新高考英语一轮复习练习考向11 句子成分与简单句和并列句(原卷版)

考向11句子成分与简单句和并列句考向一句子成分构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。英语的句子成分包括主语、谓语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。现简单回顾如下：1.主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在therebe结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如： Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.（名词） WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.（代词） One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.（数词） Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.（不定式） Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.（动名词） Therichshouldhelpthepoor.（名词化的形容词） WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.（主语从句） Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）2.谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下： 1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：Hepracticesrunningeverymorning. 2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.Hehascaughtabadcold.（2）由系动词加表语构成。如：Wearestudents.3.表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。例如： OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican.（名词） Isityours?（代词） Theweatherhasturnedcold.（形容词） Thespeechisexciting.（分词） Threetimessevenistwentyone?（数词） HisjobistoteachEnglish.（不定式） Hishobby（爱好）isplayingfootball.（动名词） Themachinemustbeoutoforder.（介词短语） Timeisup.Theclassisover.（副词） Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.（表语从句）4.宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如： Theywenttoseeanexhibition（展览）yesterday.（名词） Theheavyrainpreventedmeformcomingtoschoolontime.（代词） Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?Ihavefive.（数词） Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.（名词化形容词） Hepretendednottoseeme.（不定式短语） Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.（动名词短语） Ithink（that）heisfitforhisoffice.（宾语从句） 宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lendmeyourdictionary,please.（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：Theyelectedhimtheirmonitor.5.宾语补足语：英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等+宾语+宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：HisfathernamedhimDongming.（名词）Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.（形容词）Letthefreshairin.（副词）Youmustn’tforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou.（不定式短语）Wesawherenteringtheroom.（现在分词）Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.（介词短语）Wewillsoonmakeourcitywhatyourcityisnow.（从句）6.定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下等成分表示： Guilinisabeautifulcity.（形容词） Chinaisadevelopingcountry;Americaisadevelopedcountry.（分词） Therearethirtywomenteachersisourschool.（名词） HisrapidprogressinEnglishmadeussurprised.（代词） Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirsttoentertheclassroom.（不定式短语） Theteachingplanfornexttermhasbeenworkedout.（动名词） HeisreadinganarticleabouthowtolearnEnglish.（介词短语）7.状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。可由以下形式表示： Lighttravelsmostquickly.（副词及副词性词组） Hehaslivedinthecityfortenyears.（介词短语） Heisproudtohavepassedthenationalcollegeentranceexamination.（不定式短语） Heisintheroommakingamodelplane.（分词短语） Waitaminute.（名词） Onceyoubegin,youmustcontinue.（状语从句） 状语种类如下： Howaboutmeetingagainatsix?（时间状语） Lastnightshedidn’tgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain.（原因状语） Ishallgothereifitdoesn’train.（条件状语） MrSmithlivesonthethirdfloor.（地点状语） Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwithgreatcare.（方式状语） Shecameinwithadictionaryinherhand.（伴随状语） Inordertocatchupwiththeothers,Imustworkharder.（目的状语） Hewassotiredthathefellasleepimmediately.（结果状语） Sheworksveryhardthoughsheisold.（让步状语） Iamtallerthanheis.（比较状语）8.同位语：当两个词或词组在一个句子中具有相同的语法地位而且描述相同的人或事物时，我们称它们为同位语。同理，当两个指同一人或事物的句子成分放在同等位置时，若其中一个句子成分是用于说明或解释另一个句子成分的，那么用于起说明或解释作用的句子成分就叫做另一成分的同位语。Mr.Smith,ournewteacher,isverykindtous.（Mr.Smith是主语ournewteacher的同位语,指同一人）YesterdayImetTom,afriendofmybrother's.