第三讲　名词和数词

第三讲名词和数词●高考感悟/练真题·悟技法·锁定目标●单句语法填空1．[2023·新课标Ⅱ卷]Theyalsoneedtobereadytogive________(interview)inEnglishwithinternationaljournalists.2．[2023·全国甲卷]However,Carson'sthemeisamoreweighty________(warn)aboutenvironmentaldestruction.3．[2023·全国乙卷]Butforallitsancientbuildings,Beijingisalsoaplacethatwelesthefast­paceddevelopmentofmodernlife,with21st­centuryarchitectural________(wonder)standingsidebysidewithhistoricalbuildingsofthepast.4．[2022·新高考Ⅰ卷]TheGPNP'smaingoalistoimproveconnectivitybetweenseparate________(population)andhomesofgiantpandas,andeventuallyachieveadesiredlevelofpopulationinthewild.5．[2022·新高考Ⅱ卷]“Hesavedmy________(son)life，”saidMrs.Brown.“Idon'tknowhowtothankhim.”6．[2022·浙江6月卷]JohnOlson,aformer________(photograph)andhisteamturnpaintingsintofullytextured3Dmodels.7．[2022·全国乙卷]AsamainpromoteroftheInternationalTeaDay,thebirthplaceofteaandthelargesttea­producingcountry,Chinahasa________(responsible)toworkwithothercountriestopromotethehealthydevelopmentoftheteaindustry.8．[2022·浙江6月卷]ForLuc,thismeans________(independent).“Thefeelingofbeingabletoseeitandtoformmyopinionislikebreakingdownanotherwallasablindperson.”9．[2021·全国乙卷]________(activity)thererangefromwhalewatchingtohiking(远足)andacmodationsaimtohavealowimpactonthenaturalenvironment.10．[2020·新高考Ⅰ卷]Historical______(accurate)isimportantbutsoisentertainment.●考点研析/破重点·析疑难·精准清障●考点一名词的数(一)可数名词1．单数名词变为复数名词的规则变化情况方法例词一般情况加­sstudent→students，teacher→teachers，doctor→doctors，table→tables以­s，­x，­ch，­sh结尾加­esglass→glasses，dish→dishes，box→boxes，watch→watches；但stomach复数形式直接加s以“辅音字母＋y”结尾变y为i再加­esfamily→families，baby→babies，army→armies，body→bodies续表情况方法例词以­f或­fe结尾大都变f或fe为v，再加­es少数加­sthief→thieves，wife→wives，knife→knives，shelf→shelves，life→lives，belief→beliefs，proof→proofs，roof→roofs，chief→chiefs以­o结尾通常加­s有的加­esradio→radios，video→videos，zoo→zoos，tobacco→tobaccos，hero→heroes，potato→potatoes，tomato→tomatoes2.不规则变化变化规则例词自身有特殊变化的名词child→children，man→men，tooth→teeth，foot→feet，mouse→mice，phenomenon→phenomena，medium→media单复数同形Chinese，sheep，deer，series，means，works，species(二)不可数名词1．常见的20个不可数名词单词词义单词词义rubbish垃圾luggage行李information信息advice建议fun乐趣homework家庭作业progress进步equipment设备bread面包wealth财富knowledge知识room空间work工作weather天气music音乐news新闻；消息traffic交通meat肉word消息luck运气2.抽象名词的具体化：具有某种特性、状态、情感的抽象名词在表示具体的概念时，可以与不定冠词连用。这就是抽象名词的具体化。