2025届上海市名校高三英语零考模拟卷（含答案解析）

2025届上海市名校高三英语零考模拟卷（考试时间：120分钟试卷满分：115分）I.GrammarandVocabulary（每题1分；共20分）SectionADirections:Afterreadingthepassagebelow,fillintheblankstomakethepassagecoherentandgrammaticallycorrect.Fortheblankswithagivenword,fillineachblankwiththeproperformofthegivenword;fortheotherblanks,useonewordthatbestfitseachblank.(A)Areyouafraidofgettingold?1wegetpasttheageof25,manyofusimmediatelyfeeltheurgetostopthesignsofageing—especiallythevisibleones.Menandwomenarenowusingtopical“anti-ageing”creams,spatreatmentsandmedicalprocedures2(oppose)manyofthem.3thesemethodscansomewhataffectthewayyoulook,ageingisaninternalprocess.Anewstudyhasfoundexactlywhenduringyourlifetimethisprocesspeaks.AgroupscientistsbasedoutoftheStanfordUniversitySchoolofMedicinehavediscoveredthat4beingasmooth,continuousprocess,ageingsurgesforwardatthreedistinctstagesoflife:first,attheageof34,thenatage60,andfinallyat78.Thestudy,publishedinNatureMedicine,5(reveal)thatscientistscannotonlypredictyouragebystudyingtheproteome(proteinlevelsintheblood)butalsodeterminewhichorgansareageingfasterthantheothers,andwhichage-relateddiseasesyourbodyis6(likely)todevelop.Thestudymeasuredplasmaproteins(血浆蛋白)collectedfrom4,263adultsbetweentheagesof18-95yearsandstudiedthechangesintheproteomethatoccurredwithage.Theirultimategoalwastounderstandhowtoidentifythechangesassociatedwithcardiovascularissuesandage-relateddiscaseslikeAlzheimer’s7therapeutictreatmentscanbedevisedtoopposetheirattackwhilethere’sstilltime.DrTonyWyss-Coray,oneoftheleadingmembersofthestudy,toldStanfordMedicineNewsCenter,“We’veknownforalongtimethat8(measure)certainproteinscangiveyouinformationaboutaperson’shealthstatus—lipoproteins(脂蛋白)forcardiovascular(心血管的)health,forexample.Butithasn’tbeenappreciatedthatsomanydifferentproteins’levels—roughlyathirdofalltheoneswelookedat—changemarkedlywithadvancingage.”Thisdifferencebetweenthechronological(按时间计算的)andphysiological(生理的)age,accordingtothescientists’“plasma-proteinclock”,showedthatalotofpeopleinthestudyseemedyoungerthantheyactuallyare.What’smore,thestudyalsoconfirmedthatmenandwomen,thoughequally9(represent)inthestudy,agedifferently.Doesthismeanmedicafionsandlifestylemethods,withfurtherresearch,canalsobedevisedtohelp10agestoorapidlyandisatriskofcontractingage-relateddiseaseslikehypertensionandAlzheimer’s?Youneverknow.【答案】1．Assoonas2．tooppose3．Though/Although4．insteadof5．hasrevealed6．morelikely7．sothat8．measuring9．represented10．whoever【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了一项新的研究发现了人一生中衰老过程达到顶峰的确切时间以及如何测量衰老情况。1．考查状语从句。句意：一旦过了25岁，我们中的许多人就会立即感到想要阻止衰老的迹象——尤其是那些看得见的迹象。引导时间状语从句，表示“一旦”应用assoonas，首字母大写。故填Assoonas。2．考查非谓语动词。句意：男性和女性现在都在使用局部“抗衰老”面霜、水疗和医疗程序来对抗其中的许多衰老。短语usesth.todosth.表示“用某物做某事”。故填tooppose。3．考查状语从句。句意：虽然这些方法会在一定程度上影响你的外表，但衰老是一个内在的过程。引导让步状语从句，表示“虽然”应用though或although，首字母大写。故填Though/Although。4．考查固定短语。句意：斯坦福大学医学院的一组科学家发现，衰老不是一个平稳、连续的过程，而是在生命的三个不同阶段加速：首先是34岁，然后是60岁，最后是78岁。