新高考英语一轮复习练习考向53 阅读理解之词汇逻辑与词句猜测题的解答(原卷版)

考向53阅读理解词汇逻辑与词句猜测题的解答【策略学习】词语猜测题词语猜测题主要考查考生猜测文章中某个单词、短语或词块的含义，或考查该词(块)能被哪个单词、短语或词块代替。此外，也会考查某一个熟词在具体语境中的特殊含义。在猜测词义时，能利用构词法猜测的一定先利用构词法。策略1：利用构词法猜测词义构词法能够不借助阅读上下文便能够大体猜出词义，然后再结合语境猜测，这样事半功倍，而且有双重保险，大大提高了解题效率和正确率。所以我们主张：可以利用构词法的，一定先利用构词法，再结合语境解题。构词法主要有派生、合成和转化三种形式。例如2019年全国卷Ⅱ第25题：tugattheheartstrings中的heartstrings是合成词：heart(心)＋string(弦)→heartstrings心弦，故本单词可能与feeling有关。【典例】(2018·北京卷阅读D)AstudyfromtheUniversityofCaliforniaatDavissuggestedthatreplacingpetrol－poweredprivatecarsworldwidewithelectric，self－drivingandsharedsystemscouldreducecarbonemissionsfromtransportation80%andcutthecostoftransportationinfrastructure(基础设施)andoperations40%by2050.Feweremissionsandcheapertravelsoundprettyappealing.Thefirstcommerciallyavailabledriverlesscarswillalmostcertainlybefieldedbyride－hailingservices，consideringthecostofself－drivingtechnologyaswellasliabilityandmaintenanceissues(责任与维护问题).Butdriverlesscarownershipcouldincreaseasthepricesdropandmorepeoplebecomecomfortablewiththetechnology.49.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“fielded”inParagraph4probablymean?A.Employed. B.Replaced.C.Shared. D.Reduced.【分析】利用构词法猜测词义。field常用作名词，表示“场地，领域”，此处用作动词，引申为“使用，应用”。根据上段中画线词所在句的前半部分内容“Thefirstcommerciallyavailabledriverlesscarswillalmostcertainly”并结合下句中的“asthepricesdropandmorepeoplebecomecomfortablewiththetechnology”可知，随着价格的降低以及人们对这项技术开始应用自如，第一批上市的无人驾驶车辆会“被应用”到“叫车服务”中。策略2：利用反义词猜测词义有时作者会用表示对比或转折的信号词连接意思相反的两个词或句子，这时就可根据反义词线索猜测词义。表示对比或反义的信号词(组)常见的有：(whether)...or，unlike，but，yet，however，while，although，nevertheless，instead，ratherthan，incontrast,contraryto，ontheotherhand等。【典例】(2020·新高考卷Ⅰ阅读D)AccordingtoarecentstudyintheJournalofConsumerResearch，boththesizeandconsumptionhabitsofoureatingcompanionscaninfluenceourfoodintake.Andcontrarytoexistingresearchthatsaysyoushouldavoideatingwithheavierpeoplewhoorderlargeportions(份)，it’sthebeanpoleswithbigappetitesyoureallyneedtoavoid.13.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“beanpoles”inparagraph1referto?A.Bigeaters.B.Overweightpersons.C.Pickyeaters.D.Tallthinpersons.【分析】利用反义词猜测词义。根据“Andcontrarytoexistingresearchthatsaysyoushouldavoideatingwithheavierpeoplewhoorderlargeportions(份)，it’sthebeanpoleswithbigappetitesyoureallyneedtoavoid.”，研究表明，与现存的研究发现(应该避免和食量大的胖人一起吃饭)相反，你真正需要避开的是胃口大的又高又瘦的人。根据“contraryto”可知，画线词与heavierpeople含义相反。策略3：利用上下文猜测词义这是最常见的方法，一定要先从画线词语最近的位置找起，要求理解句子的顺序是：本句的意思→前后句的意思→本段和前后段的意思【典例】(2020·全国卷Ⅲ阅读B)Yet“Apes”ismoreexceptionthantherule.Infact，Hollywoodhasbeenhotonliveanimalslately.Onenonprofitorganization，whichmonitorsthetreatmentofanimalsinfilmedentertainment，iskeeping__tabs__onmorethan2，000productionsthisyear.Already，anumberoffilms，including“WaterforElephants，”“TheHangoverPartⅡ”and“Zookeeper，”havedrawntheangerofactivistswhosaythecreaturesactinginthemhaven’tbeentreatedproperly.26.Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“keepingtabson”inparagraph3probablymean?A.Listingcompletely.B.Directingprofessionally.C.Promotingsuccessfully.D.Watchingcarefully.