基础英语考试试题2003

考试科目：基础英 满分：150GRAMMAR(20points,1pointDirections:Inthissection,thereare20sentenceseachwithonewordorphrasemissing.ChooseoneofthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,C,andDthatbestcompletesthesentence.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletterontheANSWERSHEETbyblackeningit. Therearemanyvaluableserviceswhichthepublicarewillingtopayfor,butwhich bringareturninmoneytothecommunity.A.does B.didC.could D.doTheradiowasof inferiorqualitythatItookitbackandaskedforabetterone.A. B.C. D.Mary,yousangwelllastnight.Wehopeyou’llsing A.more B.stillC.lot D.bitFormanyyears,SpanishcensorshipdidnotallowLorca’snametobementionedorhis A.being B.frombeingC. D.tobeMostelectronicdevicesofthiskind, manufacturedforsuchpurposes,aretightlyA.that B.itC.which D.asIfhe dancing,we’dhavetakenhimtothediscotheque.A.had B.hasC. D.Theguests ,hebegantoworkonthisbookA.have B.havingC.were D.Itisonlywhenyounearlylosesomeone fullyconsciousofhowmuchyouvaluehim.A.doyou B.thenyouC.thatyou D.haveyou ,hedoesgetirritatedwithherA.Muchashelikes B.AslikesherC.Althoughmuchhelikes D.MuchalthoughhelikesIappreciated theopportunitytostudyabroadtwoyearsago.A.tohave B.tohavebeenC.havingbeen D.havingShemanagedtosave shecouldoutofherwagestohelpherbrother.A.howlittle B.solittleC.suchlittle D.whatlittleItwasasaphysicianthatherepresentedhimself,and hewaswarmlyreceived.A.as B.suchC.as D.soHisstrongsenseofhumorwas makeeveryoneintheroomburstoutlaughing.A.soas B.suchasC.so D.suchFatcannotchangeinto musclechangesintofat.A.anymore B.nomoreC.no D.muchmoreHewas totellthetrutheventohisclosestfriend.A.toomuchthe B.enoughofaC.toomuchofa D.acowardHaveyoueverbeeninasituation youknowtheotherpersonisrightyetyoucannotagreewithyou?A.by B.C.in D.Cancerissaid thenumber-onekilleroverthepastfewyearsinthatregion.A. B.tohaveC.to D.having himtomorrow?A.Whynottocall B.Whydon’tcallC.Whynotcalling D.WhynotcallYou Jimanythingaboutit.Itwasnoneofhisbusiness.A.needn’thave B.needn’tC.mustn’thave D.mustn’tHe unwisely,buthewasatleasttryingtodosomethinghelpful.A.would B.shouldC.musthave D.mayhaveVOCABULARY(30points,1pointeach)SectionADirections:Inthissection,therearetensentenceswithonewordorphraseunderlinedeach.ChooseoneofthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,C,andDthatbestkeepsthemeaningofthesentence.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletterontheANSWERSHEETbyblackeningit.SouthCarolina’smineralresourcesareabundant,butnotallofthemcanbelucratively B.C. D FossilsarethetracesofplantsandanimalsofpastgeologicalagesthathavebeenpreservedintheEarth’scrust.A. B.C. D.TheunusualhuesfoundintheartworkofsomeancientcivilizationsareattributedtoplantA. B.C. D.ThejanitorsvnchronizedalltheclocksinthebuildingonceeverytwoA. B.C. D. UnlesstheconcordcontainsaprovisionforaUnitedNationspeace-keepingforcetopatroltheborders,theGeneralAssemblyisnotlikelytoratifyit.A. B.C. D.TheconcurrenceoftheheadsofstatewastotallyA. B.C. D.WhathesaidwascontrariwisetowhatweA. B.C. D.TheconceptofupwardsocialmobilityhasbeenanabidingfeatureofAmericanIA. B.C. DBewareofpickpocketsinpublicA.Takecare B.TakenoteC.Watchout DLookThewesternslopesofthemountainsoftheSierraNevadarangearedeeplyincisedbynumerousstreams.A. B.C. DSectionDirections:Inthissectionthereare20sentenceseachwithonewordorphrasemissing.ChooseoneofthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,C,andDthatbestcompletesthesentence.