后跟动名词作宾语，此处表示“而不是”应用insteadof。故填insteadof。5．考查时态。句意：这项发表在《自然医学》杂志上的研究表明，科学家不仅可以通过研究蛋白质组（血液中的蛋白质水平）来预测你的年龄，还可以确定哪些器官比其他器官衰老得更快，以及你的身体更容易患上哪些与年龄有关的疾病。此处表示过去发生的动作对现在产生影响应用现在完成时，主语为study，助动词用has。故填hasrevealed。6．考查比较级。句意：这项发表在《自然医学》杂志上的研究表明，科学家不仅可以通过研究蛋白质组（血液中的蛋白质水平）来预测你的年龄，还可以确定哪些器官比其他器官衰老得更快，以及你的身体更容易患上哪些与年龄有关的疾病。根据上文organsareageingfasterthantheothers可知应用比较级，在前面加more。故填morelikely。7．考查状语从句。句意：他们的最终目标是了解如何识别与心血管问题和老年痴呆症等与年龄有关的疾病相关的变化，以便在还有时间的时候设计出治疗方法来对抗它们的攻击。引导目的状语从句，表示“以便”应用sothat，故填sothat。8．考查非谓语动词。句意：我们早就知道，测量某些蛋白质可以提供一个人健康状况的信息——例如，用于心血管健康的脂蛋白。此处空处作从句的主语，应用动名词形式。故填measuring。9．考查非谓语动词。句意：更重要的是，该研究还证实，男性和女性虽然在研究中占同等比例，但年龄不同。此处为状语从句的省略，且从句中主语menandwomen与谓语构成被动关系，故填过去分词。故填represented。10．考查宾语从句。句意：这是否意味着，通过进一步的研究，药物和生活方式也可以被设计出来，帮助那些衰老过快、有患高血压和阿尔茨海默氏症等与年龄有关的疾病风险的人？引导宾语从句，从句缺少主语，且表示“无论谁”应用whoever。故填whoever。SectionBDirections:ineachblankwithathebox.Eachcanbeonlyonce.NotethatisoneyouA．carved

B．unknowingly

C．ecosystem

D．artificial

E.elementalF.changing

G.practically

H.wrinkled

I.unmoving

J.species

K.inspectionMagicalCreatures:ANAPPRECIATIONOFAUTUMNMOTH(蛾)Mothsseemtohaveabitofabadreputation:tosometheyareillindicationsorsomethingscary,tootherstheyaredullincomparisontoourwell-lovedbutterflies.Butmothsareanessentialpartofa(n)11,andimportantfoodsourcesforspecieslikebirdsandbats.Andforme,mothsarefarfromdull.MyfirstmeetingwithanAngleShadesmothwasnearlyanon-encounter.Ialmostpassedbywithoutnoticingit,thinkingitwasafallenleafonafencepost.Buttherewassomethingaboutitthatstoppedmeinmytracks.Itsangularshapeperhaps?Orthewayitsat,12,despitethebreeze.Closer13revealedcreamandbuffshell-shapedwings,paintedwithtrianglesoflightpinkandbrown.Suddenly,ittransformedfroma(n)14leafintoalivingthingbeforemyeyes.I’vebeenfascinatedeversince.TheCanary-shoulderedThorn,withitshairybuttercup-colouredbodyandyellowandorangewings,remindsmeofafallensilverbirch(白桦树)leaf.Anight-flyer,itfavoursgardensandwoodlands,andisoftendrawnto15light,meaningthatyourtorchbeammaybeattractingmothsaswellaslightingyourwayinthedark.It’salsoworthdouble-checkinganyleavesinfarmhouses,astheseshelteredspotsareafavouritehidingplaceofanotheroverwintering16:theHeraldmoth.Thiselegantcreature’sbeautifulwingslookasthoughthey’vebeen17byhandandpaintedwithbronze.There’smoretotheseimitatorsthanfallenleaves.TheGreen-spottedCrescent,which18disappearsonroughbranches,hasmetallicgreenspotsintegratingwiththemoss(苔藓).MaybeI’vealready19crossedpathswithone,though.Aswedigoutourbigcoatsandsliponbootsforwalksbeneathbranches,howmanymothsarewemissing?Theseclevercreaturesaren’tbadindications,but20partsofnature,withagiftforfancy-dress.【答案】11．C12．I13．K14．H15．D16．J17．A18．G19．B20．E【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了飞蛾这种生物，飞蛾是生态系统的重要组成部分，也是鸟类和蝙蝠等物种的重要食物来源。介绍了作者眼中飞蛾的有趣之处。11．考查名词。句意：但飞蛾是生态系统的重要组成部分，也是鸟类和蝙蝠等物种的重要食物来源。根据“importantfoodsourcesforspecieslikebirdsandbats”以及句意“生态系统”可知应填名词ecosystem，作宾语，故选C。