跨文化交际教程 课件Unit 3 Nonverbal Communication；Unit 4 Sociopragmatic Failures in Intercultural Communication

NonverbalCommunicationinInterculturalCommunicationUnit3e7d195523061f1c03a90ee8e42cb24248e56383cd534985688F9F494128731F165EE95AB4B0C0A38076AAEA07667B1565C446FC45FF01DFB0E885BCDBDF3A284F3DB14DA61DD97F0BAB2E6C668FB4931CD287D4016AA7B206952849508909359D9286F36FCA4AC688B1E52AF2B8A36BD5CFE19290B2965B0C99E30B7F666D708D2581EC333905010FC684C8DCAA1400801LearningObjectives1.Tounderstandthesignificanceofnonverbalcommunication2e7d195523061f1c03a90ee8e42cb24248e56383cd534985688F9F494128731F165EE95AB4B0C0A38076AAEA07667B1565C446FC45FF01DFB0E885BCDBDF3A284F3DB14DA61DD97F0BAB2E6C668FB4931CD287D4016AA7B206952849508909359D9286F36FCA4AC688B1E52AF2B8A36BD5CFE19290B2965B0C99E30B7F666D708D2581EC333905010FC684C8DCAA14008行业PPT模板/hangye/2.Toperceivethedefinitionofnonverbalcommunication3.Todescribethefunctionsofnonverbalcommunication4.Tosummarizethecategoriesofnonverbalcommunicatione7d195523061f1c03a90ee8e42cb24248e56383cd534985688F9F494128731F165EE95AB4B0C0A38076AAEA07667B1565C446FC45FF01DFB0E885BCDBDF3A284F3DB14DA61DD97F0BAB2E6C668FB4931CD287D4016AA7B206952849508909359D9286F36FCA4AC688B1E52AF2B8A36BD5CFE19290B2965B0C99E30B7F666D708D2581EC333905010FC684C8DCAA14008Guesswhatthegesturesmean?e7d195523061f1c03a90ee8e42cb24248e56383cd534985688F9F494128731F165EE95AB4B0C0A38076AAEA07667B1565C446FC45FF01DFB0E885BCDBDF3A284F3DB14DA61DD97F0BAB2E6C668FB4931CD287D4016AA7B206952849508909359D9286F36FCA4AC688B1E52AF2B8A36BD5CFE19290B2965B0C99E30B7F666D708D2581EC333905010FC684C8DCAA14008Enjoyable,Relaxed,Confident.e7d195523061f1c03a90ee8e42cb24248e56383cd534985688F9F494128731F165EE95AB4B0C0A38076AAEA07667B1565C446FC45FF01DFB0E885BCDBDF3A284F3DB14DA61DD97F0BAB2E6C668FB4931CD287D4016AA7B206952849508909359D9286F36FCA4AC688B1E52AF2B8A36BD5CFE19290B2965B0C99E30B7F666D708D2581EC333905010FC684C8DCAA14008Cramped;Nervous;Entangled;Impatiente7d195523061f1c03a90ee8e42cb24248e56383cd534985688F9F494128731F165EE95AB4B0C0A38076AAEA07667B1565C446FC45FF01DFB0E885BCDBDF3A284F3DB14DA61DD97F0BAB2E6C668FB4931CD287D4016AA7B206952849508909359D9286F36FCA4AC688B1E52AF2B8A36BD5CFE19290B2965B0C99E30B7F666D708D2581EC333905010FC684C8DCAA14008WhatisNonverbalCommunication?e7d195523061f1c03a90ee8e42cb24248e56383cd534985688F9F494128731F165EE95AB4B0C0A38076AAEA07667B1565C446FC45FF01DFB0E885BCDBDF3A284F3DB14DA61DD97F0BAB2E6C668FB4931CD287D4016AA7B206952849508909359D9286F36FCA4AC688B1E52AF2B8A36BD5CFE19290B2965B0C99E30B7F666D708D2581EC333905010FC684C8DCAA14008orwecansay:Nonverbalcommunicationisthesendingorreceivingofwordlessmessages,;

oritiscommunicationotherthanoralandwritten,aseyecontact,

gestures,posture,toneofvoiceorfacialexpressions.Nonverbalcommunicationhelpsreceiverininterpretingthemessagereceived.Frequently,non-verbalsignalsreflectthesituationmoreaccuratelythanverbalmessages.