（afriendofmybrother's是宾语Tom的同位语，指同一人）【典例示例】指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分1.Thestudentsgotontheschoolbus.2.Hehandedmethenewspaper.3.Ishallansweryourquestionafterclass.4.WhatabeautifulChinesepainting!5.Theywenthuntingtogetherearlyinthemorning.6.Hisjobistotrainswimmers.7.HetookmanyphotosofthepalacesinBeijing.8.ThereisgoingtobeanAmericanfilmtonight.9.HeistoleaveforShanghaitomorrow.10.Hiswishistobecomeascientist.答案：1、主语，定语；2、间接宾语；3、谓语，状语；4、定语；5、状语，状语；6、定语，表语；7、宾语，状语；8、谓语，主语；9、谓语；10、主语，表语；考向二简单句与并列句一、句子种类分类法1、按句子的用途可分四种：1）陈述句（肯定、否定）：Heissixyearsold;Shedidn’thearofyoubefore.2）疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意）：Dotheylikeskating?Howoldishe?Ishesixorsevenyearsold?Marycanswim,can’tshe?3）祈使句：Becareful,boys;Don’ttalkinclass4）感叹句：Howclevertheboyis!2、按句子的结构可分三种：1）简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。e.g.HeoftenreadsEnglishinthemorning. TomandMikeareAmericanboys. Shelikesdrawingandoftendrawspicturesforthewallnewspapers.2)并列句：由并列连词（and,but,or等）或分号（；）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。e.g.Youhelphimandhehelpsyou. Thefutureisbright;theroadistortuous.前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。3）复合句：含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。复合句包含：名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）、定语从句和状语从句等。e.g.TheforeignvisitorstookalotofpictureswhentheywereattheGreatWall.二、简单句的五种基本句型1、主语+系动词+表语：e.g.Heisastudent.2、主语+不及物动词：e.g.Wework.3、主语+及物动词+宾语：e.g.Henryboughtadictionary.4、主语+及物动词+双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）：e.g.Myfatherboughtmeacar.5、主语+及物动词+复合宾语（宾语+宾补）：e.g.Tommadethebabylaugh.注：其他各种句子都可由这一种基本句型扩展、变化或省略而构成。三、并列句的分类 1、表示连接两个同等概念，常用and,notonly…butalso…,neither…nor…,then等连接。e.g.Theteacher’snameisSmith,andthestudent’snameisJohn. 2、表示选择，常用的连词有or,either…or…,otherwise等。e.g.Hurryup,oryou’llmissthetrain. 3、表示转折，常用的连词有but,still,however,yet,while,when等。e.g.Hewasalittlemanwiththickglasses,buthehadastrangewayofmakinghisclasseslivelyandinteresting. 4、表示因果关系，常用的连词有so,for,therefore等。e.g.Augustisthetimeoftheyearforriveharvest,soeverydayIworkfromdawnuntildark.【典例示例】1.Practicemore，you’lllearnEnglishbetter.A.or B.so C.and D.but【答案】C【解析】句意：多练习，你的英语就能学得更好。or否则，或者；so因此；and和，与;于是，然后;but但是。空格前后为顺承关系，故选C。2.Don’tgotocrowdedplaces，youmayhavetheflueasily.A.andB.butC.or D.so【答案】C【解析】句意：不要去拥挤的地方，否则你可能会很容易得流感。and并且；but但是；or否则；so所以。根据句意知选C。3.Goingtothemoviesisgood，Ireallyonlylikelisteningtomusic.A.and B.but C.so D.or【答案】B【解析】句意：去看电影很好，但是我真的仅仅喜欢听音乐。and和；but但是；so所以；or或者。根据句意可知两句是转折关系，故选B。4.Idon’tknow.A.wherecanwebuytheticketsB.howmuchitcoststoflytoShanghaiC.whoishewaitingforD.whywashelateforschoolthismorning【答案】B【解析】句意：我不知道飞到上海的费用是多少。宾语从句只能用陈述语序，所以选B。5.—Canyoutellmeyourparentsathome?—Ioftenwashclothesandsweepthefloor.A.howwillyouhelp B.howyouhelpC.howyouwillhelp D.howdoyouhelp【答案】B【解析】宾语从句应用陈述语序，排除A、D两项。答语用了一般现在时，所以所填写句子也用一般现在时，排除C项。6.Wedidn’tgohometheoldmanwassenttothehospital.A.until B.when C.whileD.whether【答案】A【解析】not...until“直到……才”。句意为“直到把老人送去医院，我们才回家”。故选A。7.—Doyoulikesports?—Yes，Idosomerunningintheparkeverydaytheweatheristerrible.A.if B.after C.unless D.while【答案】C【解析】句意：“你喜欢运动吗?”“是的，如果天气不糟糕，我就会每天在公园里跑步。”由此可判断答案选C。8.WecantalkwithfriendsontheInternetit’seasierandcheaper.A.though B.as C.or D.but【答案】B【解析】句意为“我们可以在网上与朋友们聊天是因为它既容易又便宜”。as用作连词表示原因。答案选B。9.Thegirlisanicegirlweallwanttohelpher.A.such;that B.too;to C.so;that D.very;that【答案】A【解析】选项D不构成词组，首先排除。too...to句型中to后接动词原形，本句为主从句的形式，故排除B。suchanicegirl=soniceagirl，排除C。答案选A。10.therewereonlyfivesoldiersleftatthefront，theywentonfighting.A.Because;so B.If;and C.Though;but D.Though;/【答案】D【解析】由句意知，虽然前线只有五位战士，但他们继续战斗。答案选D。【检测训练】1.Don’tbetoohardonyourdaughter.________,sheisonlyachild.A.Afterall B.Firstofall C.Inall D.Aboveall2.ThespeechtheministermadeonTV________theeducationreformmadebothteachersandstudentsexcited.A.beingconcerned B.toconcern C.concerned D.concerning3.ThenumberofChinesewhoescapedpoverty________formorethanpercentoftheworld'simpoverishedpeople,measuredbythepovertythresholdsetbytheWorldBank.A.accounted B.accounting C.wereaccounted D.havingaccounted4.Manyscientistsfeelthatthecurrentclimatechanges________fromtheheavypollution.A.arise B.arouse C.rise D.raise5.