12．考查形容词。句意：还有它坐着不动的样子，尽管有风。根据“despitethebreeze”以及句意“不动”可知应填unmoving，为形容词作状语，故选I。13．考查名词。句意：仔细观察会发现奶油色和水蓝色的贝壳状翅膀上绘有浅粉色和棕色的三角形。根据“revealedcreamandbuffshell-shapedwings”以及句意“观察”可知应填名词inspection，作主语，故选K。14．考查形容词。句意：突然，它从一片皱巴巴的叶子变成了一个活生生的东西。根据“leafintoalivingthingbeforemyeyes”以及句意“皱巴巴的”可知应填形容词wrinkled，作定语修饰leaf，故选H。15．考查形容词。句意：夜行鸟，喜欢花园和林地，经常被人造光吸引，这意味着你的火炬光束可能会吸引飞蛾，并在黑暗中照亮你的路。根据“meaningthatyourtorchbeammaybeattractingmothsaswellaslightingyourwayinthedark.”以及句意“人造”可知应填形容词artificial，作定语修饰名词light。故选D。16．考查名词。句意：此外，还要仔细检查农舍里的树叶，因为这些隐蔽的地方是另一种越冬物种——先驱蛾最喜欢的藏身之处。根据“theHeraldmoth”以及句意“物种”可知应填名词species，作宾语，故选J。17．考查动词。句意：这只优雅的生物美丽的翅膀看起来好像是手工雕刻的，并用青铜涂上了漆。根据“byhandandpaintedwithbronze”以及句意“雕刻”可知应填动词carve，根据上文they’vebeen可知为现在完成时的被动语态。故选A。18．考查副词。句意：绿斑新月翅蝶，几乎消失在粗糙的树枝上，金属绿色的斑点与苔藓融为一体。根据“hasmetallicgreenspotsintegratingwiththemoss”以及句意“几乎”可知应填副词practically，修饰动词disappear。故选G。19．考查副词。句意：也许我已经在不知不觉中遇到过这样的飞蛾。根据“crossedpathswithone,though”以及句意“不知不觉”可知应填副词unknowingly，修饰动词crossed，故选B。20．考查形容词。句意：这些聪明的生物并不是不好的迹象，而是大自然的基本组成部分，具有化妆的天赋。根据“partsofnature”以及句意“基本的”可知应填形容词elemental，作定语修饰parts。故选E。III.ReadingComprehension(共45分。21-35每题1分；36-50每题2分)SectionADirections:ForeachblankinthefollowingpassagetherearefourwordsorphrasesmarkedA.B.CandD.FillineachblankwiththewordorphrasethatbestfitsthecontextInmodernsocietylonelinesscanbeseenasasocialphenomenonandpeoplecanexperiencelonelinessformanyreasons.Itisaverycommon,thoughnormallytemporary,21ofabreakup,divorce,orlossofanyimportantlong-termrelationship.Inthesecases,lonelinessmayresultbothfromthelossofaspecificpersonandfromthe22fromsocialcircles.Thelossofasignificantpersoninone’slifewilltypicallyinitiateagriefresponse;inthissituation,onemightfeellonely,evenwhileinthecompanyofothers.Lonelinessmayalsoresultfromanysociallydisruptive(破裂的)event,suchasmovingfromone’shometowninto23communitiesleadingtohomesickness.Lonelinesscanalsooccurinplaceswithlowpopulationdensitiesinwhichtherearecomparativelyfewpeopleto24.Therearemanydifferentwaysusedto25loneliness.Thefirststepthatmostdoctorsrecommendtopatientsistherapy.Shorttermtherapytypicallyoccursoveraperiodoftentotwentyweeks.Duringtherapy,emphasisisputonunderstandingthecauseoftheproblem,26thenegativethoughts,feelings,andattitudesresultingfromtheproblem,andexploringwaystohelpthepatientfeelconnected.Somedoctorsalsorecommend27therapyasameanstoconnectwithothersufferersandestablishasupportsystem.Itmaytakeseveralattemptsbeforeasuitableanti-depressantmedicationisfound.Somepatientsmayalsodeveloparesistancetoacertaintypeofmedicationandneedto28periodically.Anothertreatmentisanimal-assistedtherapy.Studiesandsurveysindicatethatthepresenceofanimalcompanionssuchasdogs,cats,rabbits,andguineapigscan29feelingsoflonelinessordepressionamongsomesufferers.Beyondthecompanionshiptheanimalitselfprovidestheremayalsobeincreasedopportunitiesfor30withotherpetowners.AccordingtotheCentersforDiseaseControlandPreventionthereareanumberofotherhealthbenefitsassociatedwithpetownership,suchasloweredbloodpressure.Inaddition,someotheralternativeapproachesmayincludeexercise,dieting,etc,whichmanypatientsfindhavea31effectonrelievingsymptoms.Resultsofastudyalsosuggestthatcorrectingmaladaptivesocialcognition(认知)offersthebestchanceof32loneliness.Nevertheless,lonelinesscansometimesplayanimportantroleinthe33process.Insomepeople,temporaryorprolongedlonelinesscanleadtonotableartisticandcreativeexpression,forexample,aswasthecasewithpoetEmilyDickinson,andnumerousmusicians.Thisisnottoimplythatlonelinessitselfensuresthiscreativity,34,itmayhaveaninfluenceonthesubjectmatteroftheartistandmorelikelybepresentinindividuals35creativeactivities.21．A．type B．concern C．consequence D．evidence22．A．withdrawal B．absence C．disappearance D．presence23．A．informal B．uncertain C．relevant D．unfamiliar24．A．turnto B．interactwith C．longfor D．sharewith25．A．release B．observe C．monitor D．treat26．A．reversing B．directing C．measuring D．pursuing27．A．long-term B．sightseeing C．patient D．group28．A．quit B．evolve C．switch D．exercise29．A．confirm B．protest C．enhance D．ease30．A．socializing B．interfering C．comparing D．coping31．A．historic B．restorative C．decisive D．permanent32．A．promoting B．enhancing C．reducing D．striving33．A．creative B．musical C．artistic D．poetic34．A．however B．therefore C．rather D．otherwise35．A．restrictedto B．engagedin C．concernedabout D．alteredby【答案】21．C22．A23．D24．B25．D26．A27．D28．C29．D30．A31．B32．C33．A34．C35．B【分析】这是一篇议论文。文章讲述了产生孤独的原因，解决孤独的方法。最后作者还提到，孤独对创意的工作是有某种程度上的积极作用的。21．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这是分手、离婚或失去任何重要的长期关系的常见后果，但通常是暂时的。A.type类型；B.concern担心，关心；C.consequence结果，后果；D.evidence证据。根据上下文，前句提到“孤独”有很多种原因。划线前的it指的就是“孤独”，而后面提及的“分手，离婚或者失去任何重要的长期关系”是会造成一个结果即孤独。故选C项。22．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在这种情况下，孤独可能是因为失去一个特定的人，也可能是因为退出社交圈。A.withdrawal撤退，收回；B.absence缺席；C.disappearance消失；D.presence存在，出席。分析上下文，上文提到了“失去任何重要的长期关系”和此处项呼应表示退出社交圈。故选A项。23．考查形容词义辨析。句意：孤独感也可能是任何社会破坏性事件的结果，比如从家乡搬到陌生的社区导致思乡。A.informal非正式的；B.uncertain不确定的；C.relevant相关的；D.unfamiliar不熟悉的。根据上下文，划线后面提到了“思乡”，是因为不熟悉陌生的社区导致的。故选D项。24．考查动词短语辨析。句意：孤独感也可能发生在人口密度较低的地方，那里与之交往的人相对较少。A.turnto求助于；B.interactwith交流，互动；C.longfor渴望；D.sharewith与……分享。根据上下文，划线前提到“人口密度低”，所以与人的互动会比较少。故选B项。25．考查动词词义辨析。句意：有许多不同的方法用来治疗孤独。A.release释放，开放，发泄；B.observe观察，遵守，庆祝；C.monitor监督；D.treat治疗。根据上下文，从第5空开始，后文再讲述治疗孤独的方法。故选D项。26．考查动词词义辨析。句意：在治疗过程中，重点是了解问题的原因，扭转由问题引起的消极思想、感觉和态度，并探索帮助患者感到相互联系的方法。A.reversing颠倒，完全改变；B.directing指导；C.measuring丈量；D.pursuing追求，追逐。根据上下文，此处的动词和前句的“了解问题”以及后句的“探索方法”构成内在的逻辑。先了解原因，扭转思想，感觉和态度再探索方法。故选A项。27．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：一些医生还建议将团体治疗作为与其他患者联系和建立支持系统的手段。A.long-term长期的；B.sightseeing观光的，旅游的；C.patient耐心的；D.group团体的。分析上下文，根据划线后提到“和其他患者的相互联系和建立支持系统”可知，这是一种“群体治疗方法”。故选D项。28．考查动词词义辨析。句意：有些病人可能对某种药物产生耐药性，需要定期更换。A.quit离开，放弃；B.evolve发展，进化；C.switch开关，转换；D.exercise锻炼，练习。