F2-F3SurveyingMethodology公路项目测量方案中英文

....word..ContentTOC\o"1-3"\h\u1Introduction介绍22HorizontalControlPointEstablishment(HCPs)2建立水平控制网2.1GPSSurvey(GPSObservation)2GPS观测,GPS测量2.1.1Establishmentofprimarycontrolpoint2建立首级控制点/网2.1.2GPSTechnique2GPS技术2.1.3ReferenceandDatum2参考和技术参数2.2TraverseSurvey2导线测量2.2.1Establishmentofsecondarycontrolpoint2建立加密(次级)控制点/网2.2.2Traverseadjustment2平差(加密控制网平差)2.2.3Accuracyrequiredandachieved2所需的精度和所到达的精度(是否符合要求)3VerticalControlPointEstablishment(VCPs)2建立垂直控制网3.1Differentialleveling2精细水准测量3.2Permissibleerrorformula2允许误差的公式4DetailSurveying2测量详述4.1RouteLocation2中桩确实定(定线)4.2CrossSections2横断面测量4.3LongitudinalSection2纵断面测量5ResourcesAllocationPlan2人员与设备配置方案5.1PersonnelDeployed2测量人员的配置5.2Instrumentandsoftware2设备配置和(数据处理)软件1Introduction引言Topographicsurveyisoneofthemostimportantandcrucialformthebasedatafortheprojectconstruction.Thetopographicsurveyisbasicpre-requisitetocaptureallthephysicalfeaturealongtheprojectcorridortoenabletheselectionoffeasibleandmostusefulalignmentandlatertodesignandtofacilitatetheestablishmentoffinalcenterlineoftheroadprojectandlandacquisitionrequirements.Thetopographicsurveyworkmethodologyconsistsoffollowingmaintasks.地形测量是施工工程的根底数据最重要也是最关键方式之一。测量是获取所有工程沿线的物理特征的首要任务,使得可行路线的选择得以施行,此后使得设计和最终中心线的埋点布设以及土地征用的工作得以顺利开展,测量方案包括以下主要任务:Routelocation.路中心线的初测(定线)Settingupofpermanentbeaconstoserveasareferencesystemduringconstructionofroadproject.建立永久控制点标志在作为道路施工过程中的参照系统Developmentofcontroltraverse-lineandgeometriclevel-line.建立导线(平面控制)和水准线(水准路线)DetailedfieldsurveyusingTotalStationsandAutomaticLevels,whichwillhaveadifferentprecisionaccordingtothetopographicoperations.现场测量要使用全站仪和自动安平水准仪,根据测量操作,两者有不同的精度DataProcessingandCAD.CAD和数据处理DeliveryofsurveyreportincludingDiagramsandMonographs.提交包括图表和文字性的阐述的测量报告Groundsurfaceandstructurallocationsurvey.地形测量和构造性的地物测量ForcarryingthesurveyworkthecontractorreceivedtwoinitialcontrolpointsfromEnyiConsultantandcollecteddetaildatarelatedtonationalBenchMarkintheprojectcorridoranddeployedhighprecisioninstrumentslikeGPS,Totalstation,andAutoLevelinpliancewiththeTOR.ThecontractorwillverifythereliabilityoftheEMAcontrolpointandknownGPSpoints(GPS11&GPS11A)inthefieldbeforetheyareused.为能使测量工作得以实施,施工方从Enyi公司处得到引向工程路线的两个初始控制点,并收集到与国家控制网严密关联的基准点详细数据。此次测量配置了高精度仪器比方符合TOR规X标准的GPS,全站仪和自动水准仪。在引点使用前,承包方会校验所得到的EMA控制点和现场GPS11和11A的可靠性。....word..Figure1Figure2....word..2HorizontalControlPointEstablishment(HCPs)建立水平控制网2.1GPSSurvey(GPSObservation)GPS测量(观测)2.1.1Establishmentofprimarycontrolpoint建立首级控制点/网GlobalPositioningSystem(GPS)observationswillbefixedat3kmintervalsalongthecenterline.ThegeodeticGPSPointswillbeplacedinhighlyaccessiblesiteswithappropriatestandardconcretebenchmarksandbedrockswhicharepaintedyellow,protectedagainstimpacttoguarantytheirstabilityandintegrity.