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletterontheANSWERSHEETbyblackeningit.Thepolicehaveofferedalarge forinformationleadingtotherobber’sarrest.A. B.C. D.Thelocalgovernmentrealizedtheneedtomake forelderlypeopleinitshousingA. B.C. D.TheOlympicGames in776B.C.inOlympia,asmalltowninGrace.A. B.C. D.RiteofPassageisagoodnovelbyanystandards; itshouldrankhighonanylistofsciencediction.A. B.C. D.Obviously,theChairman’sremarksattheconferencewere andnotplanned.A. B.C. D.Haveyoueverreceived ofwhathashappenedtoher?A.the B.C. D.theWemadeplaysforavisit,but difficultieswiththecarpreventedA. B.C. D.Hisspeechwasclever,althoughthe wasn’tinterestinginA.subject B.subjectC.subject D.subjectInthepastthey greatsuffering.A.weresubject B.weresubjectedC.weresubject D.weresubjected ofpayisnolongeralawfulpunishmentinafirm.A. B.C. D.Theyhadprovided stageeffects,suchasearthquakesandfloodsandbattlescenes.A. B.C. D.Americanhistorianshavetriedto abalancebetweenindividualsandsocialgroups,andbetweenthedataofhistoryandtheirsignificance.A. B.C. D.Accuracyis totheprogrammingofcomputers.A. B.C. DTheplanethat inthestormwascarryingagroupofentertainersonroutetotheInternationalFine-artWorksExposition.A. B.C. D.Withthegradualimprovementoftransportationandcommunications,farmershavenowhad tocitiesandtowns.A. B.C. D. “CitizenKane”,whilealways bycritics,wasneverapopularfavoriteformostAmericanviewers.A. B.C. D.Mostpeoplewear shoes.A.easy- B.ready-C.fast- D.artificial-Hehasa thanIhavesohecanclimbbetter.A. B.C. D. forthefloodwasallthatheavymin.A. B.C. D.Ifyouhitthechildagainyou’llhaveme A.putup B.goalongC.reckon D.fightCLOZE(20Directions:Inthissection,thereare20blankswithonewordmissingineachblank.ChooseoneofthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,C,andDthatbestcompletesthepassage.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletterontheANSWERSHEETbyblackeningit.Itisimportantthatthereaderandthewritershouldhavecertainthingsincommon,ifcommunicationbetweenthemistotakeplace.The(1) requirementisthattheyshouldsharethesame(2) :thattheyshouldwriteandunderstandthesamelanguage.Theyshouldalsohaveincommona(3) ofthatlanguagethatisnottoowidelydifferent:(4) thereaderhasafarsmallervocabularythanthewriter,(5) ,hewillfindthetexthardtounderstand.Inreadingby(6) offoreignlanguages,thisproblemisbasicandfamiliar.Amoreinteresting(7) isthatthewriterandreader(8) sharecertainassumptionsaboutthe(9) andthewayitworks.Wesawthatifthewriter(10) readertohaveabasicunderstanding(11) chemistry,thetextwillnotbereadilyunderstoodby(12) wholacksthis;thewriterdoesnottellthereader(13) heassumesisalreadyknown.Soproblemsinunderstanding(14) whenthereisamismatch(15) thepresuppositionsofthewriterand(16) oftheNaturallytherealwaysisamismatchofsomekind;no(17) peoplehavehadidenticalexperiencesof(18) ,sothewriterisalways(19) toomitsomethingthathetakesfor(20) ,butthatthereaderdoesnot.1.A.B.C.D.2.A.B.C.D.3.A.B.C.D.4.A.B.C.D.5.A.letB.thatC.suchD.for6.A.B.C.D.7.A.B.C.D.8.A.B.C.D.9.A.B.C.D.10.A.B.C.D.I1.A.B.C.D.12.A.B.noC.D.13.A.B.C.D.14.A.B.C.D.15.A.B.C.D.16.A.B.C.D.17.A.B.C.D.18.A.B.C.D.19.A.B.C.D.20.A. B. C. D.READINGCOMPREHENSION(30Stillmorecomplexformsofrealisticthinkingseemtooccurwhentasksarepresentedinwhichthegoalisimpossible(orverydifficult)toachievedirectly.Insuchsituations,peoplecommonlyappeartopassthroughintermediatestagesofexploringandorganizingtheirresources;in-deed,onemayfirstneedtoexerthimselfinunderstandingtheproblemitselfbeforehecanbegintoseekpossibledirectionstowardasolution.Familiarexamplesofproblem-solvingtasksincludeanagrams(e.g.,rearrange“lpepa”tospell“apple”);mathematicalproblems;mechanicalpuzzles;verbal“brainteasers”(e.g.,Isitlegalforamantomarryhiswidow’ssister?);and,inamorepracticalsense,designandconstructionproblems.Alsoofinterestareissuesofhumanrelations,games,andquestionspertinenttoeconomicsandpolitics.Problem-solvingactivityfallsbroadlyintotwocategories;oneemphasizessimpletrialanderror,theotherrequiressomedegreeofinsight.Intrialanderror,theindividualproceedsmainlybyexploringandmanipulatingelementsoftheproblemsituationinanefforttosortoutpossibilitiesandtorunacrossstepsthatmightcarryhimclosertothegoal.Thisbehaviorismostlikelytobeobservedwhentheproblemsolverlacksadvanceknowledgeaboutthecharacterofthesolution,orwhennosingleruleseemstounderliethesolution.Trial-and-erroractivityisnotnecessarilyovert(asinone’sobservableattemptstofittogetherthepiecesofamechanicalpuzzle);itmaybeimplicitorvicariousaswell,theindividualreflectingonthetaskandsymbolicallytestingpossibilitiesbythinkingaboutthem.Instrivingtowardinsight,apersontendstoexhibitastrongorientationtowardunderstandingprinciplesthatmightbearonthesolutionsought.Thepersonactivelyconsiderswhatisrequiredbytheproblem,nothinghowitselementsseemtobeinterrelated,andseekssomerulethatmightleaddirectlytothegoal.Theinsightfulthinkerislikelytocenterontheproblemtounderstandwhatisneeded,totakethetimetoorganizehisresources,andtorecentreontheproblem(reinterpretthesituation)inapplyinganyprinciplethatseemstoholdpromise.Directionandflexibilitycharacterizeinsightfulproblemsolving.Thethinkerdirectsorguideshisstepstowardsolutionaccordingtosomeplan;heexhibitsflexibilityinhisabilitytomodifyortoadaptproceduresasrequiredbyhisplanandinalteringtheplanitself.Bothcharacteristicsareinfluencedbythethinker’sattitudesandbyenvironmentalconditions.If,forexample,thetaskistoemptyalengthofglasstubingofwater(withoutbreakingit)byremovingwaxplugsaboutahalf-inchupthetubefromeachend,andtheonlypotentialtoolsareafewobjectsordinarilyfoundonadesktop,theusualappearanceandfunctionsofsuchcommonobjectsmaymakeitdifficultfortheproblemsolvertoseehowtheycanbeadaptedtofittaskrequirements.Ifapaperclipisperceivedasholdingasheafofpapersintheusualway,suchperceptionwouldtendtointerferewiththeindividual’sabilitytoemploytheprinciplethatthedip’sshapecouldbechanged:straightenedoutforuseinpokingaholeinthewax.Theunderlinedword“pertinent”inthefirstparagraphmoatprobablymeans B.C. D.Thesecondparagraphismainlyabout problem-solvingtrial-and-errortwocategoriesofproblemimplicitactivityinproblemTheexampleofemptyingalengthofglasstubingofwaterinthelastparagraphisgiventoillustratethat commonobjectsonadesktoparenotsuitableforperformingsuchaapaperclipshouldnotbeusedintheusualwayinthistheshapeofapaperclipcouldeasilybeflexibilityisthekeytosolvingaAserviceisanactoflabororaperformancethatdoesnotproduceatangiblecommodityanddoesnotresultinthecustomer’sownershipofanything.Itsproductionmayormaynotbetiedtoaphysicalproduct.Thus,therearepureservicesthatinvolvenotangibleproduct(aswithpsychotherapy),tangiblegoodswithaccompanyingservices(suchasacomputersoftwarepackagewithfreesoftwaresupport),andhybridproductservicesthatconsistofpartsofeach(forinstance,restaurantsareusuallypatronizedforboththeirfoodandtheirservice).Servicescanbedistinguishedfromproductsbecausetheyareintangible,inseparablefromtheproductionprocess,variable,andperishable.Servicesareintangiblebecausetheycanoftennotbeseen,tasted,felt,heard,orsmelledbeforetheyarepurchased.Apersonpurchasingplasticsurgerycannotseetheresultsbeforethepurchase,andalawyer’sclientcannotanticipatetheoutcomeofacasebeforethelawyer’sworkispresentedincourt.Toreducetheuncertaintythatresultsfromthisintangibility,marketersmaystrivetomaketheirservicetangiblebyemphasizingtheplace,people,equipment,communications,symbols,orpriceoftheservice.Servicesareinseparablefromtheirproductionbecausetheyaretypicallyproducedandconsumedsimultaneously.Thisisnottrueofphysicalproducts,whichareoftenconsumedlongaftertheproducthasbeenmanufactured,inventoried,distributed,andplacedinaretailstore.Inseparabilityisespeciallyevidentinentertainmentservicesorprofessionalservice.Inmanycases,inseparabilitylimitstheproductionofservicesbecausetheyaresodirectlytiedtotheindividualswhoperformthem.Thisproblemcanbealleviatedifaserviceproviderlearnstoworkfasteroriftheserviceexpertisecanbestandardizedandperformedbyanumberofindividuals.Thevariabilityofservicescomesfromtheirsignificanthumancomponent.Notonlydohumansdifferfromoneanother,buttheirperformanceatanygiventimemaydifferfromtheirperformanceatanothertime.Themechanicsataparticularautoservicegarage,forexample,maydifferintermsoftheirknowledgeandexpertise,andeachmechanicwillhave“good”daysand“bad”days.Variabilitycanbereducedbyquality-controlmeasures.Thesemeasurescanincludegoodselectionandtrainingofpersonnelandallowingcustomerstocommunicatedissatisfaction(e.g.,throughcustomersuggestionandcomplaintsystems)sothatpoorservicecanbedetectedandcorrected.Finally,servicesareperishablebecausetheycannotbestored.Becauseofthis,itisdifficultforserviceproviderstomanageanythingotherthansteadydemand.Whendemandincreasesdramatically,serviceorganizationsfacetheproblemofproducingenoughoutputtomeetcustomerneeds.Whenalargetourbusunexpectedlyarrivesatarestaurant,itsstaffmustrushtomeetthedemand,becausethefoodservices(takingorders,makingfood,takingmoney,etc.)cannotbe“warehoused”forsuchanoccasion.Tomanagesuchinstances,companiesmayhirepart-timeemployees,developefficiencyroutinesforpeakdemandoccasions,oraskconsumerstoparticipateintheservice-deliveryprocess.Ontheotherhand,whendemanddropsoffprecipitously,service,organizationsareoftenburdenedwithastaffofserviceproviderswhoarenotperforming.Organizationscanmaintainsteadydemandbyofferingdifferentialpricingduringoff-peaktimes,anticipatingoff-peakhoursbyrequiringreservations,andgivingemployeesmoreflexibleworkshifts.Thefirstparagraphisintendedtotell thedefinitionoftheclassificationofafewtypicalexamplesofthataservicecanoffernothingtangibletoitsAccordingtothispassage,servicesaredifferentfromproductsin theycanbeseen,tasted,felt,heard,ortheycanbemadetheyaretangibleandcanbeseparatedfromtheproductiontheyareintangible,inseparablefromtheproductionprocess,variable,andTheauthorbelievesthat servicesarebecomingmoreandmorequality-controlmeasurescaneffectivelyreducethevariabilityof serviceshavebecomelessinseparablefromtheirproductionbecausetheserviceexpertisehasbeenstandardized