分析上下文，划线前提到因为“可能对某种药物产生耐药性”，所才需要定期“更换”。故选C项。29．考查动词词义辨析。句意：研究和调查表明，狗、猫、兔子和豚鼠等动物同伴的存在可以缓解一些患者的孤独感或抑郁情绪。A.confirm确认，证实；B.protest抗议；C.enhance加强；D.ease减轻。分析上下文，此处讲的是另外一种治疗办法---利用动物的陪伴。下文提到养宠物还有很多其他的健康益处，比如降低血压。所以可知，动物同伴给患者带来了好处，可以缓解患者的孤独感或抑郁情绪。故选D项。30．考查动词词义辨析。句意：除了动物本身提供的陪伴之外，与其他宠物主人交往的机会也可能增加。A.socializing社交，交际；B.interfering妨碍；C.comparing比较，对照；D.coping复制，抄写。分析上下文，养动物的人会和其他宠物主人交流，因此会增加与其他宠物主人交往的机会。故选A项。31．考查形容词词义辨析。此外，其他一些替代方法可能包括锻炼、节食等，许多患者发现这些方法对缓解症状有恢复作用。A.historic历史性的，有历史意义的；B.restorative有助于复原的，恢复健康的；C.decisive决定性的，果断的；D.permanent永久的，永恒的。分析上下文可知，此处仍在讲述治疗孤独症的方法。此处的锻炼，节食等都是有助于缓解孤独，恢复健康的。故选B项。32．考查动词词义辨析。句意：研究结果还表明，纠正不适应的社会认知提供了减少孤独的最佳机会。A.promoting促进，晋升；B.enhancing加强；C.reducing减少；D.striving努力，奋斗。分析上下文，根据划线前提到“纠正不适应的社会认知”可知，也是治疗孤独的方法，可以减少孤独。故选C项。33．考查形容词义辨析。句意：然而，孤独有时在创作过程中扮演着重要的角色。A.creative有创意的；B.musical音乐的；C.artistic艺术的；D.poetic诗歌的。分析上下文，根据后文提到了“creativeexpression”和“creativeactivities”可知，第13空A选项和他们相呼应，都在强调创作过程。故选A项。34．考查副词词义辨析。句意：这并不意味着孤独本身就保证了这种创造力，相反，它可能对艺术家的题材产生影响，更有可能出现在从事创作活动的个人身上。A.however然而；B.therefore因此；C.rather相反；D.otherwise否则。分析上下文，划线前提到“孤独本身无法保证创造力”，而后文提到“只是对艺术家的题材产生影响”。此处前后两句表示“对立”。故选C项。35．考查动词短语辨析。句意：更有可能出现在从事创作活动的个人身上。A.restrictedto限制；B.engagedin从事，忙于；C.concernedabout担心，关心；D.alteredby改变。分析上下文，前句提到孤独对艺术的影响体现在艺术家的题材和个人身上，此处的个人是“从事”创作的人。也是和前文提到的poet和musicians等。故选B项。SectionB Directions:Readthefollowingthreepassages.Eachpassageisfollowedbyseveralquestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosetheonethatfitsbestaccordingtotheinformationgiveninthepassageyouhavejustread.(A)Inthegeneticage,ecologists’jobsaremademucheasierbytwothings.Oneisthateveryorganismcarriesitsownchemicalidentitycard,intheformofitsgenome(基因组).ThesecondisthattheydroptheseIDcardseverywheretheygo.Urine,bitsoffurstucktoahedge,evenshedskincells:alldepositDNAintotheenvironment.Cheapgenesequencingallowsscientiststoharvestthis“environmentalDNA”(eDNA)fromsoil,sand,waterandthelike,anduseittokeeptrackofwhichspeciesarelivingwhere.“Everyorganism,”ofcourse,includeshumans.InapaperpublishedonMay15thinNatureEcology&Evolution,agroupofresearchersfromAmericaandEuropereportthatsucheDNAsurveyspickuplargequantitiesofhumanDNAaswellastheanimalsort.ThatDNAcanberead—andpotentiallymatchedwithindividuals—byanyonewiththerightequipment.

Theresearchersdidnotsetouttostudy“inadvertenthumangeneticbycatch”,astheycallthephenomenon.TheworkbeganattheWitneySeaTurtleHospitalinFlorida,duringaninvestigationintoaviralturtledisease.Theresearcherssampledwaterfromtheturtle’stanks,aswellasfromoceanwaterandbeachesuponwhichthecreaturesnested,lookingforviralDNA．

TheyexpectedtosweepupDNAfromotherspeciesduringtheirtrawl(拖网).Whatwassurprising,accordingtoJessicaFarrell,abiologistattheWitneyHospitalandoneofthepaper’sauthors,wasjusthowmuchhumanDNAtheyfound.Eventhoughmanyoftheirsamplingsiteswerenotneartownsandcities,theyfoundhumangeneticmaterialineverysampletheyexamined.