在沿中心线每隔3公里处进展GPS观测。GPS控制点使用标准混泥土或在岩石上喷上黄漆作为基准点，并设在容易接近的场地，而且加以保护防止撞击确保控制点的稳定性和完整性。2.1.2GPSTechniqueGPS技术要求Theobservationswillbecarriedoutwith3unitsofLeicaGPS-SystemDual-frequencyreceiversusingStaticModebytrackingminimum8satellitespersiteinordertodetermine3-DWGS84co-ordinates.测量工作使用3组莱卡的GPS系统双频接收器，并使用静态模式，每个位置跟踪至少8个卫星，以便定位3-DWG84坐标。ThecontractorwilltransferEnyi’scontrolpoint(GPS11&GPS11A)toTP1whichisaround3kmfromtheGPS11andfoundinthenearbymountain.ThentheGPSobservationfromTP1toF2-F3startingpoint(GPS1)willproceed.Thebaselinemeasurementwillmaintainanaccuracylevelof10mm+5ppmwithatleast45minutesofobservation.承包方会从Enyi控制点GPS11和GPS11A导到TP1,TP1位于附近的山上距离GPS11大概有3公里，接着将从TP1到F2-F3的起始点(GPS1)开场GPS观测。这个基线测量至少观测45分钟并保持在精度10mm+5ppmX围内。Usinghighlypost-processingGNSSSolutionssoftware,theWGS84co-ordinatestransformedintotheNationalGrid,U.T.M.co-ordinatesbasedonCalarc1880(Modified)Spheroid-Datum:Adindan(30thArc).使用高精度GNSS后处理软件，基于Calarc1880(修正后)椭球体坐标-参数:Adindan(30th)弧度，将WGS84坐标转化成国家网U.T.M坐标。Aclearandintelligiblemonographofthevertexeswithabriefdescriptionofthelocation,photographanddiagramforeachofthiswillbepreparedandattached.此后,我方会为每个测量点准备一份清楚明了的并附有简单位置描述以及图表照片的测量报告。2.1.3ReferenceandDatum参照和数据参数Tosecureandvalidatereasonableinitialpoint,theremainingnewprimarycontrolpointswillbeautomaticallytiedtothenationalgridsystem.为确保和证实初始点的合理性，之后建立的首级控制点会自动关联国家网系统。ThetransformationrequirementsusedtocorrelatethesurveyingworkwithnationalgridsystemofEthiopiausingGNSSsoftwareisasfollows:转点要求测量工作要与埃塞的国家网系统严密关联，要使用如下GNSS软件:-Coordinatesystem坐标系统Name-WGS84UTMzone36N名字-WG84UTM36区北Type–Projected类型-投影Unit–Meters单位-米Verticaldatum-OGSM02垂直数据-OGSM02-Datum数据Ellipsoidname-CALARC1888椭球面命名-CALARC1888Semi-majorAxis-6378249.145半球-主轴心-6378249.145InverseFlattening-293.466076740反转展平-293.466076740DXtoWGS84-165.000m DYtoWGS84-11.000m DYtoWGS84-206.000m RXtoWGS84-0.000000m RYtoWGS84-0.000000m RZtoWGS84-0.000000m PpmtoWGS84-0.000000000000 -Projection投影Projectionclass-Transverse_Mercator投影级别-Transverse_MercatorLatitudeoforigin-0000’00.00000’’N原点维度-0000’00.00000’’北Centralmeridian-33000’00.00000’’E中央子午线-33000’00.00000’’东Scalefactor-0.999600000000比例系数-0.999600000000Falseeasting-500000.000m伪东向分量-500000.000米Falsenorthing-0.000m伪北向分量-0.000米-Units单位:Angularmeasurementsaretakenbydegreeandlinearmeasurementsaredoneandexpressedbymeters.角测量用度表示,线性测量用米表示。