《植物病虫害绿色防控技术》课件-一、小麦锈病绿色防控（双语版）

一小麦锈病绿色防控

GreenPreventionandControlofWheatRust

小麦病害绿色防控

GreenPreventionandControlofWheatDiseases

概述Overview

小麦是我国，尤其是我国北方的主要粮食作物之一，年种植面积4.5亿亩，仅次于水稻，位居第二。小麦病害问题严重，且此起彼伏。

WheatisoneofthemaingraincropsinChina,especiallyinthenorthofChina,withanannualplantingareaof450millionmu,rankingsecondonlytorice.Theproblemofwheatdiseasesisserious,asonefalls,anotherrises.

我国小麦主要病害种类：常见小麦病害39种，其中真菌病害27种，病毒病8种，细菌病害3种，线虫病1种。

MajorwheatdiseasesinChina:39commonones,including27fungaldiseases,8viraldiseases,3bacterialdiseasesand1nematodedisease.

小麦锈病一直是小麦上的主要病害，历史上曾经几度大流行，损失惨重。Wheatrusthasalwaysbeenamajordiseaseofwheat,andithasbeenpandemicsinhistoryandsufferedheavylosses.

随着栽培制度的改进和肥水条件的提高，20世纪90年代前后，小麦白粉病曾频频流行，损失很大。尽管利用三唑类杀菌剂防治麦类白粉病效果很好，但研究表明白粉菌对三唑类杀菌剂的抗性日益突出，问题十分严重。Withtheimprovementofcroppingsystem,wateringandfertilization,wheatpowderymildewwasfrequentlyprevalentaroundthe1990s,causinggreatlosses.Althoughtriazolefungicidesareveryeffectiveincontrollingwheatpowderymildew,studiesshowthattheresistanceofpowderymildewtotriazolefungicidesisincreasinglyprominent,whichisveryserious.

小麦赤霉病一直是长江流域麦区的主要病害。该病不仅造成产量损失，更为重要的是赤霉菌所产生的很多毒素对人畜具有毒性。

WheatscabhasalwaysbeenthemajordiseaseinthewheatregionoftheYangtzeRiverbasin.Itnotonlycausesyieldloss,butmoreimportantly,manytoxinsproducedbyGibberellaaretoxictobothhumansandanimals.

近年来，小麦纹枯病、全蚀病和小麦叶枯病发生日趋严重，已经成为许多麦区的重要病害。由于目前缺乏抗病品种，危害还在加剧。病毒病、黑穗病在局部地区仍有一定危害。

Inrecentyears,thereisanincreasingoccurrenceofwheatsheatheyespot,take-allandwheatleafblotch,whichhavebecomeimportantdiseasesinmanywheatregions.Duetothecurrentlackofdisease-resistantcultivars,thedamageisstillgrowing.Virusdiseaseandheadsmutarestillharmfulinsomeareas.小麦病害绿色防控GreenPreventionandControlofWheatDiseases一小麦锈病绿色防控

GreenPreventionandControlofWheatRust

小麦锈病俗称“黄疸病”，是我国小麦生产上分布广、传播快、为害面积大的一类病害，流行年份减产可达20%～30%，严重田块甚至绝收。包括条锈病、秆锈病和叶锈病3种，其中在川渝两地以小麦条锈病发生最为普遍且严重。

Wheatrust,commonlyknownas"jaundice",isakindofdiseasewithwidedistribution,fastspreadandalargeareaofdamageinwheatproductioninChina.Inepidemicyears,itmayreduceyieldsby20%-30%,andevencausetotalcropfailureinsomefields.Itincludesthreekinds,striperust,stemrustandleafrust,ofwhichwheatstriperustisthemostcommonandseriousinSichuanandChongqing.

