手工编程-数控铣床编程实例分析一典型型腔类塑件模具的设计

数控机床操作须知一、一般须知1.零件加工前，一定要首先检查机床的正常运行。加工前，一定要通过试车保证机床正确工作，如利用单程序段，进给倍率，机械锁住等，在机床上不装工件和刀具时检查机床的正确运行。如果未能确认机床动作的正确性，机床可能出现误动作，可能损坏工件、机床或伤害用户。2.作机床之前，仔细地检查输入的数据。如果使用了不正确的数据，机床可能误动作，可能引起工件的损坏、机床本身的损坏或使用户受伤。3.确保指定的进给速度与想要进行的机床操作想适应，通常，机床都有最大许可速度。合适的进给速度根据不同的操作而变化。请参阅随机床厂提供的说明书来确定最大的进给速度。如果没有使用了正确的速度进行操作，机床有可能发生误动作，从而引起工件或机床本身的损坏，甚至伤及用户。4.当使用刀具补偿功能时，请仔细检查补偿方向和补偿量。使用不正确的指定数据操作机床，机床可能误动作，从而有可能引起工件或机床本身的损坏，甚至伤及用户。5.CNC和PMC的参数都是机床厂设置的，通常不需要修改，当必须修改参数的时候，请确保改动参数之前对参数的功能有深入全面的了解。如果不能对参数进行正确的设置，有可能引起机床的误动作，可能损坏工件、机床本身或伤害用户。6．在机床通电后，CNC装置尚未出现位置显示或报警画面之前，请不要碰MDI面板上的任何键。MDI面板上的有些键专门用于维护和特殊的操作。按下这其中的任何键，可能使CNC装置处于非正常状态。在这种状态下启动机床，有可能引起机床的误动作。7.随CNC装置提供的操作说明书和编程说明书对机床的功能进行了完整的叙述，包括各种可选功能。可选功能随机床而变化。因此，本说明书叙述的某些功能，对特定机床实际上并不适用。如有疑问，请查阅机床说明书。二．编程须知1．坐标系的设定如果没有设置正确的坐标系，尽管指令是正确的，但机床有可能并不按你想象的动作运动。这种误动作有可能损坏刀具、机床、工件甚至伤害用户。2．非线性运动定位当进行非线性移动的定位时（在起点和中点之间，利用非线性运动进行定位），在编程之前请仔细确认刀具路径的正确性。这种顶位为快速移动，如果刀具和工件发生了碰撞，有可能损坏刀具、机床、工件甚至伤害用户。3.回转轴的功能当编制极坐标插补或法线方向（垂直）控制时，请特别注意旋转轴的转速。不正确的编辑有可能导致回转轴转速过高，如果工件安装不牢，由于离心力过大会甩出工件从而导致事故。这样的事故会导致刀具、机床损坏、甚至伤及用户。4.英制/公制转换在输入的英制和公制之间转换时，没有变更数据（比如工件的原点、参数、和当前的位置）的测量单位。因此，在开动机床之前，要确定测量采用那种单位制。如果试图采用不正确的数据进行操作会导致刀具、机床损坏，甚至伤及用户。5.恒表面切削速度的控制当进行恒定端面切削速度控制的坐标轴逼近工件坐标原点时，主轴的速度可能变的非常高，因此，有必要指定最大的允许速度。如果指定的最大速度不合适，有可能损坏刀具、机床本身、工件甚至伤及用户。6.行程检查在接通机床电源后，需要进行手动返回参考点。在手动返回参考点前，行程检查功能不能用。注意当进行行程检查时，即使出现超程，系统也不会发出警报，这也许会造成刀具、机床本身、工件的损坏，甚至伤及用户。7.绝对值/增量值方式如果用绝对坐标编制的程序在增量方式下使用时，或者反过来，机床有可能不按预想的进行运动。8.平面选择在圆弧插补、螺旋插补或固定循环时如果使用的平面不正确，机床可能不按预想的进行动作，请参阅相关功能功的详细叙述。9.可编程镜像功能当执行可编程镜像功能时，机床按镜像的坐标值运动。10.补偿功能如果在补偿功能方式下，发出基于机床坐标系的运动命令或参考点返回命令，补偿就回暂时取消，这可能会引起机床不可预想的运动。因此在发出以上命令之前，请先取消补偿功能。三．机床操作须知1.手动操作当手动操作机床时，要确定刀具和工件的当前位置并保证正确的指定了运动轴，方向和进给速度。2.手动返回参考点接通电源后，请执行手动返回参考点位置。如果机床没有执行手动返回参考点就进行操作，机床的运动不可预料。行程检查功能在执行手动返回参考点之前不能执行。机床的误动作有可能造成刀具、机床本身和工件的损坏，甚至伤及用户。3.手轮进给在手轮进给时，在交大的倍率（比如100）下旋转手轮，刀具和工件台会快速移动。大速率的手轮移动有可能会造成刀具和机床的损坏，或者伤害用户。4.倍率禁止在螺纹加工、刚性攻丝或其它攻丝期间，如果倍率被禁止（根据宏变量的规定），速度不能预测，可能会造成刀具、机床本身和工件的损坏，或者伤害用户。5.清原点/原点预置操作一般来说，在机床按照程序运行时，不要进行清除原点或原点预置操作。否则，机床有可能出现误动作，这会造成刀具、机床本身的损坏，甚至伤及用户。6.工件坐标系的偏移手动干预，机械锁住，或镜像可能移动工件坐标系。用程序控制机床前，请仔细确认坐标系。用程序控制机床的运行时，如果程序不允许有坐标系移动，任何坐标原点的移动都会使机床产生误动作，造成刀具、机床本身或工件的损坏，甚至伤及机床用户。7.软操作面板和菜单开关组合使用MDI面板、软操作面板和菜单开关，可以指定机床操作面板上没有的操作功能例如方式切换，倍率值改变和手动进给等。注意：如果对MDI面板按键误操作，机床可能会出现误动作，会导致刀具、机床本身和工件的损坏，或伤害用户。8.人工干预如果在机床处于程序控制时进行人工干预，当重新启动程序时，刀具运动轨迹有可能变化。因此，在人工干预后重新启动程序之前，请确认手动绝对值开关，参数和绝对值/增量值命令方式的设定。9.进给暂停，倍率和单程序段运行进给暂停，倍率和单程序段功能可以用系统的用户宏变量#3004取消，在这种状态下操作机床请当心。10.空运转通常，使用空运转来确认机床运行的正确性。在空运转期间，机床以空运转的速度运动，这与程序编入的进给速度不一样。注意，空运转的速度有时比编程的进给速度高。11.在MDI方式中应注意用命令指定的刀具轨迹，在MDI方式中不进行刀具半径或刀尖半径的补偿。