Sometimesnon-verbalresponsecontradictsverbalcommunicationandthusaffectstheeffectivenessofmessage.Whyistheabilitytounderstandandusenonverbalcommunicationimportant?*helpyouconnectwithothers;*expresswhatyoureallymean;*buildbetterrelationships.e7d195523061f1c03a90ee8e42cb24248e56383cd534985688F9F494128731F165EE95AB4B0C0A38076AAEA07667B1565C446FC45FF01DFB0E885BCDBDF3A284F3DB14DA61DD97F0BAB2E6C668FB4931CD287D4016AA7B206952849508909359D9286F36FCA4AC688B1E52AF2B8A36BD5CFE19290B2965B0C99E30B7F666D708D2581EC333905010FC684C8DCAA14008Purposeofnonverbalcommunication:•Toreplaceverbalcommunication;•Tomodifyverbalcommunication;•Toregulatesocialinteraction;•Toconveyouremotions;•Toconveyourattitudetowardourselvesandtowardthepeoplewearecommunicatingwith.Whenfacedwithmixedsignals,thatis,bothverbalandnonverbalsignals,whatshouldwechoosetobelieve?

Inmostcases,weshouldchoosethenonverbalsignals,becausetheyarenatural,unconsciouslanguagesthatbroadcastourtruefeelingsandintentionsinanygivemoment.TypesofnonverbalcommunicationFacialexpressions01Bodymovementsandpostures2Gestures03e7d195523061f1c03a90ee8e42cb24248e56383cd534985688F9F494128731F165EE95AB4B0C0A38076AAEA07667B1565C446FC45FF01DFB0E885BCDBDF3A284F3DB14DA61DD97F0BAB2E6C668FB4931CD287D4016AA7B206952849508909359D9286F36FCA4AC688B1E52AF2B8A36BD5CFE19290B2965B0C99E30B7F666D708D2581EC333905010FC684C8DCAA1400804Eyecontact05Touch06Space0Facialexpressione7d195523061f1c03a90ee8e42cb24248e56383cd534985688F9F494128731F165EE95AB4B0C0A38076AAEA07667B1565C446FC45FF01DFB0E885BCDBDF3A284F3DB14DA61DD97F0BAB2E6C668FB4931CD287D4016AA7B206952849508909359D9286F36FCA4AC688B1E52AF2B8A36BD5CFE19290B2965B0C99E30B7F666D708D2581EC333905010FC684C8DCAA14008Lookatthefollowingpictures,trytotellwhois…1.Themostkind-hearted?2.Themostartistic?3.Themostsmart?e7d195523061f1c03a90ee8e42cb24248e56383cd534985688F9F494128731F165EE95AB4B0C0A38076AAEA07667B1565C446FC45FF01DFB0E885BCDBDF3A284F3DB14DA61DD97F0BAB2E6C668FB4931CD287D4016AA7B206952849508909359D9286F36FCA4AC688B1E52AF2B8A36BD5CFE19290B2965B0C99E30B7F666D708D2581EC333905010FC684C8DCAA140081.Thefirstladylookslikethemostkind-hearted.2.Themostartisticpeoplemightbethesecondmanwithmoustache.3.Themostsmartonemightbethesecondmanwithglasses.Bodymovementsandposturese7d195523061f1c03a90ee8e42cb24248e56383cd534985688F9F494128731F165EE95AB4B0C0A38076AAEA07667B1565C446FC45FF01DFB0E885BCDBDF3A284F3DB14DA61DD97F0BAB2E6C668FB4931CD287D4016AA7B206952849508909359D9286F36FCA4AC688B1E52AF2B8A36BD5CFE19290B2965B0C99E30B7F666D708D2581EC333905010FC684C8DCAA14008Amanandawomanmetonthetrainplatform.Willthewomanaccepttheman’sgreetingfriendly?Shewon’t!e7d195523061f1c03a90ee8e42cb24248e56383cd534985688F9F494128731F165EE95AB4B0C0A38076AAEA07667B1565C446FC45FF01DFB0E885BCDBDF3A284F3DB14DA61DD97F0BAB2E6C668FB4931CD287D4016AA7B206952849508909359D9286F36FCA4AC688B1E52AF2B8A36BD5CFE19290B2965B0C99E30B7F666D708D2581EC333905010FC684C8DCAA14008Man:“Halfsmile”expressionArelaxedposition“Snap”gestureBodyorientationWoman:“Frowning”expression“Chinup”facialposition“Backing”postureLegstogetherFeetpointinginwardse7d195523061f1c03a90ee8e42cb24248e56383cd534985688F9F494128731F165EE95AB4B0C0A38076AAEA07667B1565C446FC45FF01DFB0E885BCDBDF3A284F3DB14DA61DD97F0BAB2E6C668FB4931CD287D4016AA7B206952849508909359D9286F36FCA4AC688B1E52AF2B8A36BD5CFE19290B2965B0C99E30B7F666D708D2581EC333905010FC684C8DCAA14008GesturesDoyouknowwhatthefollowinggesturesmean?e7d195523061f1c03a90ee8e42cb24248e56383cd534985688F9F494128731F165EE95AB4B0C0A38076AAEA07667B1565C446FC45FF01DFB0E885BCDBDF3A284F3DB14DA61DD97F0BAB2E6C668FB4931CD287D4016AA7B206952849508909359D9286F36FCA4AC688B1E52AF2B8A36BD5CFE19290B2965B0C99E30B7F666D708D2581EC333905010FC684C8DCAA14008Number1isusedtogetherwiththeverbalmessage“Let’skeepourfingerscrossed”intheUnitedStates,England,andSwedentomean:Thepersonishopingforgoodluck.InGreeceandTurkeyitmeans“thebreakingofafriendship”,andinpartsofItalyitmeans“O.K.”e7d195523061f1c03a90ee8e42cb24248e56383cd534985688F9F494128731F165EE95AB4B0C0A38076AAEA07667B1565C446FC45FF01DFB0E885BCDBDF3A284F3DB14DA61DD97F0BAB2E6C668FB4931CD287D4016AA7B206952849508909359D9286F36FCA4AC688B1E52AF2B8A36BD5CFE19290B2965B0C99E30B7F666D708D2581EC333905010FC684C8DCAA14008Number2isnormallyusedwhentalkingprivatelyaboutathirdperson,meaning:that