小麦条锈病是世界范围的小麦病害，在我国是小麦三种锈病中发生最广、危害最重的病害，主要发生于西北、西南、黄淮海等冬麦区和西北春麦区，流行年份可造成巨大损失。Wheatstriperustisaworldwidewheatdisease.Also,itisthemostwidespreadandharmfuldiseaseamongthesethreekindsofwheatrustinChina,mainlyoccurringinwinterwheatregionssuchasnorthwest,southwestandHuang-Huai-Hairegions,aswellasnorthwestspringwheatregions.Itmaycausehugelossesinepidemicyears.

小麦叶锈病是禾谷类锈病中分布最广、发生最普遍的一种小麦病害，全世界小麦种植区都有发生。以西南和长江流域一带发生较重，华北和东北部分麦区也较重。Wheatleafrustisthemostwidespreadandcommonwheatdiseaseincerealrust,whichoccursinwheatplantingregionsallovertheworld.ItismoreseriousinthesouthwestandtheYangtzeRiverbasin,andalsoinsomewheatregionsinNorthandNortheastChina.

三种锈病在中国各地的分布一小麦锈病绿色防控GreenPreventionandControlofWheatRust一小麦锈病绿色防控GreenPreventionandControlofWheatRust

小麦秆锈病是世界范围的小麦病害，在种植小麦的国家和地区均有发生，我国主要在华东沿海、长江流域和福建、广东、广西的冬麦区及东北、内蒙古、西北等春麦区发生流行，给小麦生产造成严重损失。

Wheatstemrustisaworldwidewheatdisease,whichoccursincountriesandregionswherewheatisgrown.InChina,itisprevalentmainlyintheeastcoast,theYangtzeRiverbasin,winterwheatregionsinFujian,GuangdongandGuangxi,andspringwheatregionsinnortheast,InnerMongoliaandnorthwestChina,causingseriouslossestowheatproduction.三种锈病在中国各地的分布（一）症状识别

SymptomIdentification

1、条锈病

主要发生在叶片上，也可在叶鞘、茎秆和穗上发生。初发病时夏孢子堆为小长条状，鲜黄色，与叶脉平行，成株期排列成行，幼苗期不成行，表皮开裂不明显；小麦近成熟时，病部产生短线状黑色冬孢子堆埋伏于表皮内，成熟时表皮不开裂，有别于杆锈病。一小麦锈病绿色防控

GreenPreventionandControlofWheatRust

1.StriperustItmainlyoccursonleaves,butalsoonleafsheaths,stemsandears.Attheinitialonset,theurediniaaresmallandelongated,brightyellow,paralleltotheleafveins,arrangedinrowsattheadult-plantstageinsteadoftheseedlingstage,withinsignificantepidermiscracking;whenthewheatisnearlyripe,theaffectedpartsresultinshortlinearblacktelia,lyingintheepidermis.Theepidermisdoesnotcrackwhenthewheatisripe,whichisdifferentfromstemrust.

2、叶锈病

主要发生在叶片上，茎秆、叶鞘上很少发生。夏孢子堆圆形至长椭圆形，橘红色，不规则散生，周围表皮开裂。后期在叶片背面和叶鞘上，散生圆形或长椭圆形的黑色冬孢子堆，表皮不破裂。一小麦锈病绿色防控

GreenPreventionandControlofWheatRust

2.Leafrust

Itmainlyoccursonleaves,butrarelyonstemsandleafsheaths.Theurediniaareround-to-oblong,tangerine,andirregularlyscattered,withsurroundingepidermiscracked.Atthefinalonset,scatteredroundoroblongblackteliaappearonthebackofleavesortheleafsheaths,withnoepidermiscracking.UrediniaonDiseasedWheatLeafRustLeaf

3、杆锈病

主要发生在茎秆和叶鞘上。夏孢子堆较大，长椭圆形，深褐色，排列不规则，散生，常数个连接成大斑，周围可见破裂向外翻卷的表皮。小麦成熟时，在夏孢子堆及其附近出现黑色椭圆至长条形冬孢子堆，后期表皮破裂。一小麦锈病绿色防控GreenPreventionandControlofWheatRust