当用MDI方式输入命令中断处于刀具半径或刀尖半径补偿方式的自动操作时，请在自动运行方式恢复后特别注意刀具的路径。请参阅相关功能的详细叙述。12.程序编制机床在程序控制下运行时，如果在机床停止后进行加工程序的编辑（修改、插入或删除），此后再次启动机床恢复自动运行，机床将会发生不可预料的动作。一般来说，当加工程序还在使用时，请不要修改、插入或者删除其中的命令。程序1：铣平面O0101N0009T01M98P9000N0010G00G90G17G54X4Y0N0011G43Z100H01N0012S1000M03N0030#1=-1N0040X4Y-10N0050G01Z#01F100N0060G91N0070G01Y110N0080X15N0090Y-100N0100X15N0110Y100N0120X15N0130Y-100N0140X15N0150Y100N0160X15N0170Y-100N0180X15N0200Y100N0210G00Z100N0220#01=#01-1N0160IF[#01GT-2.01]GOTO0040N0170G00Z100M05N0180M30程序2：铣边框O0102N0009T01N0010G00G90G17G54X-0.5Y-10.N0020G43Z100.H01N0030S1000M03N0040Z5.N0050#01=-1.1N0060X-0.5Y-10.N0070G01Z#01F250N0080Y100.5F150N0090X100.5N0100Y-0.5N0110X-10.N0120G00Z5.N0130#01=#01-1.1N0140IF[#01GT-6.61]GOTO0060N0150G00Z100.M05N0160M30程序3：铣槽即筋槽O0103N0009T02M98P900N0010G00G90G17G54X71.1Y7N0020G43Z100H02N0030S2500M03N0040G00Z5N0050#01=-0.5N0060X71.1Y7N0070G01Z#01F100N0080Y95F80N0090G00X31.95N0100G01Y7N0110G00Z10N0120X7Y28.45N0130G01Z#01F250N0140X95F80N0150G00Y71.1N0160G01X5N0170G00Z10N0180#01=#01-05N0190IF[#01GT-2.51]GOTO0060N0200G00Z100M05N0210M30程序4：铣槽左下槽O0104N0009T03N0010G00G90G17G54X35.45Y48.35N0020G43Z100H03N0030S1500M03N0040G00Z5N0050#01=-2.2N0060G00X35.45Y48.35N0070G01Z#01F100N0080X31.95F100N0090Y35.65N0100X23.08Y30.53N0110X27.33Y23.17N0120X36.2Y28.29N0130X45.07Y23.17N0140X49.32Y30.53N0150X40.45Y35.65N0160Y48.35N0170X35.45N0180Y33.63N0190X27.86Y29.25N0200X28.86Y27.52N0210X36.7Y32.05N0220X43.79Y27.95N0230X44.79Y29.68N0240X37.45Y33.92N0250Y45N0260G00Z10N0270#01=#01-2.2N0280IF[#01GT-6.61]GOTO0060N0290G00Z100M05N0300M30程序5：铣槽左上槽O0105N0009T03N0010G00G90G17G54X22.3Y75.35N0020G43Z100H03N0030S1500M03N0040G00Z5N0050#01=-2.2N0060G00X22.3Y75.35N0070G01Z#01F250N0080Y66.85F100N0090X50.1N0100Y75.35N0110X22.3N0120Y71.85N0130X50.1N0140Y69.35N0150X22.3N0260G00Z10N0270#01=#01-2.2N0280IF[#01GT-6.61]GOTO0060N0290G00Z100M05N0300M30程序6：铣槽右槽O0106N0009T03N0010G00G90G17G54X65.05Y36.1N0020G43Z100H03N0030S1500M03N0040G00Z5N0050#01=-2.2.N0060G00X65.05Y36.1N0070G01Z#01F250N0080X61.55F100N0100Y63.9N0110X70.05N0120Y36.1N0130X65.05N0140Y63.9N0150X67.55N0160Y36.1N0260G00Z10N0270#01=#01-2.2N0280IF[#01GT-6.61]GOTO0060N0290G00Z100M05N030M30程序7：铣斜槽两个O0107N0009T03N0010G00G90G17G54X27.7Y38.2N0020G43Z100H03N0021S1500M03N0022G00Z5N0030#06=0N0040#07=1.6N0050G01Z#06F100N0055G91N0060G01X-#07F120N0070G02X0Y0I#7J0N0080G01X#07N0085G90N0090#06=#06-0.55N0200#07=#07-0.135N0210IF[#06GT-6.61]GOTO0050N0220G00Z220M05N0210M30O0107N0009T03N0010G00G90G17G54X44.7Y38.2N0020G43Z100H03N0021S1500M03N0022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