【分析】利用上下文猜测词义。根据最近句子“Onenonprofitorganization...morethan2，000productionsthisyear.”可知，一个非营利组织的工作就是监督在电影拍摄中动物是如何被对待的，这个非营利组织正在密切关注今年2000多部电影的制作。根据上下文语境，画线短语keepingtabson与monitor(监督)意义最为接近。策略4：利用“语法关系”猜测词义【典例】(2018·全国卷Ⅰ阅读C)Inrecentcenturies，trade，industrialisation，thedevelopmentofthenation－stateandthespreadofuniversalcompulsoryeducation，especiallyglobalisationandbettercommunicationsinthepastfewdecades，allhavecausedmanylanguagestodisappear，anddominantlanguagessuchasEnglish，SpanishandChineseareincreasinglytakingover.29.Whichofthefollowingbestexplains“dominant”underlinedinParagraph2?A.Complex. B.Advanced.C.Powerful. D.Modern.【分析】利用“语法关系”猜测词义。根据“dominantlanguagessuchasEnglish，SpanishandChineseareincreasinglytakingover”中suchas后的内容可知，英语、西班牙语和汉语正在替代其他语言。由此推知，dominantlanguages意为“强有力的语言”。策略5：利用“逻辑关系”猜测词义【典例】(2020·全国卷Ⅰ阅读B)WhileItendtobuyalotofbooks，thesethreeweregiventomeasgifts，whichmightaddtothemeaningIattachtothem.ButIimaginethat，whilemoneyisindeedwonderfulandnecessary，rereadinganauthor’sworkisthehighestcurrencyareadercanpaythem.Thebestbooksaretheonesthatopenfurtherastimepasses.Butremember，it’syouthathastogrowandreadandrereadinordertobetterunderstandyourfriends.26.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“currency”inparagraph4referto?A.Debt. B.Reward.C.Allowance. D.Facevalue.【分析】利用“逻辑关系”猜测词义。根据ButIimaginethat...thehighestcurrencyareadercanpaythem.可知，作者认为，虽然金钱确实是美妙而必要的，但重读作家的著作是读者对该作家的最高奖励，因此画线词在此处指“奖励”。代词猜测与句意猜测题代词猜测题主要考查文章中的人称代词、不定代词、指示代词或关系代词所指代的内容。解答这类题目时候一定要遵循“就近原则”，即：代词往上找，就近原则不能忘，找出离代词最近的名词、词组或句子等。【典例】(2020·浙江7月卷阅读B)ThetrafficsignalsalongFactoriaBoulevardinBellevue，Washington，generallydon’tflashthesamelengthofgreentwiceinarow，especiallyatrushhour.At9：30am，thefullred/yellow/greensignalcyclemightbe140seconds.By9：33am，aburstofadditionaltrafficmightpushitto145seconds.Lesstrafficat9：37amcouldpushitdownto135.Justlikethetrafficitself，thetimingofthesignalschanges.Thatisbydesign.Bellevue，afast－growingcityjusteastofSeattle，usesasystemthatisgainingpopularityaroundtheUS：intersection(十字路口)signalsthatcanadjustinrealtimetotrafficconditions.Theselights，knownasadaptivesignals，haveledtosignificantdeclinesinboththetroubleandcostoftravelsbetweenworkandhome.25.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“that”inparagraph2referto?A.Increasedlengthofgreenlights.B.Shortenedtrafficsignalcycle.C.Flexibletimingoftrafficsignals.D.Smoothtrafficflowontheroad.【分析】·第一步确定题干中的关键信息：theunderlinedword“that”inparagraph2·第二步定位到原句，并找出该词所代替的内容：根据代词永远出现在原词之后的原则，故代词所指代的内容应在这一句的前面一句或者前面几个句子中。所以该词所代替的内容为：Justlikethetrafficitself，thetimingofthesignalschanges.·第三步综合判断得出答案：that指代第一段中的多变的交通信号灯时间。句意猜测题一般出现在前后文有解释的特殊含义的语句或高度概括句中，要求考生用合适的句子解释这一语句或这一语句的某一部分。锁定语句前后寻，意义吻合是解题关键。