personiscrazy,ofteninajokingway.e7d195523061f1c03a90ee8e42cb24248e56383cd534985688F9F494128731F165EE95AB4B0C0A38076AAEA07667B1565C446FC45FF01DFB0E885BCDBDF3A284F3DB14DA61DD97F0BAB2E6C668FB4931CD287D4016AA7B206952849508909359D9286F36FCA4AC688B1E52AF2B8A36BD5CFE19290B2965B0C99E30B7F666D708D2581EC333905010FC684C8DCAA14008Number3indicates“Ihavenoidea.”/“Idon’tknow.”e7d195523061f1c03a90ee8e42cb24248e56383cd534985688F9F494128731F165EE95AB4B0C0A38076AAEA07667B1565C446FC45FF01DFB0E885BCDBDF3A284F3DB14DA61DD97F0BAB2E6C668FB4931CD287D4016AA7B206952849508909359D9286F36FCA4AC688B1E52AF2B8A36BD5CFE19290B2965B0C99E30B7F666D708D2581EC333905010FC684C8DCAA14008Picture4meansthat“Ican’t/didn’thearyou.”e7d195523061f1c03a90ee8e42cb24248e56383cd534985688F9F494128731F165EE95AB4B0C0A38076AAEA07667B1565C446FC45FF01DFB0E885BCDBDF3A284F3DB14DA61DD97F0BAB2E6C668FB4931CD287D4016AA7B206952849508909359D9286F36FCA4AC688B1E52AF2B8A36BD5CFE19290B2965B0C99E30B7F666D708D2581EC333905010FC684C8DCAA14008Number5

means“That’senough.

It’salloverforme.”e7d195523061f1c03a90ee8e42cb24248e56383cd534985688F9F494128731F165EE95AB4B0C0A38076AAEA07667B1565C446FC45FF01DFB0E885BCDBDF3A284F3DB14DA61DD97F0BAB2E6C668FB4931CD287D4016AA7B206952849508909359D9286F36FCA4AC688B1E52AF2B8A36BD5CFE19290B2965B0C99E30B7F666D708D2581EC333905010FC684C8DCAA14008Picture6the“thumbsdown”signindicates“rejection”or“refusal”,“defeat”or“nogood”or“badnews”

toAmericans.e7d195523061f1c03a90ee8e42cb24248e56383cd534985688F9F494128731F165EE95AB4B0C0A38076AAEA07667B1565C446FC45FF01DFB0E885BCDBDF3A284F3DB14DA61DD97F0BAB2E6C668FB4931CD287D4016AA7B206952849508909359D9286F36FCA4AC688B1E52AF2B8A36BD5CFE19290B2965B0C99E30B7F666D708D2581EC333905010FC684C8DCAA14008EyecontactEyesareoftencalled‘thewindowtothesoul’