抽象名词具体化success成功asuccess一个(件)成功的人或事failure失败afailure一个(件)失败的人或事surprise惊讶asurprise一件令人惊讶的事情pleasure乐意apleasure一件乐事honour荣誉anhonour一件引以为荣的事考点二名词所有格情况构成示例表示有生命的名词的所有格在词尾加“'s”theboy'sbag,men'srooms若名词已有复数词尾s只在词尾加“'”theworkers'struggle如果两个名词并列，且分别加“'s”，则表示“分别有……”；若只有后一个名词加“'s”，则表示两个“共有”。John'sandMary'srooms(两间)；JohnandMary'sroom(一间)续表情况构成示例省略格：在表示店铺、教堂、诊所的名称或某人的家时，名词所有格的后面常省略它所修饰的名词。atthedoctor's在诊所；atmysister's在我姐姐(妹妹)的家表示时间、距离、长度、重量、价值、国家、城市等无生命名词的所有格在词尾加“'s”来表示所属关系，意为“……的”atwentyminutes'walk,atenmiles'journey,twopounds'weight,tendollars'worthof属格：无生命的名词的所有格用of结构amapofChina,theendofthisterm,thecapitalofourcountry,thecolouroftheflowers双重所有格of＋名词“'s”结构afriendofmyfather's,worksofLuXun's考点三派生名词1.动词转化成名词后缀例词­ion/­tion/­sion/­ationcorrect→correction改正celebrate→celebration庆祝(活动)discuss→discussion讨论；论述decide→decision决定invite→invitation邀请explain→explanation解释­er/­orgather→gatherer收集者，采集者teach→teacher老师direct→director导演conduct→conductor指挥；售票员­mentpunish→punishment惩罚achieve→achievement功绩；成就argue→argument辩论；论据treat→treatment对待；治疗­ance/­enceappear→appearance出现；外貌guide→guidance指引；指导exist→existence存在；生活prefer→preference偏爱­ure/­turefail→failure失败；倒闭press→pressure压力depart→departure离开；出发mix→mixture混合；混合物­inghear→hearing听力，听觉begin→beginning开始续表后缀例词­yrecover→recovery恢复，痊愈discover→discovery发现其他choose→choice选择vary→variety多样化；种类tend→tendency趋向，趋势2.形容词转化成名词后缀例词­ageshort→shortage不足，短缺­cyefficient→efficiency效率；功效fluent→fluency流利，流畅accurate→accuracy准确性private→privacy隐私，私密­domfree→freedom自由wise→wisdom明智；智慧­encedifferent→difference差异silent→silence沉默­nessweak→weakness虚弱；弱点kind→kindness仁慈，友好careless→carelessness粗心大意rich→richness富有；丰富­thstrong→strength力气；优势long→length长度warm→warmth温暖；热情grow→growth成长­y/­ty/­ityhonest→honesty诚实difficult→difficulty困难safe→safety安全cruel→cruelty残忍disable→disability缺陷；伤残responsible→responsibility责任即学即练单句语法填空1．[2023·北京卷]Mangrovescanhelpsoftenwavesandprotect________(city)fromcoastalwinds.2．[2023·新课标Ⅱ卷]SinceJune2017,rightbeforethe________(arrive)ofthetwonewpandas,MengMengandJiaoQing,IhavebeenhelpingthepandakeepersatthezootofeelmorefortableandconfidentspeakingEnglish.3．[2023·全国甲卷]Thebees,________(butterfly)andmanyotherinsectslookedlovelyandbeautifulonthestamps.4．[2022·全国甲卷]CaoandWualsocollectedgarbagealongtheroad,inordertopromoteenvironmental________(protect)．5．[2022·浙江1月卷]Whentheanswerwasno,shedeclinedthe________(invite).6．[2021·浙江卷6月]Beautifullyrestored(修复)toits1860appearance,thehousewasAbrahamandMaryLincoln'shomefor17years.In1844theyboughtitfor$1，200andsomelandfromCharlesDresser,whoperformedtheir________(marry)ceremonyin1842.7．