【典例】(2019·浙江6月卷阅读B)Moneywithnostringsattached.It’snotsomethingyouseeeveryday.ButatUnionStationinLosAngeleslastmonth，aboardwentupwithdollarbillsattachedtoitwithpinsandasignthatread，“GiveWhatYouCan，TakeWhatYouNeed.”24.Whatdoestheexpression“moneywithnostringsattached”inparagraph1mean?A.Moneyspentwithouthesitation.B.Moneynotlegallymade.C.Moneyofferedwithoutconditions.D.Moneynottiedtogether.【分析】·第一步定位到原句，找出题干关键信息在原文中的位置：moneywithnostringsattached·第二步寻找信息句，找出与该句相关的信息句：“GiveWhatYouCan，TakeWhatYouNeed.”·第三步分析选项，细读信息句，合理推断画线句的句意。综合判断得出画线句的意思应该是“无条件提供钱”。·第四步仔细比对选项，Moneyofferedwithoutconditions.符合句意。【检测训练】1TheInternationalMotherLanguageDayisonFebruary21standitwascreatedbytheUnitedNationstohelppreserveindigenous(土著的)languagesaroundtheworld.Duetoglobalization,indigenouslanguagesareincreasinglyunderthreatofextinction.Everytwoweeksalanguagedisappears,takingwithitanentireculture’sheritageandthusdiminishingtheworld’sculturaldiversity.Atleast43percentoftheestimated6000languagesspokenintheworldareendangered,onlyafewhundredareformallytaughtandusedandfewerthan100areusedinthedigitalworld,accordingtoUNESCO.Likelanguagesaroundtheworld,indigenousAustralianlanguagesareunderincreasingthreatofextinction.TheAustralianInstituteofAboriginalandTorresStraitIslanderStudiesunderstandsthatinAustralia,thereweremorethan250indigenousAustralianlanguages,including800dialects,orlocalvariations,atthetimeofEuropeansettlementin1788.Todayonlyabout13indigenousAustralianlanguageshaveenoughyoungpeoplespeakingthemforthemtosurvive.Indigenouslanguageseverywherearemuchmorethanjustawayofcommunicating.YuinwomanAnneMartin,educatorandformernationalNAIDOCCommitteeCo-Chair,describedindigenouslanguagesas“thebreathoflife”.“Indigenouslanguagesarenotjustameansofcommunication,theyexpressknowledgeabouteverything:Law,geography,history,familyandhumanrelationships,philosophy,religion,anatomy,childcare,health,caringforcountry,astronomy,biologyandfood.Eachlanguageisassociatedwithanareaoflandandhasadeepspiritualsignificance,anditisthroughtheirownlanguagesthatindigenousnationsmaintaintheirconnectionwiththeirancestors,landandlaw,”shesaidinaninterviewpublishedbyLaTrobeUniversity.InternationalMotherLanguageDayhasbeenobservedeveryyearsinceFebruary2000.In2019,thethemeis:“Indigenouslanguagesmatterfordevelopment,peacebuildingandreconciliation(和解)”.OneofUNESCO’sgoalsforthatyear’sInternationalMotherLanguageDayistocollectproverbsinasmanyoftheworld’sindigenouslanguagesaspossible.TheproverbswerecompiledandthemostappropriateonespublishedbytheUNonitswebsiteandotherpublications.AndthethemeforInternationalMotherLanguageDay2020is“Languageswithoutborders”.1.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“diminishing”inparagraph2probablymean?A.Decrease. B.Add.C.Create. D.Replace.2.Whatdoesparagraph3mainlytalkabout?A.Theincreasingnumberofindigenouslanguages.B.Thedevelopmentofindigenouslanguages.C.Theendangeredsituationofindigenouslanguages.D.Thepopularityofindigenouslanguages.3.WhatdoesAnneMartinthinkofindigenouslanguages?A.Theyarejustusedforcommunicationwitheachother.B.Theyarelooselyconnectedwiththeirancestors,landandlaw.C.Theyareveryimportantforindigenousnationsallovertheworld.D.Theyareaboutnotonlycommunicationbutknowledgeaboutallfields.4.