MBA研究生英语综合教程（第二版）课件：Globalization

GlobalizationLead-in2RelatedExpressionsinternationalizationlocalizationencompassassumptionadaptanticipate3Lead-inQuestionsWhatdoessuccessfulglobalizationinvolve?Whatwillhappenifglobalconcernsandplansforafter-marketsupportarenotmadebeforeproductdevelopmentbegins?Whattechnicalprocessesdoesglobalizationcomprise?Whatdoesinternationalizationmean?Howislocalizationdefinedinthepassage?4Whatdoessuccessfulglobalizationinvolve?Successfulglobalizationinvolveschangingthewayanorganizationdoesbusiness.5Whatwillhappenifglobalconcernsandplansforafter-marketsupportarenotmadebeforeproductdevelopmentbegins?Costswillgoupandqualityproblemswillemerge.6Whattechnicalprocessesdoesglobalizationcomprise?Internationalizationandlocalization.7Whatdoesinternationalizationmean?Itmeansthatallculturalassumptionsareremovedandanycountry-orlanguage-specificcontentisstoredexternallytotheproductsothatitcanbeeasilyadapted.8Howislocalizationdefinedinthepassage?Localizationreferstotheactualadaptationoftheproductforaspecificmarket.9

Thinkaboutwhetherglobalizationismakingtheworldbetterorworse.Usespecificexamplestosupportyourideas.10FreeTrade11GlobalWarming12Reading13UsefulExpressionsinterconnectancientdramaticallytariffsubsidyboostdistributerestructurepercapitanetassetneo-liberalwithdrawtelephonyrevolutionizeautomationdisplaceinterdependence14UsefulExpressionsinterconnect

使互相连接，使互相联系Thecausesaremanyandmayinterconnect.

原因很多，而且还可能互相关联。15UsefulExpressionsancient年代久远的，悠久的TheybelievedancientGreeceandRomewerevitalsourcesoflearning.

他们认为古希腊和古罗马是至关重要的知识来源。

16UsefulExpressionsdramatically显著地，引人注目地Notonlyhaveweovercomethemall,Buffettpointedout,butourstandardoflivinghasincreaseddramatically–nearlysevenfoldinthelastcentury.

巴菲特指出，我们不仅完全克服了他们而且在这个世纪末我们的生活标准戏剧性地增长了近七倍。17UsefulExpressionstariff关税Americawantstoeliminatetariffsonitemssuchaselectronics.

美国想要取消电子类产品的关税。18UsefulExpressionssubsidy补贴金Europeanfarmersareplanningamassivedemonstrationagainstfarmsubsidycuts.

欧洲的农场主们正在策划一场反对削减农场补贴的大游行。19UsefulExpressionsboost促进，推进Lowerinterestratescanboosttheeconomybyreducingborrowingcostsforconsumersandbusinesses.

低利率可以通过为消费者和商家降低借贷成本来促进经济发展。Weneedabigwintoboostourconfidence.

我们需要一场大胜来增强我们的自信心。20UsefulExpressionsdistribute分布，分散Wedidn’tunderstandhowdifficultitwastodistributeanationalpaper.

我们不明白配销一份全国性的报纸有多么困难。21UsefulExpressionsrestructure重新建构ThepresidentcalledoneducatorsandpoliticianstohelphimrestructureAmericaneducation.

该总统号召教育家和政治家们帮助他重新建构美国的教育。22UsefulExpressionspercapita人均的Theyhavetheworld'slargestpercapitaincome.

他们有世界上最高的人均收入。23UsefulExpressionsnet净的，纯的Whatyouactuallyreceiveisnetofdeductions.

你实际上得到的是净扣除额。Therehasbeenanetgaininjobsinourcountry.

我们国家的工作机会最终还是增多了。24UsefulExpressionsasset资本，资产Ourcreativityinthefieldoftechnologyisourgreatestasset.

我们在技术领域的创造力是我们最大的资本。Bytheendof1989thegrouphadassetsof$3.5billion.

到1989年底该集团已有35亿美元的资产。25UsefulExpressionsneo-liberal新自由主义Sowhatlessonsaretobelearnedfromthefailureoftheneo-liberaleconomicmodel?

那么我们到底要从新自由主义经济模式的失败中吸取些什么教训呢？26UsefulExpressionswithdraw撤出（资本）Hestatedthatallforeignforceswouldwithdrawassoonasthecrisisended.

他声明危机一结束所有外国军队就会撤退。Openasavingsaccountthatdoesnotchargeridiculousfeestowithdrawmoney.