[2021·北京卷]Whydowedream?Scientistsaren'tpletelysure,andtheyhavediverse________(idea)．8．[2021·浙江卷1月]Itiscalculatedbydividinga________(person)weightinkgbytheirheightinmeterssquared.andaBMIofbetween19and25isconsideredhealthy.9．[2021·全国乙卷]Itisdifferentfromtraditionaltourismbecauseitallowsthetravelertobeeeducatedabouttheareas—bothintermsofgeographicalconditionsandculturalcharacteristics,andoftenprovidesmoneyforconservationandbenefitsthe________(develop)ofthelocalareas.10．[2021·新高考Ⅰ卷]Therollingseaofcloudsyouseeonceyouareatthetopwillremindyouhowtinywe________(human)are.考点四数词的基本用法数词属于高考试题中不常考查的冷点，主要涉及基数词和序数词的基本用法及区别，序数词前的修饰词以及分数的正确表达等。1．基数词(1)名词性数词hundred,thousand,million等前有数词或several时不能用复数形式，其后所跟的复数名词前不加of，表“一百，一千，一百万”时需加one或不定冠词a。如表不确切的数目应用hundreds/thousands/millionsof＋复数名词。(2)用以表示年龄时，逢十的基数词复数之前应加物主代词，如inherforties“在她四十多岁时”。2．序数词(1)序数词前一般要加上定冠词或物主代词等限定词。Itwasthe/myfirstvisittoEurope.那是(我)第一次去欧洲。(2)分数的分母部分用序数词，分子用基数词，分子为1时，分母用序数词的单数形式，分子为2及以上时，分母用序数词的复数形式。即学即练单句语法填空1．[2023·全国甲卷]Fableswerepartoftheoraltraditionofmanyearlycultures,andthewell­knownAesop'sfablesdatetothe________(six)century,B.C．2．Hawkingrefusedtoacceptthepredictionsthathewouldonlyliveforafewyearsafterdevelopingaformofmotorneuronediseaseinhisearly________(twenty)．3．Withnewtechnologiesintroduced，thepanymade________(two)asmanyputersastheyearbeforelast.●小试牛刀/夯基础·提技能·高效备考●Ⅰ.语法填空[2024·江苏省苏州市调研卷]WhilemostwesternersknowthestoryofHuaMulanthroughananimatedfilm,she1.________(be)apopularcharacterofChineselegend(传说)foroverathousandyears.Oneofthemostfamousstoriesaboutheris2.________1917BeijingOpera,MulanJoinstheArmy.Traditionally,nowomen3.________(allow)toperforminoperas,somenplayedalltheroles.ThoughwomenwerenolongerprohibitedbythetimeMulanJoinstheArmywasfirstperformed,4.________wasstillmonformentoperformfemaleroles,sothepartofHuaMulanwasmostfamouslyplayedbythemaleactor,MeiLanfang(1894—1961)．Inshort,thestoryisaboutagirl,HuaMulan,5.________fatheriscalleduptowar.AsHuaMulanworriesthatherfatheristooelderlytofight,shedecidestodressasamanandgo6.________hisplace.Aftermanyyearsofwar,sheisofferedarewardforherservice,butshe7.________(turn)itdownsothatshecangohome.Itisonlymuch8.________(late)thatthefriendsshemadeduringthewardiscoversheisnotaman.HuaMulanisasymboltomanyChinesepeoplebecauseshestronglyillustratesvaluesthattheyappreciate.Asaloyaldaughter,shefightsfirstforherfamily,andthenforhercountry,9.________(show)braveryandpleteselflessnessinheractions,winningpraiseand10.