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A.TheThemeofInternationalMotherLanguageDay.B.AnIntroductionofInternationalMotherLanguageDay.C.TheProtectionofIndigenousLanguagesintheWorld.D.TheDecreaseofIndigenousLanguagesintheWorld.2Fortoday’sincreasinglyinterconnectedfoodsupplychains,“efficient”iswhatit’ssupposedtobe:Eachcountryspecializesinwhatit’sbest,atandputsitontheglobalmarket.Producersandprocessorswithincountriesspecialize,too,asawaytominimizecosts.Asaresult,atleastintheory,pricesstaylow,theworldgetsfedandeveryonewins.However,thecoronaviruscrisisdemonstrateswhatiswrongwiththisapproach.Whenbarrierspreventfoodfromreachingitsmarkets,ordemandsuddenlydrops—bothofwhicharehappeningnow—thesystemfallsapart.Specializationofthefoodsystemmakesithardtoshiftintodifferentmarketswhendisruptionsarise.Belgium,aleadingexporterofpotatoes,lostsalesnotonlytolocalrestaurantsbutalsotoothercountriesbecauseoflockdowns（封锁）.AtleasttheBelgianscantrytoeatthepotatoesathome.Thatstrategywon'tworkforeverycrop:Ghana,theworld’stopcocoaexporter,lostmarketswhenpeoplestalledfocusingonbuyingessentialitemsinsteadofchocolate.ThelossinexportincomeinAfricamoregenerallycouldhaveahugeimpactifthepandemiccontinues,asmanycountriesthererelyheavilyonimportedwheatandrice.Thepricesofthesegrainshavesoarednotonlybecauseofrisingdemandforthesegrainsduringthecrisis,butalsobecauseafewcountries—includingRussiaandVietnam—imposedexportrestrictionsoutoffearthatsendingfoodabroadwouldleadtohigherpricesathome.Concentratedmarketsdominatedbyjustahandfulofcompaniesheightenfoodsystemfragility.Forexample,justthreemeatpackingplantsprocessover95percentofCanada’sbeefandnearlyallofitsbeefexports.Now,thosemeatprocessingplantshavehadtotemporarilyshutdownbecauseofoutbreaksofCOVID-19amongworkers.Seeingthespoiledproductsacrosstheworldshouldforceallofustorethinkour“efficient”foodsupplies.Weneedtorejuvenate（使恢复活力）localandregionalfoodsystemstoreducethevulnerabilitiesthatcomewithbeingtooreliantonimportedandcorporate-dominatedfoods.Thisdoesn’tmeancuttingoffalltradeorabolishingallpackagedfoods,butitdoesmeanbuildingdiversity,andincreasingopportunitiesforsmallandmedium-scaleenterprisestoflourishinshorter,moresustainablefoodsupplychainsthatareclosertohome.Oneplacetostartisforgovernmentstoshifttheirsupportfromthelarge-scale,specializedandexport-orientedfoodsystemtobuildinginfrastructureformorediverselocalfoodsystems.Aroundtheworld,small-scaleandorganicproducershavebeenoverwhelmedwiththesurgeininterestfromcustomerswhowanttobuydirectlyfromfarmersduringthecrisis.Buttheseproducersoftenlacktheinfrastructuretomeetthatdemand.Asgovernmentsaroundtheworldpassstimuluspackagestoaddressthecrisis,buildingmorediverseandlocalizedfoodsystemsshouldbeanobviousinclusion.5.Intheory,specializationofthefoodsystem________.A.adaptstochangesefficiently B.balancessupplyanddemandC.focusesonessentialitems D.reducescostsofproduction6.Theunderlinedword“fragility”inParagraph5means________.A.weakness B.diversityC.unfairness D.complexity7.Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?A.Afewcountriesrestrictexportstostabilizelocalfoodprices.B.GrainpricesriseduetoAfrica’sdependenceonimportation.C.GhanamightbelessaffectedbylockdownsthanBelgiumwas.D.Packaged-foodconsumptionshouldbeencouragedtoaddressthecrisis.8.Themainpurposeofthispassageisto________.A.exposefoodsecurityissuesduringthecrisisB.advocateestablishingdiverselocalfoodsystemsC.discussthedevelopmentofasustainableeconomyD.provetheimportanceofsoundgovernmentpolicies3Menhunted.Womengathered.Butthediscoveryofawomanburied9,000yearsagointheAndesMountainswithweaponsandhuntingtoolschallengesthiswidelyacceptedview.Thewoman,thoughttobebetween17and19yearsoldwhenshedied,wasburiedwithitemsthatsuggestedshehuntedbig-gameanimalsbyspear(矛)throwing.Theobjectsaccompanyingpeopleindeathtendtobethosethataccompaniedtheminlife.Althoughsomescholarshavesuggestedaroleforwomeninancienthunting,othershavedismissedthisideaevenwhenhuntingtoolswereuncoveredinfemaleburials.Toexaminewhetherthiswomanfoundatthissitewasanexception,theresearchersexamined429skeletonsat107burialsitesfromaround8,000to14,000yearsago.Ofthose,27individualswereburiedwithhuntingtools—11werefemaleand15weremale.Thesamplewassufficientto“justifytheconclusionthatfemaleparticipationinearlybig-gamehuntingwaslikelynontrivial,”saidleadstudyauthorHaas.Thefindingsaddtodoubtsabout“man-the-hunter”assumptionaboutearlyhumanssincethemid-20thcentury.Thattheoryassumesthatitwasmenwhowentoutandhunted,bringinghomemeattofeedwomenandchildren,whowereresponsibleforgatheringberries,plantsandnutstoenrichthedict.Butrecentresearchsuggestshuntingwasverymuchacommunity-basedactivity,needingtheparticipationofallable-bodiedindividualstodrivelargeanimals,thestudysaid.Meanwhile,thespearsusedatthattimehadlowaccuracy,encouragingparticipation,andusingitwasaskilllearnedfromchildhood.Womenmayalsohavebeenfreedfromchildcaredemandsby“allo-parenting”—raisingchildrenwasajobsharedbymany.“Ourfindingshavemademerethinkthemostbasicorganizationalstructureofancienthunter-gatherergroups,andhumangroupsmoregenerally,”Haassaid.9.Thediscoveryoftheburiedwomanshows________.A.shewaskilledbyabig-gameanimal B.shemightusehuntingtoolswhenaliveC.womenweregoodatthrowingspears D.womenwereburiedaloneafterdeath10.Theunderlinedword“nontrivial”inParagraph3probablymeans“________”.A.limited B.direct C.significant D.passive11.Whichofthefollowingleadtowomen’sinvolvementinhunting?①allo-parenting②big-gamehunting③tasksofgathering④lessaccuratetoolsA.①②③ B.②③④ C.①③④ D.