开立一个取钱时不荒唐地收取费用的储蓄账户。27UsefulExpressionstelephony通话Theseopticalfibersmaybeusedfornewsortsoftelephony.

这些光纤可以应用在新型电话通讯系统。28UsefulExpressionsrevolutionize彻底改革Overthepastfortyyearsplasticshaverevolutionizedthewaywelive.

在过去40年里，塑料完全改变了我们的生活方式。29UsefulExpressionsautomation自动化Theyphraseinnewmachineryforincreasedautomation.

他们逐步采用新机器以提高自动化程度。30UsefulExpressionsdisplace取代，替代Thesefactorieshavedisplacedtourismasthecountry’slargestsourceofforeignexchange.

这些工厂已经取代了旅游业而成为该国最大的外汇来源。31UsefulExpressionsinterdependence相互依赖However,Ihaveatleastacertaindegreeofawarenessofthisinterdependence.

不过，我至少一定程度上意识到了这种相互依赖性。32StartingUpQuestionWhatcharacterizesthephenomenonofglobalization?Doyouthinktheeffectsofglobalizationarepositiveornegative?33Answerthefollowingquestionsbriefly1.Whathascausedthegrowthofworldtradesince1955?Thegrowthintradehasbeenlargelycausedbydramaticimprovementsincommunicationandtransportandtheadoptionoffreetradeprinciplesacrosstheworld.34Answerthefollowingquestionsbriefly2.Whathasbeenarguedaboutnationaleconomies?Nationaleconomiesthattradeopenlyandfreelywiththeinternationaleconomyhaveconsistentlygrownmuchfasterthanthosecountriesthattrytoisolatethemselves.35Answerthefollowingquestionsbriefly3.WhyhaveLDCsinAfricanandnetfood-importingcountrieshadlittlebenefitfrominternationalfreetradeagreements?ReasonsincludethecontinuedsubsidizationoffoodproductioninpartsofthedevelopedworldanddependenceofLDCeconomiesoncommoditiesratherthanmanufacturedgoodsandservices.36Answerthefollowingquestionsbriefly4.Whatarethesolutionsadvocatedbyneo-liberaleconomistsandpoliticalleaders?Solutionsincludedprivatizingallstateenterprises,removingallobstaclestoforeigninvestment,loweringtaxes,reducinggovernmentspendingandremovingcontrolsonfinancialinstitutions.37Answerthefollowingquestionsbriefly5.Whyhavesomesectorssuchasagricultureandmanufacturingwitnessedsignificantdropsinemployment?Itisduetoincreasedautomationorbecausetheenterpriseshavenotkeptupwithrapidchangesintheglobalmarketplace.38CompletethefollowingpassagebyfillingeachofthenumberedblankswithonesuitablewordRapidadvances

ininformationtechnologyhaveimprovedproductivityinmostindustries.Newindustries,suchasInternetService

Providers,andnewformsofemployment,suchasITspecialists,havealsobeencreated.Businesspractices

havebeenevolutionizedbythefreeflowofinformationandautomatingtechnologieswhichallowproducerstoaccessraw

materialsjustwhentheyneedthemandsupply

productsinamoretimelymanner.Thewaywebuy

andsellproductshasalsochangeddramaticallywiththeemergenceofe-businesses,suchasAmazon.Informationaboutfinancialmarkets

canspreadaroundtheworldatincreasingspeeds

andfinancialtransactions

canoccurinasplitsecond.Asaresult,enterprises,individualsandevennationshaveincreasedaccesstocapital