.Whilewecanchooseourwordsandcontrolcertainfacialexpressions,oureyesneverlie.Theyportrayourthoughts,reflectthelightestshadesofemotionsandexpressinterest,boredom,surprise,approval,ordisbelief.Withoutwordseverbeingspoken,oureyeshavethepowertoattract,tojudge,tofrightenandtoappreciate.Inhumanbeings,eyecontactisaformofnonverbalcommunicationandisthoughttohavealargeinfluenceonsocialbehavior.

Eyecontactisoneofthekeyaspectsofnonverbalcommunication,butitmayalsochangeitsmeaningdependingonwhoyou’retalkingto.InWesterncountries,ifyoumaintaineyecontact,itmeansthatyoupayattentiontowhatanotherpersonsays.InJapanandsomeotherAsiancountries,eyecontactcommunicatesdisrespectandaggression.InJapan,manykidsaretaughttoavoideyecontactandtolookataperson’sneckinstead.

EyecontactcanalsobeconsideredawkwardinFinland.InMuslimcountries,maintainingstrongeyecontactisapositivesign,butonlyamongpeopleofthesamegender;Ifsomeonelooksatyouandyoudon’tlookback,itcanbeconsidereddisrespectful.Eyecontactbetweenmenandwomen,however,isconsideredinappropriate.e7d195523061f1c03a90ee8e42cb24248e56383cd534985688F9F494128731F165EE95AB4B0C0A38076AAEA07667B1565C446FC45FF01DFB0E885BCDBDF3A284F3DB14DA61DD97F0BAB2E6C668FB4931CD287D4016AA7B206952849508909359D9286F36FCA4AC688B1E52AF2B8A36BD5CFE19290B2965B0C99E30B7F666D708D2581EC333905010FC684C8DCAA14008TouchWhetherandhowmuchofthewaypeopleinteractwitheachotherintheprocessofcommunicationcanexpressinformationabouttheirrelationshipwitheachother.Hugsandkissesconveystrongemotionalmessageswhengreetingandparting,theactiveandpassivenatureoftouchingandbeingtouchedreflectsinterpersonalrelationships,andthedifferentwaysofshakinghandsreflectthedegreeofintimacywitheachother.Touchbehaviorisacomplexnon-verbalsymbolsystemandaculturalsymbolwithhugecross-culturaldifferences.e7d195523061f1c03a90ee8e42cb24248e56383cd534985688F9F494128731F165EE95AB4B0C0A38076AAEA07667B1565C446FC45FF01DFB0E885BCDBDF3A284F3DB14DA61DD97F0BAB2E6C668FB4931CD287D4016AA7B206952849508909359D9286F36FCA4AC688B1E52AF2B8A36BD5CFE19290B2965B0C99E30B7F666D708D2581EC333905010FC684C8DCAA14008SpaceSpace,asoneimportantconceptinproxemicsandoneelementofnonverbalcommunication,isregardedasonepartofenvironmentallanguage.Differentconceptsofspacecanaffectpeople’scommunication,interpersonalfeelingandemotion.

Spaceisperceiveddifferentlyindifferentcultures.

Personalspaceismorethanjustasocialpreferenceorculturalnorm.It’soneofthewaysourbrainstrytokeepussafe.Itinvolvesaseriesofcalculationsbydifferentbrainregionsthattakeintoaccountnotonlyanotherperson’sproximity,butalsothesettingandouremotions.Wehavefourdistinctzonesofpersonalspace,dependingonourfamiliaritywiththeotherpersonandthecontextofaninteraction.Ifpeopleintrudeonthoseperimeters,wemayfeeluncomfortable.Thisabilitytogaugethespacearoundusisanessentialsurvivaltactic.