①②④12.Haasprobablybelievesthat________.A.mostofourancestorswereburiedwithhuntingtoolsB.weshouldreconsiderpreviousviewsonhumangroupsC.divisionoflaborinhunter-gatherersocietyremainsunchangedD.thetombfoundintheAndesjustifies“man-the-hunter”assumption4Insummer2007,IjoinedtheBritishRedCrossat15.Afterseveraldaysoftraining.IwasattendingmyfirsteventasafullyqualifiedRedCrossvolunteer.Ourteamwasprovidingmedicalcoverforalargemartialartsgradingevent.AlthoughI'dpassedmyfirstaidcoursewithflyingcolours,Iwasnervousbeforetheeventbegan.There'squiteadifferencebetweentheclassroomandtherealthing!Twoexperiencedadultvolunteerswouldbeworkingwithmefortheday.Rosiewastakingpartintheunder-16sevent.Thiswassupposedtobenon-contact,andshewaswearingfullprotectiveclothingjustincase.Alltheseprecautionsdidn'thelp,however,whenhercompetitormisjudgedamoveanddeliveredaviolentblowtoherhead.“Guys,weneedsomehelpoverhere!”Overwewent,allthreeofuscarryingvariousbitsofkit.Rosiewaslyingontheground.Asweapproachedwecouldseeshewasconscious.Brian,mycolleaguetookthelead.“Heythere,stayniceandstillforme.Chrishereisjustgoingtoholdyourhead.Don'tworry;it'sjustaprecaution.”Ihelped,painfullyawarethathundredsofsetsofeyeswerefollowingoureverymove.HoweverIsoonforgotallaboutthisasIfocusedonthetaskathand.Rosiewascomplainingofpaininherneck.Theseareallclassicsignsofapossiblespinalinjury.Quickly,Brianfoundtherewerenootherinjuriesandanambulancewascalled.Iwasstillholdingherheadanddoingmybesttocomforther.ThedoctorsarrivedandweputRosiecarefullyintotheambulanceforatriptohospital.Thenwewentbacktothefirstaidpostquickly.TenyearsonI'vemetmanymorepeoplelikeRosie—inneedofhelp.I'vemovedonfrombeingatraineetoatrainer,fromaninexperiencedfirstaidertobeingpartofanemergencyambulanceteam.Whenacallcomesin,thatslightfeelingofnervousnessisstillthere.However,soisthefeelingofmakingadifference,beingthereduringapainfulmomentinsomeone'slife.13.Whatdoestheunderlinedpart“withflyingcolours”probablymean?A.Slowly. B.Successfully. C.Poorly. D.Carefully.14.HowwasRosieinjured?A.Shewashitbymistake. B.Shemadeawrongmove.C.Shedidn'ttakeprecautions. D.Shewasnotherselfandfell.15.HowdidtheauthorhelpRosie?A.Shetookhertohospital. B.Sheheldherheadandcalmedher.C.Shecheckedherinjuries. D.Shedidsomethingforherpain.16.Whatdoweknowabouttheauthornow?A.Sheoftenreceivesfirstaidtraining.B.She'sworkingasaprofessionaldoctor.C.Shefeelsasenseofachievementaboutherwork.D.She'snolongernervouswhenperformingfirstaid.5Thatsummer,IwenttoasmallandratherremotevillageofManitoba’sasasubstituteforasickteacher.Itwasaverypoorvillagewithafewhumblewoodenhouses.Therewasnothingbutthesprucearoundme.CouldIleaveadeepimpressiononthechildreninjustamonth?Isamonthreallyworththeeffort?Iwasreallydoubtfulaboutthesetwoquestions.Maybethechildrenhadthesameideas,becauseIhadneverseensodepressing,sad,andevenbitterfacialexpressions.Ihadlittleexperienceinteaching,andmyagewaslikethatofthosechildren.Mostofthemhadthineyes,darkskin,andshinyblackhair,whichindicatedtheyweremixedbloodchildrenofFrenchandIndian.Atnineo’clock,theclassroomwasalreadyashotasastove.Ididn’tknowwhereIshouldstart.ThenIcalledfromalistofnames,expectingtheresponse.Theystoodup,andgavemethereply.However,whenYolandawascalled,therewasnoresponse…Stillnoresponse…About15secondslater,avoicecamefromthebackoftheclassroomwiththebuzzingofflies.