itisdifficultforanyserviceprovidertocalmlyandunhurriedlymanagethesteadydemandfromcustomersPicture-takingisatechniquebothforannexingtheobjectiveworldandforexpressingthesingularself.Photographsdepictobjectiverealitiesthatalreadyexist,thoughonlythecameracandisclosethem.Andtheydepictanindividualphotographer’stemperament,discoveringitselfthroughthecamera’scroppingofreality.Thatis,photographyhastwoantitheticalideals;inthefirst,photographyisabouttheworldandthephotographerisamereobserverwhocountsforlittle;butinthesecond,photographyistheinstrumentofintrepid,questingsubjectivityandthephotographerisall.Theseconflictingidealsarisefromafundamentaluneasinessonthepanofbothphotographersandviewersofphotographstowardtheaggressivecomponentin“taking”apicture.Accordingly,theidealofaphotographerasobserverisattractivebecauseitimplicitlydeniesthatpicture-takingisanaggressiveact.Theissueofcourse,isnotsoclear-cut.Whatphotographersdocannotbecharacterizedassimplypredatoryorassimply,andessentially,benevolent.Asaconsequence,oneidealofpicture-takingortheotherisalwaysbeingrediscoveredandAnimportantresultofthecoexistenceofthesetwoidealsisarecurrentambivalence(理)towardphotography’smeans.Whatevertheclaimsthatphotographymightmaketobeaformofpersonalexpressiononaparwithpainting,itsoriginalityisinextricablylinkedtothepowersoramachine.Thesteadygrowthofthesepowershasmadepossibletheextraordinaryinformativenessandimaginativeformalbeautyofmanyphotographs,likeHaroldEdgerton’shigh-speedphotographsofabullethittingitstargetoroftheswirlsandeddiesofatennisstroke.Butascamerasbecomemoresophisticated,moreautomated,somephotographersaretemptedtodisarmthemselvesortosuggestthattheyarenotreallyarmed,preferringtosubmitthemselvestothelimitsimposedbypre-modemcameratechnologybecauseacruder,lesshigh-poweredmachineisthoughttogivemoreinterestingoremotiveresults,toleavemoreroomforcreativeaccident.Forexample,ithasbeenvirtuallyapointofhonorformanyphotographers,includingWalkerEvanaandGarties-Bresson,torefusetousemodemequipment.Thesephotographershavecometodoubtthevalueofthecameraasaninstrumentof“fastseeing.”Cartier-Bresaon,infact,claimsthatthemoderncameramayseetoofast.Thisambivalencetowardphotographicmeansdeterminestrendsintaste.Thecultofthefuture(offasterandfasterseeing)alternateovertimewiththewishtoreturntoapurerpast－whenimageshadahandmadequality.Thisnostalgia(怀旧)forsomepristinestateofthephotographic.enterpriseiscurrentlywidespreadandunderliesthepresent-dayenthusiasmfordaguerreotypes早期银版照相)andtheworkofforgottennineteenthcenturyprovincialphotographers.Photographersandviewersofphotographs,itseems,needperiodicallytoresisttheirownknowingness.Accordingtothepassage,interestamongphotographersmeachofphotography’stwoidealscanbedescribedas rapidlycyclicallysteadilyunimportanttotheviewersofThispassagestatesallofthefollowingaboutphotographs theycandisplayacroppedtheycanconveytheycandepictthephotographerstheycanchangetheviewersTheauthormentionstheworkofHaroldEdgerloninordertoprovideanexample howacontrolledambivalencetowardphotography’smeanscanproduceoutstandinghowthecontentofphotographshaschangedfromthenineteenthcenturytothethepopularityofhigh-speedphotographyinthetwentieththerelationshipbetweenphotographicoriginalityandTheauthorisprimarilyconcernedwith establishingnewtechnicalstandardsforcontemporaryanalyzingtheinfluenceofphotographicidealsonpicture-tracingthedevelopmentofcameratechnologyinthetwentiethdescribinghowphotographers’individualtemperamentsarereflectedintheir Paraphrasethefiveunderlinedsentences,andwriteyouranswersonTHEANSWER(1)Anyseriouseducationaltheorymustconsistoftwoparts:aconceptionoftheendsoflife,andascienceofpsychologicaldynamics,i.e.ofthelawsofmentalchange.Twomenwhodifferastotheendsoflifecannothopetoagreeabouteducation.Theeducationalmachine,throughoutWesterncivilization,isdominatedbytwoethicaltheories:thatofChristianity,andthatofnationalism.Thesetwo,whentakenseriously,areincompatible,asisbecomingevidentGermany.Formypart,Iholdthat,wheretheydiffer,Christianityispreferable,butwheretheyagree,botharemistaken.