________,youwillgetusedtothelifehereandhaveyourunderstandingoflife.A.Astimegoingby B.WithtimegobyC.Astimegoesby D.Withtimegoesby6.________thatheunderstandswhatistobedone.A.Makingsure B.Tomakesure C.Makesure D.Havingmade7.Wouldyouplease________ourparty?A.domeafavorattending B.domethefavortoattendC.domethefavorattend D.toattend8.________thetelephonenumberseveraltimes，buthecouldn’tlearnitbyheart.A.Hehadbeentold B.HavingbeentoldC.Althoughhehadbeentold D.Havingtold9.Hedoesn’tthinkthattheplanispractical,_____?A.doeshe B.doesn’the C.isit D.isn’tit10.---________bargainingisalwayssuchgreatfun?---Usuallypeopleconsideritatesttoseewhocanstandtheirgroundlonger.A.Whatisitthat B.Whyisitthat C.Whatitisthat D.Whyitisthat11.Ifyouwanttolearnmoreaboutit,________here.A.clicking B.click C.clicked D.toclick12.________usefulinformationyougaveme!Thankyouverymuch.A.What B.WhataC.Whatan D.How13.—HappyTeachers'Day!Herearesomeflowersforyou.—________beautifultheflowersare!Thankyou.A.How B.Howa C.What D.Whata14.________up,oryou'llbelateforschoolagain.A.Tohurry B.HurryC.Hurrying D.Hurried15.________buyyourticketfromaticketmachine.Therearelotsofpeoplethere.A.Not B.NottooC.Don’t D.Don’tto16.—Look!________cleantheclassroomlooks!—Yes.I’msuresomebody________itup.A.What;hascleaned B.How;hascleanedC.What;cleaned D.How;cleaned17.________excitingnews!We’veneverhad________longvacationbefore.A.What;sucha B.Whatan;suchaC.How;sucha D.What;so18.---WhatdoyouthinkIshoulddo?----________yourteacher’sadvice,inmyopinion,andeverythingwillbeOK.A.Follow B.Following C.tofollow D.Followed19.Youcan'timagine________greatdangerthefirefighterswerefacedwithwhentheytriedtoputoutthebigfire.A.which B.how C.whether D.what20.Itoldyouthateveryeffortpaidoffandyoushouldsticktoyourgoal,________?A.didn’tI B.shouldn’tyou C.isn’tit D.didn’tit21.Fewofthemhurtthemselvesintheaccidentlastnight,__________?A.don’tthey B.didn’tthey C.didthey D.dothey22.—Youwouldn’tmindmyopeningthewindow,wouldyou?—________,justgoahead.A.Yes,Iwouldn’t B.No,Iwould C.Yes,Iwould D.No,Iwouldn’t23.—_____?—Hehasbeenpreparingforhisfinalexams.Goodlucktohim.A.Whathashebeenuptorecently B.What’swrongwithhimC.Howlonghashebeenhere D.Howoftendoeshehaveexams24.Jameseventuallymadeithomeafteralongjourney,?A.washe B.didhe C.didn'the D.wasn'the25.Loseonehourinthemorning________youwillbelookingforittherestoftheday.A.but B.and C.or D.so26.Beforedriving,please_______yoursafetybelt.A.fast B.faster C.tofasten D.fasten27.Lastweek,I_________mygrandfather,becauseIwasbusywiththeexam.A.don’tvisit B.didn’tvisit C.wasn’tvisit D.aren’tvisit28._____yourparents______youapresentforyourbirthdayeveryyear?A.Does;give B.Are;give C.Do;give D.Are;gives29.—WhatdoyouthinkofChina?—__________differentlifeistodayfrom__________itusedtobe.A.How,what B.What,what C.How,that D.What,that30.WhenMissBeriaspeaksinclass,wehavetokeepquiet,________?A.dowe? B.don’twe C.doesshe D.doesn’tshe31.Idon’tthinkwhathesaidatthemeetingmakesanysense,____________?A.doI B.don’tI C.doesn’tit D.doesit32.______downtheTV—Grannyissleepinginthenextroom.A.Turning B.Toturn C.Turned D.Turn33.______foodyou’vecooked!Thankyouforyourtreat.A.Howanice B.Whatanice C.Hownice D.Whatnice34.—Youcan'tfinishthebookinlessthananhour,Isuppose?—______.Iwon'tbreakmypromise,youknow.A.Yes,I'msureIcan B.No,butIcanC.Sorry.Imakeyoudisappointed D.However,I'vetriedmybest35._________he_________himselfthere?No.Idon'tthinkso.A.Do,enjoy B.Does,enjoies C.Does,enjoys D.Does,enjoy36.Mr.Blackoften_________fishingonSunday,_________he?A.goes;doesn't B.goes;isn’t C.doesn'tgo;docs D.doesn'tgo;is37.---Smithdoesnotgofishingonweekdays,_________?---_________,hedoes.A.doeshe.No B.doeshe.Yes C.doesn'the.No D.doesn'the.Yes38.—_______Tom____toworkhardtohelphisfamily?—Yes,he_________.A.Has,×.has B.Has,×,doesC.Does,has,has D.Does,have,does39.Sarahhadher