“She’sdead.Shediedlastnight.”Thetoneofthechild’svoicewasastonishingbutplain,andperhapsnothingcouldbemorepainfulthantonarrateinthattone.“Ah!”Icriedout,notknowingwhattosay.ThechildrenandIlookedateachotherforalongtimeandweweresilent.IunderstoodthatwhatIhadseenfromthechildren’seyesandfaces,whichIhadthoughtwastheexpressionofindifference,turnedouttobeagreatpain.“SinceYolandawasyourclassmate,wouldyouliketoseeheratfouro’clockafterschool?”Therewasasmileonthechildren’sseriouslittlefaces.Itwasasmile,thoughformalandsad.Afterfouro’clock,Isawthatmanychildrenwerewaitingformeattheschoolgate.Thereweremorethan20childrenintotal.Someofthemwalkedinfronttoguideme.Theothersheldmetightly,whichalmostmademeunabletowalk.Fiveorsixyoungerchildrentookmyhandandgentlyledmeforward,justlikeleadingablindguy.Iunconsciouslyrememberedthosenames,andtheyarestillfreshinmymemory,includingYolanda.17.Theauthorwenttoasmallremotevillageto________.A.haveasummertripB.teachforashorttimeC.haveagoodtimewithchildrenD.achievemoreteachingexperience18.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“indifference”inParagraph5probablymean?A.Unconcern.B.Dissatisfaction.C.Disagreement.D.Friendliness.19.Whatcanweinferfromthestory?A.ThechildrenwereunwillingtoseeYolandaafterschool.B.Thechildrenwereupsetabouttheirmixedbloodidentity.C.Theauthorwasmovedbytheloveofthepoorchildren.D.Theauthorwasconfidentabouthisteachingatfirst.6ThereisaschoolinmyManhattanneighbourhoodthathasbeengivingoutfreemealsduringtheCovid-19pandemic-andeverytimeIwalkpastitthelineseemslonger.Acommunityfridgerecentlyshowedupacoupleofblocksaway;it’soneofmanythatactivistshavefixedacrossthecitytofightagainstgrowingfoodinsecurity.Justaroundthecornerthere’sayoungwomanwhohasbecomearegularamongthebeggarsIusuallyseeinthearea.ShelostherjobbecauseofCovid-19.It’snotalldoomandgloom.Whilethepooraregettingpoorer,the1%aremakingoutlikerobbers.America’s600-plusbillionairessawtheirwealthgrowbymorethan$700bninthefirstfewmonthsofthepandemic.Duringthesameperiod,morethan50millionAmericanworkerslosttheirjobs.TheUSgovernmenthasprintedtrillionsofdollarsineconomicreliefbutmanyoftheforgivableemergencyloansforsmallbusinessesseemtohavebeentakenbythesuper-rich.Mylocalindependentcoffeeshophascloseddown,butKanyeWestreceivedapartiallyforgivableloanworthatleast$2m.ItisbecomingincreasinglyclearthattheUSisexperiencingoneofthebiggestwealthtransfersinhistory.BernieSandershasaplantohelp.Lastweek,Sandersintroducedabill,MakeBillionairesPayAct,thatwouldestablishaone-time60%taxonbillionaires’pandemicgainsandusethemoneytoguaranteeAmericansfreehealthcareforayear.Thereisverylittlechancethebillwillgetpassed.Billionairesshouldn’texistinthefirstplace-theideathattheyshouldbetaxedatahigherrateduringapandemictohelppayhealthcareshouldn’tberemotelycontroversial.However,therearesomewhothinksuchamovewouldbeextremelyunfairto“poorunfortunate”billionaireswho,asweallknow,areoneofthemostunfairlyhurtgroupsintheworld.20.Howdoestheauthordevelopthefirsttwoparagraphs?A.Bylistingnumbers. B.Bygivingdefinitions.C.Bypresentingarguments. D.Bymakingcontrasts.21.Theunderlinedsentence“It’snotalldoomandgloom.”impliesthat________.A.thewriterdoesn’tfeeldepressedatallB.thecurrentsituationofCovid-19isgettingbetterC.thewomanhassufferedmorethanwecanimagineD.thebillionairesstillmakeprofitsduringthepandemic22.Thebill,MakeBillionairesPayAct,wasputforwardto________.A.ridthecountryofpandemicB.restrictthebillionaires’fortuneC.provideshort-termloansforhealthcareD.ensuretemporaryfreemedicalservice23.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardsthebillionaires?A.Disapproving. B.Disappointed.C.Sympathetic. D.Respectful.7Whetherhuntingorcompetingforlimitedspaceandresources,humansaretheplanet’ssuperpredator(捕食者).Asthehumanpopulationexpands,it’sgettingharderforothercreaturestofindsomewheretohideduringtheday.Nownewfindingsindicateanimalsaroundtheworldhavecomeupwithanotherstrategy:Theyarebecomingnocturnal.Ina

paper

publishedin

Science,researchersanalyzed76previousscientificstudiesabouthumanimpactonanimalactivity.Theycomparedanimals’activityduringthedayandnightinareasofhighhumandisturbance(fromhuntingorfarmingtohikingandotheroutdoorrecreation)andlowhumandisturbance(relativelynaturalconditions).Theanalysisshowedanimalsarebecominganaverageof1.36timesmorenocturnalduetohighhumandisturbance.Forexample,inPolandwildboarsgofrom48%nocturnalinnaturalforeststo90%nocturnalinurbanareas.Evenactivitiespeopleconsiderrelativelyinnocuous,suchashikingandwildlifeviewing,stronglyaffectedanimals’dailyrhythms.“Wethinkthatwe’releavingnotraceoftenwhenwe’reoutdoors,butwecanbehavinglastingconsequencesonanimalbehavior,”saysKaitlynGaynor,leadresearcherforthestudy.Thisisnotthefirsttimeanimalshavehadtoliveatnight;duringthetimeofdinosaurs,theywerealso

nocturnal.“Dinosaurswerethisubiquitous(无处不在的),scaryforce,andonlyaftertheirextinctiondidmammals(哺乳动物)emergeintothedaylight,”Gaynorsays.“Andnowhumanshavetakenoverandarepushingotheranimalsbackintothenight.”Scientistssuspectbecomingnocturnalmayhurtthosespecieshighlyadaptedtothesun.Theymightnotbeabletolivewellatnight,whichwouldultimatelyhurttheirchancesofsurvivalandreproduction.Perhapsevenmorealarmingeffectscouldbeinthewiderecosystem.InCalifornia’sSantaCruzMountains,coyoteshavebeenmorenocturnalinresponsetohikersandhavestartedtoaltertheirdietsfromdaytimeprey,suchassquirrelsandbirds,tonocturnalprey,suchasratsandrabbits.Exactlyhowecologicalcommunitieswillchange,andwhetheritwillbeforbetterorworse,requiresfurtherstudy.Somenighttimeshiftsmaybenefitbothanimalsandhumans,Gaynornotes.Forinstance,tigersinNepalareavoidingpotentiallydeadlyconflictswithpeopleastheybecomemorenocturnal.Studieslikethisonewilleventuallyhelpconservationmanagersmakebetterdecisionsabouthowtoprotectecosystems.“We’llneedtounderstan