andfinancialproductsforinvestmentorspeculation.advancesServicepracticesrawsupplybuymarketsspeedstransactionscapital39TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish1.随着全球化戏剧性地重塑我们的世界，人们仍在激烈争论全球化是带来了积极影响还是消极影响。Asglobalizationdramaticallyreshapesourworld,debatesrageaboutwhethertheeffectsofglobalizationarepositiveornegative.40TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish2.最近几十年的国际贸易会议通过降低关税和补贴，有效促进了富裕国家间的制成品贸易。Internationaltrademeetingsinrecentdecadeshavehelpedboosttradeinmanufacturedgoodsbetweenrichcountriesbyreducingtariffsandsubsidies.41TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish3.该系统已允许他们重建经济，并使他们成为原材料的进口商和更有价值的人造材料及后续服务的出口商。Thesystemhasallowedthemtorestructuretheireconomiessothattheybecomeimportersofrawmaterialsandexportersofmorevaluablemanufacturedmaterialsand,later,services.42TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish4.这种资本自由流动于全球，但其所有权仍高度集中于富裕国家和一些发展中国家。Thiscapitalflowsfreelyaroundtheglobebutownershipofthecapitalishighlyconcentratedamongrichcountriesandafewdevelopingcountries.43TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish5.金融市场的信息以不断增加的速度在世界各地传播，且金融交易可以在转瞬间发生。Informationaboutfinancialmarketscanspreadaroundtheworldatincreasingspeedsandfinancialtransactionscanoccurinasplitsecond.44Listening45A.Matchthefollowingwordswiththeirmeanings1.I2.j3.a4.e5.g6.h7.b8.c9.d10.f46B.Answerthefollowingquestions1.Globalizationstillremainsonthesurface.2.Absolutely!Eveninmoredevelopedregionsthispracticeholdstrue.3.Itcouldbethatculturewillultimatelybecomehomogenized,butitwouldtakeawhile.47B.Answerthefollowingquestions4.Inthe1950sand1960s,AsialookeduptotheUnitedStatesasamodelofmodernization.Now,AsianslookmoreatthedarksideoftheAmericansocietyandtheyfeelthatAmericaisnotaveryattractivemodel.48C.WriteyouranswersinthespacesprovidedComponentsofCultureDeepermoralnormsthataffecthowpeoplelinktogether.DeeperIdentitiesforCultureLanguage,socialnetwork,religion,andraceSocialNetworkinLatin-AmericanCountriesManyofthelargestcompaniesarealmostalwayscontrolledbyagroupoffamilies.49D.Writeyouranswersinthespacesprovided1.Asetofculturalattributesthatmustaccompanyeconomicmodernizationincludeagreaterdegreeofindividualism.Thatistosay,peoplewillbeevaluatedontheirachievementratherthanintermsoftheirfamilybackgrounds.2.

ThatpeopleseemtothinkglobalizationisgoingtobemuchmorehomogenizingthanitreallyisbothersProfessorCarterabouttherecentdiscussionsofglobalization.3.Itistheprosperity

