.GreenPreventionandControlofNorthernandSouthernCornLeafBlight（一）症状识别

SymptomIdentification玉米小斑病从苗期到成株期均可发生，苗期发病较轻，玉米抽雄后发病逐渐加重。

Thesouthernleafblightmayoccurfromtheseedlingstagetotheadult-plantstage.Thediseaseismildintheseedlingstageandgraduallyaggravatesaftertasseling.第3种为抗病型病斑，前两种为感病型病斑，感病品种病斑常相互联合使整个叶片发生萎蔫，严重的植株会提早枯死。天气潮湿或多雨季节，病斑上出现大量灰黑色霉层。

Thethirdtypeisdisease-resistantspots,andthefirsttwotypesaresusceptiblespots.Thespotsofsusceptiblecultivarsoftencooperatewitheachothertowiltthewholeleaf,andplantswithsevereconditionswilldieearly.Inhumidorrainyseasons,alargenumberofgrayishblackmoldlayersappearonthespots.

诊断要点：叶片上有数量较多的黄褐色椭圆形小病斑，病部有灰黑色霉层。

Diagnosticpoints:Therearealargenumberofyellowish-brownovalsmallspotsontheleaves,andthereisagrayish-blackmoldlayerontheaffectedpart.一玉米大小斑病绿色防控I.GreenPreventionandControlofNorthernandSouthernCornLeafBlight（二）病原

Etiology

大斑病病原菌有性态为大斑刚毛座腔菌，属子囊菌亚门，毛球腔菌属。无性态为玉米大斑凸脐蠕孢菌，属半知菌亚门，凸脐蠕孢属。Pathogenofnorthleafblight:teleomorphSetosphaeriaturc,whichbelongstoascomycotinaandsetosphaeria.TheanamorphonesareHelminthosporiumturcicum,fallingintoExserohilum,Deuteromycotina.

分生孢子梗橄榄色，多单生或2～6根丛生从气孔中伸出，一般不分枝，直立或上部膝状弯曲，有2～8个隔膜。分生孢子笔直或弯曲，灰橄榄色，多数有4～7个隔膜，两端渐细，中间宽，呈梭形，着生在分生孢子梗顶端或弯曲处。基部细胞尖锥形，顶端细胞钝圆或呈长椭圆形；脐点明显且突出于基细胞之外。Theconidiaisolive-colored,mostlysolitaryorwith2–6clusteredrootsprotrudingfromthestomata,generallyunbranched,erectorwiththeupperpartbentgently,and2–8diaphragms.Theconidiaarestraightorcurved,grayisholivaceous,mostlywith4-7membranes,thinatbothends,wideinthemiddle,fusiform,andgrowattachedtothetoporcurvedpartsoftheconidiophores.Thebasalcellsaretapered,andtheapicalonesarebluntroundoroblong;theumbilicalpointisobviousandprotrudesoutofthebasalcells.生孢子梗和分生孢子Conidiophoreandconidia一玉米大小斑病绿色防控I.GreenPreventionandControlofNorthernandSouthernCornLeafBlight（二）病原

Etiology

小斑病病原菌无性态为玉蜀黍平脐蠕孢，属半知菌亚门，平脐蠕孢属。有性态为异旋孢腔菌，属子囊菌亚门，旋孢腔菌属。

Pathogenicbacteriumofsouthernleafblight:anamorphBipolarismaydis,belongingtotheDeuteromycotinaandBipolaris.Teleomorph,belongingtotheCochliobolusheterostrophusandCochliobolus.病菌的分生孢子梗2～3根，从叶片气孔中伸出，束生，褐色，直立或曲膝状弯曲，具3～15个隔膜，不分枝。在分生孢子梗顶端或侧方长出分生孢子，长椭圆形，褐色，多向一端弯曲，中间粗两端细而钝圆，具3～13个隔膜，脐点凹陷于基细胞之内。

Thepathogenhastwotothreeconidia,whichprotrudefromthestomataoftheleavesandarebundled,brown,uprightorbentinaknee-likemanner,withthreeto15septawithoutbranches.Conidiophoresgrowatthetoporlateralsidesoftheconidiastem.Theyarelongoval,brown,mostlycurvedtowardoneend,thickinthemiddle,thinandbluntatbothends,with3–13septa.Theumbilicalpointissunkeninthebasalcells.一玉米大小斑病绿色防控I.GreenPreventionandControlofNorthernandSouthernCornLeafBlight小斑病病原菌Pathogenicbacteriaofsouthernleafblight一玉米大小斑病绿色防控I.GreenPreventionandControlofNorthernandSouthernCornLeafBlight（三）

发病规律

大斑病病菌主要以菌丝体或分生孢子在病残体中越冬；种子上和堆肥中尚未腐烂的病残体上的病菌也能越冬，成为次年的初侵染来源。越冬期间的分生孢子，因原生质浓缩，细胞壁加厚而成为厚壁孢子。一个分生孢子可以形成2～3个厚壁孢子，厚壁孢子的抗逆性较强。

Thepathogensofsouthernleafblightmainlyoverwinterinthediseasedresiduesasmyceliumorconidia;thepathogensontheseedsandthediseasedresiduesthathavenotyetrottedinthecompostcanalsooverwinterandbecometheprimaryinfectionsourceofthefollowingyear.Duringoverwintering,theconidiabecomechlamydosporesduetotheconcentrationofprotoplasmandthethickeningofcellwall.Aconidiummayform2-3chlamydospores,whichhavehighstressresistance.