________(admire)fromothers,andbringinggreathonortoherfamily.Ⅱ.写作运用完成下面短文，注意本部分语法的运用。Towhomitmayconcern：1．________________________________(我是你的一个顾客).IorderedasetofBookwormSeriesonyourwebsitetwoweeksago,butIdidn'treceivethemuntilyesterday.2.________________________________(令我十分失望的是),thebooksweresopoorlypackedupthat3.________________________________________(其中一本书的书皮破损了).Tomakemattersworse,itisnotapleteset,asIfoundonebookmissing.I'msorrytohavereceivedsuchpoorservice,andIbelieveIhaveeveryrighttoaskyoutodealwiththisproblem.Ihopethatyoueitherreturnmymoney4.________________________________(或者给我派送一套新书).Besides,I'dliketobeinformedoftheprocessofyourdealingwithmyplaint.5．________________________________(期盼你的回复).Yours，LiHua专题二需要“变形”的名词、数词、形容词和副词第三讲名词和数词高考感悟1．答案与解析：interviews考查名词的数。句意：他们还需要准备好用英语接受国际记者的采访。空处应填名词作宾语，interview意为“采访”为可数名词，不止一段采访，应用复数形式。2．答案与解析：warning考查名词。形容词weighty后接名词形式。根据句中不定冠词a可知，用单数形式。3．答案与解析：wonders考查名词。空处为名词形式；根据下文的“historicalbuildingsofthepast”可知，空处为名词的复数形式。4．答案与解析：populations考查名词。设空处和and后的复数名词homes并列在句中作宾语，应用可数名词population(种群)的复数形式。5．答案与解析：son's考查名词所有格。句意：他拯救了我儿子的生命。根据句意，life与提示词son之间是所属关系，故应该使用名词所有格。6．答案与解析：photographer考查名词。此处表示JohnOlson之前是一名摄影师。分析句子结构可知，空格前有冠词“a”和形容词“former”修饰，此处应用可数名词photographer的单数形式。故填photographer。7．答案与解析：responsibility考查名词。不定冠词a后接可数名词的单数形式。故填responsibility。8．答案与解析：independence考查名词。句意：对卢克来说，这意味着独立。不可数名词independence作mean的宾语。9．答案与解析：Activities考查名词的数。本空作主语，且本句的谓语动词是range，故主语应是名词复数activities，空格位于句首，首字母应大写。10．答案与解析：accuracy考查名词。句意：历史的准确性很重要，但娱乐也很重要。此处做主语，位于形容词historical之后，应使用名词，意为“历史的准确性”。故填accuracy。考点研析考点三即学即练1．答案与解析：cities考查名词复数。此处应用名词city作宾语，为可数名词，应用复数形式。2．答案与解析：arrival考查名词。空前是冠词，空后是介词，所以空处应填名词作介词before的宾语，arrive的名词形式是arrival，不可数名词。3．答案与解析：butterflies考查名词的数。句意：根据上文Thebees可知，此处应用复数形式。4．答案与解析：protection考查名词。根据句意和空前的形容词environmental可知，此处应用名词protection，作宾语，protection表示“保护”时，是不可数名词。5．答案与解析：invitation考查名词。此处需填入名词作动词decline的宾语。6．答案与解析：marriage考查词性转换。根据句意可知，此处要用名词marriage作ceremony的定语，表示“结婚仪式，结婚典礼”。故填marriage。7．答案与解析：ideas考查名词复数。句意：他们有各种各样的观点。可见idea应用复数形式。故填ideas。8．答案与解析：person's考查名词所有格。句意：它的计算方法是用一个人的体重(公斤)除以身高(米)的平方，BMI在19到25之间被认为是健康的。分析句子结构可知，person是修饰weight的，用person的名词所有格person's。故填person's。9．答案与解析：development考查名词。空格在冠词the之后，应填名词development“发展”。10．答案与解析：humans考查名词的复数。本空作宾语从句主语we的同位语，故应该用名词的复数形式。考点四即学即练1．答案与解析：sixth考查数词。句意：寓言是许多古代文化口述传统的一部分，而著名的伊索寓言可以追溯到公元前6世纪。century(世纪)前面有定冠词the，前面要用序数词形式。2．答案与解析：twenties考查数词。句意：霍金拒绝接受他在二十出头时患了运动神经元病后只能活几年的预言。inone'stwenties“在某人二十多岁时”。3．答