3.Stemrust

Itmainlyoccursonstemsandleafsheaths.Theurediniaarelarger,oblong,darkbrown,irregularlyarranged,scattered,usuallyformedintoalargespotbyseveralones,aroundwhichcanbeseencrackedoutward-curlingepidermis.Whenthewheatisripe,blackoval-to-elongatedteliaappearatandneartheuredinia,withepidermiscrackingatthefinalonset.三种锈病的共同特点：被害处产生夏孢子堆，后期在病部生成黑色的冬孢子堆。根据孢子堆的大小、颜色、形状、着生的部位、排列的情况和表皮穿透的特点区分三种锈病，农民形象地说：“条锈成行、叶锈乱、秆锈是个大红斑”。

Commoncharacteristicsofthethreekindsofrust:Affectedpartsresultinuredinia,andblackteliaareformedintheaffectedpartsatthefinalonset.Thethreekindsofrustmaybedistinguishedbythesize,colorandshapeofsorus,location,arrangementandepidermispenetration,whichfarmersdescribeas"striperustinrows,leafrustindisorder,andstemrustasagreatredspot".一小麦锈病绿色防控

GreenPreventionandControlofWheatRust

种类症状特点条锈病叶锈病秆锈病为害部位主要危害叶片，也为害叶鞘、秆和穗夏孢子堆主要在叶面上产生，冬孢子堆主要在叶背面及叶鞘上产生主要发生在茎秆及叶鞘上，严重时，叶及穗上也可产生夏孢子堆形态最小，黄色疱状比秆锈小而比条锈大，橘红色最大，长椭圆形，深褐色叶片穿透情况不穿透叶片偶尔叶锈病也可穿透叶片，在叶片正反两面同时形成夏孢子堆，但叶背的孢子堆比正面的小叶片的同一侵染点正反面均出现孢子堆，且背面的孢子堆比正面大表皮开裂情况开裂不明显开裂后，散出黄褐色夏孢子堆粉表皮很早开裂并外翻在叶片上排列的形式幼苗上呈多重轮状，在成株上沿叶脉呈条状排列不规则排列不规则冬孢子堆形态小，疱状，黑色小，椭圆形，黑色较大，长椭圆形或长条形，黑色排列的形式基本成行不规则不规则表皮开裂情况不开裂不开裂开裂，散出冬孢子一小麦锈病绿色防控GreenPreventionandControlofWheatRustKindofDiseaseSymptomsStripeRustLeafRustStemRustAffectedpartsMainlyleaves,andalsoleafsheaths,stemsandearsUrediniamainlyappearonthesurfaceofleaves,andteliabasicallyonthebackofleavesandtheleafsheathsMainlyonstemsandleafsheaths,andevenonleavesandearsinseverecasesUrediniaCharacteristicsSmallest,yellowblister-likeSmallerthanthatofstemrustandlargerthanthatofstriperust,tangerineLargest,oblong,darkbrownLeafpenetrationNoYes,occasionally,resultinginurediniaonbothsidesoftheleaf,smalleronthebackthanonthefrontSoriappearingonbothsidesofthesameaffectedpartontheleaf,largeronthebackthanonthefrontEpidermiscrackingInsignificantYes,withyellowishbrownurediniumpowderscatteredEpidermiscrackingearlyandcurlingoutwardPatternofarrangementIntheshapeofmultiplecirclesonseedlingsandintheshapeofstripalongleafveinsonadultplantsIrregularIrregularTeliaCharacteristicsSmall,blister-like,blackSmall,oval,blackLarger,oblongorelongated,blackPatternofarrangementBasicallyinrowsIrregularIrregularEpidermiscrackingNoNoYes,withteleutosporesscattered一小麦锈病绿色防控GreenPreventionandControlofWheatRust（二）病原

Etiology

三种锈病的病原菌均属担子菌亚门真菌柄锈菌属，锈菌均为专性寄生，有明显的生理分化现象。

ThepathogenicbacteriaofallthreekindsofrustfallintofungusPucciniaspp.Basidiomycotina.Rustfungiarespecializedparasiteswithmarkedphysiologicaldifferentiation.