Interested,theyexpandedtheirsearch.InbothFloridaandinIrelandtheyfoundhumanDNAinrivers,withconcentrationsespeciallyhighastheyflowedthroughtowns.Theyfounditinbeachsand,andeveninairfromroomsinwhichhumanshadbeenworking.HumanDNAisnotquiteeverywhere:itwasnotdetectableindeepoceanwater,oronremotebeachesclosedtothepublic.Butanywherethathumansare,theirDNAappearstobeaswell.Inonesense,thatisunsurprising.Butadvancesingene-sequencingmeanttherewasenoughinformationinthesamplestodeduceplentyofthingsaboutthehumansinquestion.TheresearcherscouldpickoutmalesthankstoDNAfromtheYchromosome.Theycouldinferanindividual’sancestry,andevenspotmutations(突变)thataffectaperson’sdiseaserisk.DavidDuffy,anotherofthepaper’sauthors,saidtheamountandqualityoftheDNAtheyrecovered“farexceeded”theminimumnecessarytobeincludedinAmerica’sdatabaseofmissingpeople.DrDuffyandhiscolleaguesdidnottrytoidentifyindividualsintheirstudy,formoralreasons.Buttheyhadnodoubtitcouldbedone.36．WhichofthefollowingabouteDNAistrueaccordingtothepassage?A．Itprovidesawaytotrackthemigrationofanimals.B．Itallowsresearcherstorestoreindividualorganisms.C．Itcanbeeasilycollectedfromalltypesofenvironments.D．Itcontainsawealthofgeneticinformationaboutvariousspecies.37．Inthispassage,theword“inadvertent”(paragraph3)isclosestinmeaningto“__________”.A．familiar B．accidental C．insensitive D．regular38．Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?A．TheapplicationofeDNAforidentityconfirmationhasarousedconcern.B．Asexpected,theresearchersdetectedmuchhumaneDNAintheirsearch.C．Anindividual’sgenderandancestrycanbeconfirmedbymeansofeDNA．D．eDNAisinstrumentalinupgradingAmerica’sdatabaseofmissingpeople.39．Whichofthefollowingmightbethebesttitleforthepassage?A．UnintendedDiscoveriesinTurtleDiseaseResearchB．TheEcologicalSignificanceofEnvironmentalDNAC．HumanDNA’sPrevalenceinEnvironmentalSamplesD．UsingGeneticInformationtoIdentifyMissingPersons【答案】36．D37．B38．A39．C【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是人类DNA在环境样本中的普遍存在及其相关应用。36．细节理解题。根据第一段“Oneisthateveryorganismcarriesitsownchemicalidentitycard,intheformofitsgenome.(一是每个生物都有自己的化学身份证，以基因组的形式存在。)”和“Urine,bitsoffurstucktoahedge,evenshedskincells:alldepositDNAintotheenvironment.Cheapgenesequencingallowsscientiststoharvestthis“environmentalDNA”(eDNA)fromsoil,sand,waterandthelike,anduseittokeeptrackofwhichspeciesarelivingwhere.(尿液，粘在树篱上的皮毛，甚至脱落的皮肤细胞：所有这些都将DNA沉积到环境中。廉价的基因测序使科学家能够从土壤、沙子、水等中获取这种“环境DNA”(eDNA)，并用它来跟踪哪些物种生活在哪里。)”可知，“环境DNA”里有DNA，而DNA包含了物种的遗传信息，因此关于eDNA正确的说法是D选项“Itcontainsawealthofgeneticinformationaboutvariousspecies.(它包含了各种物种的丰富遗传信息。)”，故选D。37．词句猜测题。根据第三段“TheworkbeganattheWitneySeaTurtleHospitalinFlorida,duringaninvestigationintoaviralturtledisease.(这项工作始于佛罗里达州的WitneySeaTurtleHospital，当时正在调查一种海龟病毒性疾病。)”和第四段“Whatwassurprising,accordingtoJessicaFarrell,abiologistattheWitneyHospitalandoneofthepaper’sauthors,wasjusthowmuchhumanDNAtheyfound.(据惠特尼医院的生物学家、该论文的作者之一JessicaFarrell说，令人惊讶的是他们发现了如此多的人类DNA。)”可知，人类DNA是无意中被发现的，划线词所在句子表示“研究人员称这种现象为“无意的人类遗传副产品”，但他们并没有开始研究这种现象”，划线词inadvertent的意思是“无意的”，和accidental意思相近。故选B。38．推理判断题。