越冬后的分生孢子萌发产生侵入丝从玉米表皮直接侵入，少数也可从气孔侵入，在潮湿的条件下，病部产生大量的分生孢子，随风雨传播进行再侵染，在玉米整个生长期内可进行多次再侵染。特别是在春玉米和夏玉米混作区，由于前者为后者提供了大量菌源，再侵染更加频繁。

Afteroverwintering,theconidiagerminatetoproduceinvadinghyphaethatinvadedirectlyfromthecornepidermis,andafewcanalsoinvadefromstomata.Underhumidconditions,alargenumberofconidiaareproducedinthediseasedparts,whicharereinfectedwithwindandrain,andcanbereinfectedmanytimesthroughoutthegrowthperiodofcorn.Especiallyinblendedzonesofspringandsummercorn,reinfectionismorefrequent,becausetheformerprovidesalotofbacterialsourcesforthelatter.一玉米大小斑病绿色防控I.GreenPreventionandControlofNorthernandSouthernCornLeafBlight（三）发病规律

小斑病主要以菌丝体在病残体内（病叶为主）越冬，分生孢子也可越冬，但存活率很低。因此小斑病菌的初侵染来源主要是上年玉米收获后遗留在田间、地头和玉米秸垛中尚未腐熟的病残体。

Southernleafblight:mainlyoverwintersasmyceliumindiseasedresidues(mainlydiseasedleaves),andconidiacanalsooverwinter,butthesurvivalrateisverylow.Therefore,theprimaryinfectionsourceofsouthernleafblightismainlythediseasedresiduesleftinthepaddyfield,fieldandcornstrawstackafterthecornisharvestedlastyear.越冬病原菌在翌年遇到适宜的温度和湿度的条件下，立即产生大量分生孢子，借气流或尘土传播到田间玉米的叶片上，有水膜时可萌发产生芽管，从叶片上气孔或表皮细胞直接侵入，数日内即可形成病斑，病斑一旦遇到潮湿条件就能产生大量分生孢子，借助气流传播进行再侵染。在一个生长季节中小斑病可以进行多次再侵染。

Undersuitabletemperatureandhumidityconditionsinthefollowingyear,theoverwinteringpathogensimmediatelyproducealargenumberofconidia,whicharetransmittedtotheleavesofcorninthefieldbyairflowordust.Whenthereisawaterfilm,theycangerminateandproducegermtubes,whichcandirectlyinvadefromstomatalorepidermalcellsontheleaves,andcanformspotswithinafewdays.Oncethespotsmeetwetconditions,alargenumberofconidiacanbeproduced,whichwillbereinfectedbyairflowtransmission.Southernleafblightcanbereinfectedmultipletimesinagrowingseason.

一玉米大小斑病绿色防控I.GreenPreventionandControlofNorthernandSouthernCornLeafBlight玉米小斑病循环图一玉米大小斑病绿色防控I.GreenPreventionandControlofNorthernandSouthernCornLeafBlightCirculationDiagramofSouthernLeafBlight

不同品种间对玉米大小斑病的抗病性存在着明显差异，大面积推广和种植感病杂交种是导致部分地区该病大发生和流行的主要原因。在7～8月份，如果月平均温度在25℃以上、雨日、雨量多、露水大的年份和地区，小斑病发生重；小斑病菌对氮肥敏感，如果玉米拔节期肥力不足发病重；地势低洼、湿度大通风透光差的地块发病重；植株生长不良，发病早的病重；此外，由于菌量的逐渐积累，一般夏玉米比春玉米发病重。

Therearesignificantdifferencesintheresistanceofdifferentcultivarstonorthernandsouthernleafblight.Large-scalepromotionandplantingofsusceptiblehybridsarethemainreasonsfortheoccurrenceandprevalenceofthediseaseinsomeareas.FromJulytoAugust,ifthemonthlyaveragetemperatureisabove25°C,intheyearsandareaswithrainydays,heavyrainfallandheavydew,southernleafblightwilloccurseriously;northleafblightissensitivetonitrogenfertilizer,andthediseaseisseriousifthefertilityofcornisinsufficientduringjointingstage.Severediseaseoccursinlow-lying,high-humidity,poorlyventilatedandlight-transmittingplots;Severediseasewithpoorgrowthandearlyonset.Inaddition,duetothegradualaccumulationofbacterialpopulation,summercornisgenerallymoreseverethanspringcorn.一玉米大小斑病绿色防控I.GreenPreventionandControlofNorthernandSouthernCornLeafBlight（四）防治措施

Preventionandcontrolmeasures

防治该玉米大小斑病应以选用抗病品种为主，加强栽培管理，辅以必要的药剂防治。Thedisease-resistantvarietiesshouldbeselectedasthemainmethodforthepreventionandcontrolofnorthernandsouthernleafblight,andthecultivationmanagementshouldbestrengthened,supplementedbynecessarychemicals.

1、选用高产、优质、抗病品种目前，可选用的抗病品种较多，应根据当地实际情况，选种抗、耐病品种。1.Selecthigh-yield,high-qualityanddisease-resistantcultivars.Atpresent,therearemanydisease-resistantcultivarsavailable,sodisease-resistantanddisease-resistantcultivarsshould