《植物病虫害绿色防控技术》课件-一、马铃薯晚疫病绿色防控（双语）

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马铃薯晚疫病绿色防控

IGreenPreventionandControlofPotatoLate

Blight

马铃薯晚疫病又称马铃薯疫病、马铃薯瘟，是一种导致马铃薯茎叶死亡和块茎腐烂的毁灭性病害，全世界普遍发生。该病造成马铃薯减产一般在20％～40％，成为马铃薯第一大病害。

Potatolateblight,alsoknownaspotatoblightandpotatoplague,isadevastatingdiseasethatcausesthedeathofpotatostemsandleavesandtuberrot,whichoccurswidelythroughouttheworld.Thisdiseasecausesareductioninpotatoyieldbygenerally20%~40%,andisthelargestdiseaseofpotatoes.（一）症状

可侵染叶片、茎蔓和薯块。一般以叶及薯块发病最常见，以叶上症状最为明显。

(I)SymptomsItcaninfectleaves,stems,vinesandpotatoes.Generally,thediseaseismostcommononleavesandpotatoes,withthemostobvioussymptomsonleaves.（一）症状

块茎染病：褐色或紫褐色大块病斑，稍凹陷，病部皮下薯肉亦呈褐色，慢慢向四周扩大或烂掉。

(I)SymptomsInfectedtubers:brownorpurple-brownlargespots,slightlysunken,andbrownpotatomeatundertheskinofthediseasedpart,whichslowlyexpandsorrotsaround.（二）

病原致病疫霉，属于鞭毛菌亚门疫霉属该病菌的寄生转化性较强，一般在植株或薯块中才能生存，病菌的寄主范围较窄，主要侵染马铃薯、番茄等茄科植物。

(II)PathogensPhytophthora,belongingtoPhytophthora,FlagellaThepathogenhasstrongparasitictransformationandcangenerallysurviveinplantsorpotatoes.Thehostrangeofthepathogenisnarrow,mainlyinfectingpotatoes,tomatoesandotherSolanaceaeplants.（三）

发病规律

Occurrenceregularity初侵染源：病菌主要以菌丝体在病薯中越冬，也可以卵孢子越冬，但病株茎、叶上的菌丝体和孢子囊都不能在田间越冬。在双季作薯区，前一季遗留土中的病残组织和发病的自生苗也可成为当年下一季的初侵染源。Primaryinfectionsource:Thepathogensmainlyoverwinterasmyceliumindiseasedpotatoesoroospores,butthemyceliumandsporangiaonthestemsandleavesofdiseasedplantscannotoverwinterinthefield.Inthedouble-croppingpotatoarea,thediseasedresidualtissuesanddiseasedautogenousseedlingsleftinthesoilinthepreviousseasoncanalsobecometheprimaryinfectionsourceinthenextseasonofthecurrentyear.侵入途径：病菌从气孔侵入，也可直接从角质层进入叶片；侵入薯块则通过伤口、皮孔及芽眼。传播：病菌的孢子囊主要借助气流进行传播，灌水、耕地、起垄等农事操作也能传播。Waysofintrusion:Pathogensintrudefromstomataordirectlyentertheleavesfromthestratumcorneum;intrudepotatoesthroughwounds,lenticelsandbudeyes.Transmission:Thesporangiaofpathogensaremainlytransmittedbyairflow,andagriculturaloperationssuchasirrigation,cultivationland,andridgingcanalsofacilitatetransmission.（三）

发病规律

Occurrenceregularity气候条件：该病是典型的流行性病害，气候条件对病害的发生和流行有着极为密切的关系。一般空气潮湿、温暖多雾或经常阴雨的条件下最易发病。Climaticconditions:Thediseaseisatypicalepidemicdisease,andclimaticconditionsarecloselyrelatedtotheoccurrenceandprevalenceofthedisease.Generally,thediseaseismostlikelytooccurunderhumid,warm,foggyorfrequentrainyconditions.耕作及栽培措施：地势低洼、排水不良的地块发病重，平地较垄地重。密度大或株形大可使小气候湿度增加，也利于发病。施肥与发病有关，偏施氮肥引起植株徒长，土壤瘠薄、缺氮或黏土等使植株生长衰弱，有利于病害发生。Tillageandcultivationmeasures:Thediseaseoccursseriouslyinlow-lyingandpoorlydrainedplots,andismoreseriousonflatlandthanonridges.High-densityorlargeplantscanincreasethehumidityofthemicroclimateandfacilitatetheonsetofthedisease.Fertilizationisrelatedtotheoccurrenceofthedisease.Excessiveapplicationofnitrogenfertilizercausesexcessivegrowthofplants,andbarrensoil,lackofnitrogen,orclayharmthegrowthofplants,whichisconducivetotheoccurrenceofthedisease.（四）防治措施1、

农业防治（1）选育（用）抗病良种

鄂薯5号、鄂薯8号、川芋10号、川芋5号等脱毒新品种对马铃薯晚疫病有较高的抗性，适宜在本地栽种并推广。

(Ⅳ)Preventionandcontrolmeasures1.Agriculturalcontrol

(1)Breeding(use)ofdisease-resistantimprovedvarieties

Newvirus-freevarietiessuchasEshuNo.5,EshuNo.8,ChuanyuNo.10andChuanyuNo.5havehighresistancetopotatolateblightandaresuitableforlocalplantingandpopulation.1、农业防治

（2）选用无病种薯在未发病或发病较轻的地块，选择无病植株单收、单藏，留作种用。1.Agriculturalcontrol

(2)Selectingdisease-freeseedpotatoesIntheplotsthatarenotdiseasedorhaveamilddisease,disease-freeplantsshallbeselectedforseparateharvestingandstorageforseeds.1、

农业防治（3）合理轮作

不宜与茄子、番茄、辣椒等茄科作物连作，宜与禾本科、豆科、十字花科等作物3年以上轮作，有条件的地方进行水旱轮作。

马铃薯属茄科作物，这样可以减少土壤中病原菌数量。

PotatoesbelongtothefamilySolanaceae,whichcanreducethenumberofpathogensinthesoil.1.Agriculturalcontrol(3)ReasonablecroprotationItisnotsuitableforcontinuouscroppingwithsolanaceouscropssuchaseggplant,tomato,andpepper.ItissuitableforcroprotationwithcropssuchasGraminaceae,Leguminosae,andCruciferousformorethanthreeyears.Paddy-uplandrotationshallbecarriedoutwhereconditionsaremet.1、农业防治（4）加强栽培管理适时早播且垄作栽培中耕除草，增施有机肥及磷钾肥收获前提早10-15d割蔓收获后及时清园

1.Agriculturalcontrol(4)StrengthencultivationmanagementEarlysowingandridgecultivationinduetimeIntertillageandweeding,applicationofadditionalorganicfertilizerandphosphateandpotassiumfertilizerCutthevine10-15daysbeforeharvestTimelyclearingafterharvest2、化学防治种薯处理中心病株→及时拔除→消毒处理

2.ChemicalcontrolSeedpotatotreatmentCentraldiseasedplants→timelyremoval→disinfection2、化学防治开花期前后为防治晚疫病的关键时期；发病初期，用80%代森锰锌可湿性粉剂、72%甲霜灵·锰锌可湿性粉剂或687.5克/升氟菌·霜霉威悬浮剂等进行防治，间隔7～10d，连续用药2～3次。2.ChemicalcontrolThecriticalperiodforthecontroloflateblightisaroundtheanth