根据最后一段“DavidDuffy,anotherofthepaper’sauthors,saidtheamountandqualityoftheDNAtheyrecovered“farexceeded”theminimumnecessarytobeincludedinAmerica’sdatabaseofmissingpeople.DrDuffyandhiscolleaguesdidnottrytoidentifyindividualsintheirstudy,formoralreasons.(该论文的另一位作者DavidDuffy说，他们找到的DNA的数量和质量“远远超过”纳入美国失踪人口数据库的最低要求。出于道德原因，DrDuffy和他的同事们并没有试图在他们的研究中识别个体。)”可知，eDNA在身份确认中的应用引起了人们的担忧。故选A。39．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第二段“InapaperpublishedonMay15thinNatureEcology&Evolution,agroupofresearchersfromAmericaandEuropereportthatsucheDNAsurveyspickuplargequantitiesofhumanDNAaswellastheanimalsort.(在5月15日发表在《自然生态与进化》杂志上的一篇论文中，来自美国和欧洲的一组研究人员报告说，这种eDNA调查收集了大量的人类和动物DNA。)”可知，本文主要讲的是人类DNA在环境样本中的普遍存在及其相关应用，因此本文最好的题目是C选项“HumanDNA’sPrevalenceinEnvironmentalSamples(人类DNA在环境样本中的普遍存在)”。故选C。(B)There’sanewfrontierin3Dprintingthat’sbeginningtocomeintofocus:food.Recentdevelopmenthasmadepossiblemachinesthatprint,cook,andservefoodsonamassscale.Andtheindustryisn’tstoppingthere.FoodproductionWitha3Dprinter,acookcanprintcomplicatedchocolatesculpturesandbeautifulpiecesfordecorationonaweddingcake.Noteverybodycandothat-ittakesyearsofexperience,butaprintermakesiteasy.ArestaurantinSpainusesaFoodinito“recreateformsandpieces”offoodthatare“exactlythesame,”freeingcookstocompleteothertasks.Inanotherrestaurant,allofthedishesanddessertsitservesare3D-printed,ratherthanfarmtotable.Sustainability(可持续性)Theglobalpopulationisexpectedtogrowto9.6billionby2050,andsomeanalystsestimatethatfoodproductionwillneedtoberaisedby50percenttomaintaincurrentlevels.Sustainabilityisbecominganecessity.3Dfoodprintingcouldprobablycontributetothesolution.Someexpertsbelieveprinterscouldusehydrocolloids(水解胶体)fromplentifulrenewableslikealgae(藻类)andgrasstoreplacethefamiliaringredients.3Dprintingcanreducefueluseandemissions.Grocerystoresofthefuturemightstock“food”thatlastsyearsonend,freeingupshelfspaceandreducingtransportationandstoragerequirements.NutritionFuture3Dfoodprinterscouldmakeprocessedfoodhealthier.HodLipson,aprofessoratColumbiaUniversity,said,“Foodprintingcouldallowconsumerstoprintfoodwithcustomizednutritionalcontent,likevitamins.Soinsteadofeatingapieceofyesterday’sbreadfromthesupermarket,you’deatsomethingbakedjustforyouondemand.”ChallengesDespiterecentadvancementsin3Dfoodprinting,theindustryhasmanychallengestoovercome.Currently,mostingredientsmustbechangedtoapastebeforeaprintercanusethem,andtheprintingprocessisquitetime-consuming,becauseingredientsinteractwitheachotherinverycomplexways.Ontopofthat,mostofthe3Dfoodprintersnowarerestrictedtodryingredients,becausemeatandmilkproductsmayeasilygobad.Someexpertsareskepticalabout3Dfoodprinters,believingtheyarebettersuitedforfastfoodrestaurantsthanhomesandhigh-endrestaurants.40．Whatbenefitdoes3Dprintingbringtofoodproduction?A．Ithelpscookstocreatenewdishes. B．Itsavestimeandeffortincooking.C．Itimprovesthecookingconditions. D．Itcontributestorestaurantdecorations41．AccordingtoParagraph4,3D-printedfood_______.A．ismoreavailabletoconsumers B．canmeetindividualnutritionalneedsC．ismoretastythanfoodinsupermarkets D．cankeepallthenutritioninrawmaterials42．