小麦条锈病的病原菌为条形柄锈菌，小麦专化型；夏孢子单胞，鲜黄色，球形，表面有细刺；冬孢子双胞，褐色，棍棒形，顶部扁平或斜切，柄短，有色，转主寄主不明。

ThepathogenicbacteriaofwheatstriperustarePucciniastriiformis,whichisspecializedinwheat,withunicellular,brightyellow,sphericaluredospores,andfinespinesonthesurface;andtheteleutosporesarebicellular,brown,clavate,flatorobliquelycutatthetop,shortstalks,colored;andthealternatehostsareunknown.小麦条锈病夏孢子堆和夏孢子UrediniaandUredosporesofWheatStripeRust小麦条锈病冬孢子堆和冬孢子TeleutosorusandTeleutosporesofWheatStripeRust一小麦锈病绿色防控GreenPreventionandControlofWheatRust

小麦叶锈病的病原菌为隐匿柄锈菌，夏孢子单胞，黄褐色，球形至近球形，表面有细刺；冬孢子双胞，暗褐色，棍棒状，上宽下窄，顶部平截或稍倾斜，柄极短无色。小麦叶锈病夏孢子堆和夏孢子UrediniaandUredosporesofWheatLeafRust小麦叶锈病冬孢子堆和冬孢子TeliaandTeleutosporesofWheatLeafRust一小麦锈病绿色防控GreenPreventionandControlofWheatRust

ThepathogenicbacteriaofwheatleafrustarePucciniainsidiosa,withunicellular,yellowishbrown,spherical-to-subgloboseuredospores,andfinespinesonthesurface;andtheteleutosporesarebicellular,darkbrown,clavate,wideattheupperendandnarrowatthelowerend,flatorslightlyinclinedatthetop,andthestalksareextremelyshortandcolorless.

小麦秆锈病的病原菌为禾柄锈菌，夏孢子单胞，暗黄色，长椭圆形，表面有细刺；冬孢子双胞，黑褐色，椭圆形或棍棒形，表面光滑，顶端壁厚，横隔处稍缢缩，柄很长，上端黄褐色，下端无色；转主寄主是小蘖和十大功劳。小麦杆锈病夏孢子堆和夏孢子UrediniaandUredosporesofWheatStemRust小麦杆锈病冬孢子堆和冬孢子TeliaandTeleutosporesofWheatStemRust一小麦锈病绿色防控GreenPreventionandControlofWheatRust

ThepathogenicbacteriaofwheatstemrustarePucciniagraminis,withunicellular,darkyellow,oblonguredospores,andfinespinesonthesurface;theteleutosporesarebicellular,blackbrown,ovalorclavate,withsmoothsurface,thicktopwall,slightlyconstricteddiaphragm,longstalks,yellowishbrownattheupperendandcolorlessatthelowerend;andthealternatehostsareBerberisandMohoniafortunei.（三）发病规律

OccurrenceRegularity3种锈病均靠夏孢子通过气流传播为害，传播范围广，并可形成多次再侵染。其病害循环包括越夏、秋苗感染、越冬和春季流行4个环节。

Thethreekindsofrustareallharmfulduetothespreadingofuredosporesbymeansofaircurrents,spreadwidely,andmayresultinmultiplereinfections.Thediseasecycleincludesfourlinks:oversummering,autumnseedlinginfection,overwinteringandspringepidemic.