broughtaboutbyglobalizationthatpermitsculturestoreallyasserttheirownuniqueness.individualismachievement2.Thatpeopleseemtothinkglobalizationisgoingtobemuchmorehomogenizingthanitreallyisprosperity50E.DecidewhetherthefollowingstatementsareTrue(T)orFalse(F)1.F2.T3.F51Speaking52A.Toensurethatthefreetradecangosmoothly,someregionalandinternationaleconomicorganizationshavebeenbuiltup.Matchthetwocolumns,andsharewiththeclasswhatyouknowabouttheseorganizations,basedonyourpreviousknowledgeandresearchontheInternet.53B.Participateinamockglobaltradeconference,inwhichrepresentativesofmanycountriesdiscussimportantinternationaltradeissuessuchasbarriers,tariffsandquotas.Eachstudentorapairofstudentsshouldresearchanassignedcountry,investigatingthecountry’simports,exports,economicstabilityorinstability,politicalatmosphere,currentevents,andanyotherrelevantinformation.Studentsthenrepresenttheirassignedcountries’viewsinthemocktradeconference,alwaysrememberinghowthegroups’decisionswillaffecttheir“homecountries”.54ExtendedTask55Readthefollowingpassage“Wemustresistde-globalization”byDavidGreenawayanddiscusswhatlessonsyoucanlearn.56Globalizationisstillanemotiveword,butthephenomenonhasbeengoingonforcenturies.WhathavetheRomanseverdoneforus?Well,theyplayedtheirpart.China’sHanDynasty(206BC-AD220)wasacrucialcomponentofthesamewell-establishedtradenetworkof2,000yearsago,andnowthecountryonceagainstandsattheheartoftheworldeconomy.ButfewnationsknowbetterthanChinathatglobalizationcangobackwardaswellasforward.Witnessthe400yearsofisolationbeforethesweepingeconomicreformsthathavewroughtsuchadramatictransformationduringthepastthreedecades.Now,quitesuddenly,thethreatofisolationismloomsagain.Allovertheworld,bankersandinvestorshaveretreatedtotheirdomesticmarkets,drivenbackbytheenervatingeffectsoftheglobalfinancialmeltdown.57Twoyearsago,theBankforInternationalSettlements(BIS)releasedanalarmingsetoffiguresthatrevealedcross-borderlendinghadplummetedby$4.8trillion(3.37trillioneuros)intheninemonthstoDecember2008.Thiswasthemostdramaticfalleverrecorded.Althoughitslatestfiguresinevitablydemonstrateameasureofrecovery,thesameinstitutionrecentlywarnedthatdivergencebetweenmarketsmeansthereisgreateruncertaintynowthanbeforewhathasbecomeknownastheGreatRecession.Itwasataroundthesametimethattherecordfallincross-borderlendingwasannouncedthatChinafirstfloatedtheideaofasuper-sovereignreservecurrencytosupplanttheUSdollar.Astheoncemightywaveoffinancialglobalizationreceded,thisrepresentedadramaticstatementofintentfromtheworld'semergingsuperpower.58Toremindusthisconcepthasbynomeansbeenforgotten,XuHong-cai,adeputydirectorattheChinaCenterforInternationalEconomicExchanges,recentlyproducedapaperthatcalledforanendtothedominanceofthedollarintheinterestsof“stabilityandfairness”.HiscallwaspublicizedaheadofaG20seminaratwhichChina’sownexchangeratewasnotupfordiscussion.Withconfidencelowandtensionshigh,itseemstheonlythingthecreditcrunchhashelpedtospreadisfear.Wefindourselvespotentiallyteeteringonthebrinkonaneraofde-globalization-andthatisaworryingprospect.Atthispointitmightbeofbenefittoreassureourselvesthattheterm“globalization”,althoughitbecamewidespreadonlyinthelatterpartofthe20thcentury,isbynomeansanewoccurrence.59AncientEgypt’stradeintheNearEastmightbeconsideredanearlyexample.Morerecognizably,theSilkRoadbetweenChinaandtheRomanEmpireandtheeffortsoftradersandexplorersduringtheIslamicGoldenAgerepresentimportantlandmarksintheprocess.Fast-forwardtothepresentdayandwefindatrulyworldwidenexusoftrade,technologicalandfinancialintegration,investmentandmigration,embodiedandexemplifiedbyglobalorganizationsincludingtheInternationalMonetaryFundandtheWorldTradeOrganization.Insomerespects,theso-calleddeathofdistanceisallbutcomplete.Thecriticismsofglobalizationarewellknown.Increasedinequality,povertyandsocialexclusion,imbalancesineconomicpoweranddoublestandardsininternationalrulesareregularlycited.Theypresentchallengesthathavetobemanaged.However,theymustbeweighedagainstveryrealandtangiblegains.60Globalizationbringsmoreefficientuseofscarceresources,agreaterandcheaperrangeofgoodsandservices,reducedpoverty,fastereconomicgrowthandrisinglivingstandards.Thelasttwoofthesebenefitsareclearlylinked.Takingsomerandomexamples,wecaneasilydemonstratehowevensmalldifferencesingrowthratesleadtolargedifferencesinlivingstandards.In1900,theGDPpercapitaofArgentinaandAustriawas$2,765and$2,882ayear.Duringthecourseofthenextcenturytheirgrowthrateswere1.13percentand1.94percent.By2000,theirGDPpercapitawas$8,544and$20,077.Lookingatmorerecentsuccessstories,bothChinaandIndiahadhighlyprotectiveandinward-lookingeconomiespriortothe1990s.Evenby1992China’stariffsonimportsaveragedmorethan40percentandIndia’saprohibitive90percent.By2008,China’saveragetariffwasunder10percentandIndia'sunder30percent.61Todate,China,ofcourse,hassubstantiallyoutperformedIndia.Greaterrolesforforeigndirectinvestment,exportdevelopmentandtechnologyupgrading-allkeyelementsofglobalization-havebeencrucialtothedisparity.China’srisehasbecomeperhapsthedefiningstoryofglobalization.Moredramaticallythananyothernation,ithasshownhowincreasedglobalizationcanleadtoanincreaseinboththequantityandqualityofavailableproductiveassets.Globally,meanwhile,thenumbersspeakforthemselves.Worldwidemerchandisetradein2005-2006amountedto$11.8trillionandservicestrade$2.7trillion;foreigninvestmentflowsstoodat$916billion;andforeigninvestmentstockswereworth$10.1trillion.62Alittleoverayearlater,somewhereintheUnitedStatessubprimemortgagemarket,thetidebegantoturn.Thankstothecreditcrunchandthecripplingdreaditengendered,cross-borderflows-inmanywaystheverylifebloodofglobalization-allbutseizedup.ThiswasespeciallynotableintheUS,whichsuffereda$109billionexodusofforeigncapitalinthefinalthreequartersof2008.Inthepreviousninemonthstherewasa$774billioninflow.Foritsownpart,seeminglypromptedbytherescueofBearStearns,theUSrepatriated$750billioninthelastthreequartersof2008.Withdomesticlendingdominant,