Whatisthemainfactorthatprevents3Dfoodprintingfromspreadingwidely?A．Theprintingprocessiscomplicated. B．3Dfoodprintersaretooexpensive.C．Foodmaterialshavetobedry D．Someexpertsdoubt3Dfoodprinting【答案】40．B41．B42．C【导语】本文是一篇科普类短文阅读。文章主要介绍了3D打印技术在食物上的应用取得了进展，但目前仍面临着许多方面的挑战。40．推理判断题。根据文章Foodproduction中的“Witha3Dprinter,acookcanprintcomplicatedchocolatesculpturesandbeautifulpiecesfordecorationonaweddingcake.Noteverybodycandothat-ittakesyearsofexperience,butaprintermakesiteasy.ArestaurantinSpainusesaFoodinito“recreateformsandpieces”offoodthatare“exactlythesame,”freeingcookstocompleteothertasks.(有了3D打印机，厨师可以打印复杂的巧克力雕塑和漂亮的装饰在婚礼蛋糕上。不是每个人都能做到这一点——这需要多年的经验，但一台打印机使它变得容易。西班牙一家餐厅使用Foodini来“重新制作”“一模一样”的食物，让厨师们腾出时间去完成其他任务。)”可推断，3D打印的优势是节省了做饭的时间和精力。故选B。41．细节理解题。根据文章Nutrition中的“Foodprintingcouldallowconsumerstoprintfoodwithcustomizednutritionalcontent,likevitamins.（食品打印可以让消费者打印出具有定制营养成分的食品，比如维生素。）”可知，3D打印出来的食物可以满足个人营养需求。故选B。42．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Ontopofthat,mostofthe3Dfoodprintersnowarerestrictedtodryingredients,becausemeatandmilkproductsmayeasilygobad.(最重要的是，现在大多数3D食品打印机都局限于干燥的原料，因为肉类和奶制品很容易变质。一些专家对3D食品打印机持怀疑态度，认为它们更适合快餐店，而不是家庭和高端餐厅。)”可推断，食品材料必须干燥是阻碍3D食品打印普及的主要因素。故选C。(C)Twothingschangedmylife:mymotherandawhiteplasticbikebasket.Ihavethoughtlongandhardaboutitandit’strue.Iwouldbeadifferentpersonifmymomhadn’tturnedasillybicycleaccessoryintoalifelessonthatIcarrywithmetoday.Mymotherandfatherwereunitedintheirwayofraisingchildren,butitmostlyfelltomymothertoactuallycarryitout.Lookingback,Ihonestlydon’tknowhowshedidit.Managingthefamilybudgetmusthavebeenaveryhardtask,butshemadeitlookeffortless.Ifwecomplainedaboutnothavingwhatanotherkiddid,we’dhearsomethinglike,“Idon’tcarewhatso-and-sogotforhisbirthday,youarenotgettingaTVinyourroom,acarforyourbirthdayoralavishsweet-16party.”Wehadtoearnourallowancebydoingchoresaroundthehouse.Icanstillrememberhowlongittooktopolishthelegsofourcoffeetable.Mybrotherscannodoubtrememberhoursspentcleaningthehouse.LikethetwolittlegirlsgrowingupattheWhiteHouse,wemadeourownbeds(nooneleftthehouseuntilthatwasdone)andpickedupafterourselves.Wehadtokeeptrackofourbelongings,andifsomethingwaslost,itwasnotreplaced.Itwassummerand,oneday,mymotherdrovemetothebikeshoptogetatirefixed—andthereitwasinthewindow.White,shiny,plasticanddecoratedwithflowers,thebasketwinkedatmeandIknew—Iknew—Ihadtohaveit.“It’sbeautiful,”mymothersaidwhenIpointeditouttoher.“Whataneatbasket.”Itriedtoholdoffatfirst.Iplayeditcoolforashortwhile.ButthenIguessIcouldn’tstanditanylonger:“Mom,pleasecanIplease,pleasegetit?I’lldoextrachoresforaslongasyousay.I’lldoanything,butIneedthatbasket.Ilovethatbasket.Please,Mom.Please?”Iwasdesperate.“Youknow,”shesaid,gentlyrubbingmybackwhilewebothstaredatwhatIbelievedwasthecoolestthingever,“Ifyousaveupyoucouldbuythisyourself.”“BythetimeImakeenoughit’llbegone!”“MaybeRogerherecouldholditforyou,”shesmiledatRoger,thebikeguy.“Hecan’tholditforthatlong,Mom.Someoneelsewillbuyit.Please,Mom,please?”“Theremightbeanotherway,”shesaid.Andsoourpayingplanunfolded.MymotherboughtthebeautifulbasketandputitsafelyinsomehidingplaceIc