条锈病病菌喜凉怕热，因此5～6月小麦收获时节，旬均温>22℃时就不能侵染，麦收后夏孢子随气流远距离传播到甘肃、青海、四川西北等高寒地区的小麦上越夏，秋季再随气流传播到平原冬麦区为害早播秋苗，当气温降至1～2℃时，条锈菌开始越冬。翌年小麦返青后，当旬均温上升至5℃时产生孢子进行再侵染。

Striperustpathogenisliabletocoldbutcan'tstandtheheat,sotherecanbenoinfectionwhentheten-daymeantemperatureis>22℃inthewheatharvestseasonfromMaytoJune.Afterwheatharvest,theuredosporesspreadtothewheatinthealpineregionsforthepurposeofoversummering,suchasinGansu,QinghaiandNorthwestSichuan,andthenspreadtothewinterwheatplainsintheautumntodamagetheearly-sowingautumnseedlings.Thepucciniastriiformisbegintooverwinterwhenthetemperaturedropsto1-2℃.Afterthewheatturnsgreenthenextyear,sporeswillbegeneratedforreinfectionwhentheten-daymeantemperaturerisesto5℃.一小麦锈病绿色防控GreenPreventionandControlofWheatRust

杆锈病病菌对低温、高温都比较敏感，侵入适温18℃～22℃。夏孢子主要在福建、广东及云南等麦区越冬。翌年春季，夏孢子由越冬地逐渐北移，经长江流域、华北平原到达东北、西北和内蒙古春麦区造成全国大范围的春、夏季流行。麦收后又传至西北、西南等高寒地区越夏。Stemrustpathogenissensitivetobothlowandhightemperature,andthetemperaturesuitableforinvasionis18-22℃.UredosporesmainlyoverwinterinwheatregionsofFujian,GuangdongandYunnan.Inthenextspring,theygraduallymovenorthwardfromthewinteringground,andreachthenortheast,northwestandInnerMongoliaspringwheatregionsthroughtheYangtzeRiverbasinandtheNorthChinaPlain,resultinginanationwideepidemicinspringandsummer.Afterthewheatharvest,theyspreadtothenorthwest,southwestandotheralpineregionsforthepurposeofoversummering.

叶锈病病菌对温度的适应性较强，其越冬和越夏的地区都比较广。在我国大部分麦区，麦收后病菌转移至自生麦苗上越夏，冬小麦秋播出土后，病菌又从自生麦苗上转移到秋苗上为害并越冬，来年小麦返青后继续侵染为害。

Leafrustpathogenishighlyadaptabletotemperature,withawiderangeofoverwinteringandoversummeringareas.InmostwheatregionsinChina,thepathogenmovestovolunteerwheatseedlingsafterwheatharvestforthepurposeofoversummering,thenfromthevolunteerwheatseedlingstoautumnseedlingsforthepurposeofinfectionandoverwinteringafterwinterwheatissowninautumn,andcontinuestoinfectthenextyearafterthewheatreturnsgreen.一小麦锈病绿色防控GreenPreventionandControlofWheatRust

小麦三种锈菌对湿度的要求基本相同，都需要有饱和湿度。小麦叶片及孢子表面必须有持续4～6h的水膜存在，病菌才能侵入寄主。故多雨、多雾或田间湿润、结露的情况下，锈病容易发生。

Thethreerustfungiofwheathavebasicallythesamerequirementsforhumidity,andtheyallneedsaturatedhumidity.Wheatleavesandsporesmusthavewaterenvelopeonthesurfacefor4-6hbeforepathogencaninvadethehost.Therefore,rustispronetooccurunderrainy,foggyconditionsorinwetanddewyfields.一小麦锈病绿色防控GreenPreventionandControlofWheatRust（四）防治技术

1、选用抗病品种

川育14、川育16、绵阳29、30号等小麦品种对小麦条锈病抗性较强，但应注意抗病品种的合理布局，避免品种单一化。

1.Selectdisease-resistantcultivars.Wheatcultivars,suchasChuanyu14,Chuanyu16,Mianyang29andMianyang30,arehighlyresistanttowheatstriperust,butshouldbearrangedreasonablytoavoidsimplificatio