2.2TraverseSurvey导线测量2.2.1EstablishmentofSecondaryControlPoint建立加密(次级)控制点/网Benchmark(secondarycontrolpoints)referencedinthefieldonreliablepointsonappropriatebeaconsprotectedagainstimpacttoguarantytheirstabilityandintegrity.Thesebenchmarkswillbeestablishedat100-500mintervalspriortoinitiationofthesurveyworkasstipulatedintheTORorasdeemednecessarytosuitwiththesiteconditions.CarewillbetakenwhileestablishingthesepointstolocatethematsafeplaceswithintheRightofWay(ROW)andawayfrommainconstructionareatoensurenodisturbancetothepermanentbenchmarksduringconstructionperiod.Thesepointswillbeestablishedbytheavailablematerialsonthesitesuchasbedrocksandfixedbolderstonespaintedwhiteandcrossedbychiselonthetop.恰当标志杆标识出的现场可靠加密控制点作为参照引用并加以保护确保它们的稳定性和完整性。按照TOR规定或根据现场实际情况，这些基准点布控要先于测量工作前开场，其间距在100到500米之间。布设这些控制点时要小心慎重，放在道路用地内的平安位置并要远离主要施工区域以确保施工期间不干扰这些永久性基准点。这些控制点的布设使用现场可用的物料，比方喷上白漆的岩床和固定巨石，用顶部穿插开凿。ListsofallbenchmarkswillbetabulatedwiththefollowingdetailsandattachedinAnnexes.所有基准点的列表按照以下详细资料制成表格并附以附件形式。Identificationnumber,识别编号Co-ordinates(X,YandZ),and坐标(X,YandZ),Description描述2.2.2TraverseAdjustment平差Acontroltraverse-linewillbeestablishedalongthecenterline,closed,checkedandadjustedontogeodeticGPSpoints.Controlbeaconswillbeestablishedtoservetheconstructionphase.Traversevertexeswillbelocatedincorrespondenceonappropriateconcretebenchmarksat100-400mintervals.Controltraverse-linewillbedeterminedbymeasurementofanglesanddistances.一条测线/导线沿着路线中心线进展布置，是闭合的，经过检验的，再根据所引用的GPS基准点进展平差。布设控制点标志杆为将来施工阶段效劳。导线的基准点位于适宜混凝土墩子上，间隔100-400米。导线控制测量由边和角的测量决定。DistancemeasurementswillbecarriedoutusingLeicaEDM,considering2cmindistanceasamaximumdifferencebetweenextremevaluesmeasured.距离/边的测量将使用莱卡的EDM软件，距离的最大误差不能超过2厘米。TherecordingdeviceFLASHCARDwillbeusedinordertotransferfielddatadirectlyintopersonalputerforprocessing.使用存储卡作为记录设备将现场录入的数据导入个人电脑进展数据处理。Thetoleranceondistanceinmetersisgivenby:0.05K,whereisthedistanceinkm.Firstly,thetraverse-linewilltieandadjustintoGPSPointsandintotheNationalTriangulationSysteminordertodetermineU.T.M.planesco-ordinates.距离/边测量的误差用米表示，表示公式:0.05K，K那么用千米表示。首先导线与我方所引用的GPS点关联，再做三角网平差，以确定U.T.M平面坐标。Secondly,theplaneco-ordinateswillbetransformedinaLocalGridtobeusedformappreparation.Alltraversepointswillbeshownonanappropriatediagram.其次，平面坐标转换成当地坐标作为测图之用。所有的导线点做成一X平面布网图表。2.2.3AccuracyRequiredandAchieved要求的精度和所到达的精度Theaccuracyrequiredfortheestablishmentofsecondarycontrolpointisgreaterorequalto1in20,000betweentwoprimarycontrolpointsestablishedbyGPS.两个首级GPS控制点之间所建立的加密(次级)控制网，其精度要求要大于或等于1/20,000。Wewillruntraversesfor17basesalongtheprojectproposedrouteandwillachievetheaccuracyrequiredstatedaboveformostbases.Alltraverseadjustmentputationsheetswillbeattached.我方将沿着所选路线进展17对基点的导线测量并会到达上述精度要求，并附上所有平差计算结果表。3VerticalControlPointEstablishment(VCPs)建立垂直控制点/网3.1Differentialleveling精细水准测量Itisavitaloperationinproducingnecessarydataforengineeringdesign.Differentiallevelingproceduresshallbeusedtoestablishhigherorderoftheverticalcontrolpointstiedtothenationwideverticalcontrolnetwork.这是一项提供工程设计必要测量数据的关键操作。