(2)TheconceptionwhichIshouldsubstituteasthepurposeofeducationiscivilization,atermwhich,asImeanit,hasadefinitionwhichispartlyindividual,partlysocial.Itconsists,intheindividual,ofbothintellectualandmoralqualities:intellectually,acertainminimumofgeneralknowledge,technicalskillinone’sownprofession,andahabitofformingopinionsonevidence;morally,ofimpartiality,kindliness,andamodicumofself-control.Ishouldaddaqualitywhichisneithermoralnorintellectual,butperhapsphysiological:zestandjoyofIncommunities,civilizationdemandsrespectforlaw,justiceasbetweenmanandman,purposesnotinvolvingpermanentinjurytoanysectionofthehumanrace,andintelligentadaptationofmeanstoends.Ifthesearetobethepurposeofeducation,itisaquestionforthescienceofpsychologytoconsiderwhatcanbedonetowardsrealizingthem,and,inparticular,whatdegreeoffreedomislikelytoprovemosteffective.Onthequestionoffreedomineducationthereareatpresentthreemainschoolsofthought,derivingpartlyfromdifferencesastoendsandpartlyfromdifferencesinpsychologicaltheory.Therearethosewhosaythatchildrenshouldbecompletelyfree,howeverbadtheymaybe;therearethosewhosaytheyshouldbecompletelysubjecttoauthority,howevergoodtheymaybe;andtherearethosewhosaytheyshouldbefree,butinspiteoffreedomtheyshouldbealwaysgood.Thislastpartyislargerthanithasanylogicalrighttobe;children,likeadults,willnotallbevirtuousiftheyareandwouldnotsurviveastudyofanimalsandbabies.Thosewhoholdthisbeliefthinkthateducationshouldhavenopositivepurpose,butshouldmerelyofferanenvironmentsuitableforspontaneousdevelopment.Icannotagreewiththisschool,whichseemstometooindividualistic,andundulyindifferenttotheimportanceofknowledge.(5)Weliveincommunitieswhichrequireco-operation,anditwouldbeutopiantoexpectallthenecessarycooperationtoresultfromspontaneousimpulse.Theexistenceofalargepopulationonalimitedareaisonlypossibleowingtoscienceandtechnique;educationmust,therefore,handonthenecessaryminimumofthese.Theeducatorswhoallowmostfreedomaremenwhosesuccessdependsuponadegreeofbenevolence,self-control,andtrainedintelligencewhichcanhardlybegeneratedwhereeveryimpulseisleftunchecked;theirmerits,therefore,arenotlikelytobeperpetuatediftheirmethodsareundiluted.Education,viewedfromasocialstandpoint,mustbesomethingmorepositivethanamereopportunityforgrowth.Itmust,ofcourse,providethis,butitmustalsoprovideamentalandmoralequipmentwhichchildrencannotacquireentirelyforVI.WRITINGWriteonyourANSWERSHEETacompositionofabout200wordstorespondtothefollowingstatement.Usespecificdetailstosupportyourargument.WhenWhenwelearntheEnglishlanguage,ourknowledgelearnedinChinesecanalsofacilitatethelearningofEnglish.1.2.3.4.5.6.7.1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.5.16.Vocabulary(30points,1point1. 2. 3. 4. 6.7.8.9.8.29.30.Cloze(20points,1pointeach1. 2. 3. 4. 5.6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 12. 13. 14. 15.16. 17. 18. 19. 20.ReadingComprehension(30points,3pointseach1. 2. 3. 4. 5.6. 7. 8. 9. 10.Paraphrasing(20points,4pointseachEveryimportanttheoryoneducationismadeoftwoparts.Oneisthegeneralunderstandingofthepurposeofliving.Theotheristhestudyofther