用精细水准测量程序布设与国家垂直控制网严密关联的高阶垂直控制点。3.2PermissibleErrorFormula允许误差公式Thegeometriclevel-linewillbedevelopedalongtheControlTraverse-line.几何水准线会沿着控制导线/测线形成。TheelevationofbenchmarkswillbeobtainedbyDifferentialLevelingMethodusingAUTOMATICLEVELLeicainstrument,withamaximumtoleranceinmmforsinglesectionequalto:使用莱卡自动水准仪并采用精细水准方法获取基准点的高程。单节最大允许误差在毫米之内，单节等于:1.5Kcm,whereisthedistanceinkm.K是千米单位的距离Thelevel-linewillbetied-inandadjustedontheexistingbenchmarksoftheNationalLevelingNetwork,orontheGPSpoints.水准导线在关联国家水准网现有基准点或初始GPS控制点根底上做平差。4DetailSurveying具体测量4.1RouteLocation路线确实定Routelocationisanartofmostlytransferringofmap/paperlocationtoaground.Asaprerequisiteforthistask,theconsultanthadbeenundertakingtherouteselectionoftheproject.Priortoconductthetopographicsurveythecontractorandprofessionalteamtheconsultantdefinedthebestalternativeroutethatwillbefeasiblebotheconomically,technicallyandsocially.定线(中桩确实定)是纸上定线法导到地面的主要一门艺术。作为这个任务的先决条件，设计咨询参谋先要进展路线的选线，在测量工作进展之前我方设计专业团队要先确定最正确路线，也就是经济上、技术上以及社会环境影响方面最优的可行路线。Arapidandcriticalgeneralexamination(reconnaissance)wascarriedoutbylocationengineers.Andtheengineersdeterminedtheoptimumroutebetweenthetwoextremepoints.Theroutelocationthissegmentwascarriedoutusing1:50,000mapsandaerialphotographsconductedbyEthiopianMappingAuthority(EMA).定线/选线工程师已对现场路线进展快速、关键的综合检查(地勘)并且我方工程师已在公路起始点之间选取最优路线。在这局部定线过程我们使用1:50,000地图和EMA的航空摄影图。4.2CrossSections横断面测量局部Alongthewholerouteatopographicsurveywillbecarriedoutforamaximumof100mand80mminimumbandwidth.Therandompointswillbesurveyedonasquaregridnotexceeding20mspacingwithaccuracyof5cm,startingfromtraversepointsoradditionalintermediatestations.Wherethelandshowsmarkedirregularitiesofslope,aclosesurveygridwillbeused.TheLeicaTotalStationinstrumentswithsuitablesoftwarewillbeusedforthispurpose.测量会沿着整条路线进展，带宽最大100米和最小80米。从交点/导线点或追加的中间桩/站开场，在不超过20米间距的四方形网上找到随机点进展测量，精度5厘米。当有明显不规那么斜坡的地方，那么要使用严密间距的测量网/基点网。为此，使用配备适宜软件的莱卡全站仪。DTMInterpolation数据内插WheretheroutecorridorshowsdenseforestandinaccessibletoundertakecrosssectionsurveyDTMInterpolationtechniqueswillbeusedataveryflatsectionoftheroute.当路线通道显示茂密森林和无法进入进展横断面测量时，这时就会在平整路段使用数据内插技术。BridgeSites桥梁位置Detailedcrosssectionpointswillbecollectedincludedtopandbottomofbanks,atbreakpointsandatcenteroftherivers.Thecrosssectionswillextended200mandabovemetersbothupstreamanddownstream.在断点处和河流的中心处，采集详细的横断面点包括河堤的顶部和底部。横断面局部将沿着河流上下游延伸至200米以上。4.3LongitudinalSection纵断面测量局部Collectionoflongitudinalcenterlinepointswillbecarriedoutatintervalsof20minstraightsectionsand10mto15mapartonhorizontalandverticalcurvesdependingonthedegreeofsharpnessofthecurves.Incaseofbridgeandculvertandriverbedsthepointscollectedincludedthebottomofthecoursewaysandriverbeds.纵向中心线点的采集:在直边段每间隔20米进展，水平和垂直的