Youdon’tjust“readothers’bodylanguage”;

Youobserve,analyzeandinterpretbeforeyoudecidethepossiblemeaning!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:“Onmywaytoschool,agirlwhomIdoknowsmiledatmeseveraltimes.Iwasalittlesurprised.”AnArabstudentinAmericasaid:“WhenIwaswalkingonthecampusthefirstday,manypeoplesmiledatme,whichmademequiteashamed.Ihurriedtothebathroomtoseeifanythingwaswrongwithmyclothes.NowI'musedtoallsmiles.”Questionsfordiscussion:WhyweretheJapaneseandtheArabstudentsurprisedorashamedwhilepeoplesmiledatthem?Howcanoneunderstandfacialexpressionsindifferentcultures?Pleaselistcases.e7d195523061f1c03a90ee8e42cb24248e56383cd534985688F9F494128731F165EE95AB4B0C0A38076AAEA07667B1565C446FC45FF01DFB0E885BCDBDF3A284F3DB14DA61DD97F0BAB2E6C668FB4931CD287D4016AA7B206952849508909359D9286F36FCA4AC688B1E52AF2B8A36BD5CFE19290B2965B0C99E30B7F666D708D2581EC333905010FC684C8DCAA14008Case2WangLingonceaccompaniedanAmericandelegationtovisitChina.TheyexperiencedthegreathospitalityoftheChinesepeople.AfterthedelegationreturnedtoAmerica,WangLingoncevisitedthem.Theyweresogladtomeetagain.WangLingofferedtopayforthemeal,buttheyrefused.Theyorderedtheirowndish,andWangLingorderedherown.Whenpayingforthebill,theyonlypaidtheirpart,andnooneofferedtopayforWanLing,whichmadeherquiteuncomfortable.Questionsfordiscussion:WhydidWangLingfeelquiteuncomfortable?DoyouthinktheAmericansinthiscaseareinhospitable?Why?e7d195523061f1c03a90ee8e42cb24248e56383cd534985688F9F494128731F165EE95AB4B0C0A38076AAEA07667B1565C446FC45FF01DFB0E885BCDBDF3A284F3DB14DA61DD97F0BAB2E6C668FB4931CD287D4016AA7B206952849508909359D9286F36FCA4AC688B1E52AF2B8A36BD5CFE19290B2965B0C99E30B7F666D708D2581EC333905010FC684C8DCAA14008TipsforreadingbodylanguageandnonverbalcommunicationPayattentiontoinconsistencies;Lookatnonverbalcommunicationsignalsasagroup;Trustyourinstincts.BodyLanguageandCommonGesturesAcrossDifferentCultures

Thethumbs-upgestureiswidelyconsideredasignofapproval.InChineseandWesterncultures,youcangivesomebodyathumbsupifyouagreewiththem,ifyouwanttoencouragethem,orifyousimplyliketheiroutfit,car,dog,etc.However,insomeMiddleEasterncountries,includingIranandIraq,thisgestureisveryoffensive.GivingathumbsuptoanIranianmeansthesameasshowingamiddlefingertoanAmerican.ThankstosocialmediaandWesternmovies,themeaningofthisgestureintheMiddleEastslowlychanges,butsomepeoplemaystillbeoffendedbyyourthumbsup.Thisgesturealsomeans“one”inGermany.

IfyouwanttogetonebeerataGermanbar,youshouldshowthewaiteryourthumb,becauseGermansstartcountingwiththethumb.Ifyoushowyourpointerfinger,thiswillactuallymean“two”.

Bowing

isverycommoninmanyAsiancountries,includingChina,Japan,andKorea.

Ofcourse,bowingmayalsobeusedinWesterncountries.Forexample,musiciansoractorsmaybowaftertheirperformance.

However,inAsiancountries,bowingisoneofthemainelementsofetiquette,anditisusedindifferenteverydaysituations.Youmaybowtosimplysay“hello,”ortoexpressgratitude.Youmayalsobowtoapologize.Themorerespectyouwanttoshow,theloweryoushouldbow.Youcanalsodemonstratehowseriousyouarebykeepingyourheadbowed.Therulesofbowingmayvarydependingonacountryanditsregion.Moreover,theserulesmayalsovaryamongdifferentgenerations.InWesterncountries,whenyoushakeyourhead,itmeans“no”.

However,inIndiaandsomeotherpartsofSouthAsia,thewayyoushakeyourheadcanchangethemessagecompletely.Inthesecultures,tiltingandshakingyourheadside-to-sidemeans“yes”,andthefasteryoudoit,themorecertainyouare.However,multipleshakesfromlefttorightmayalsomean“no”.Youmayalsotiltyourheadfromlefttorightwhentalkingtopeopletodemonstratethatyouagreewiththemandpayattentiontowhattheysay.Ifyou’remostlyshakingyourjaw,itcanmeanthatyou’renotsureaboutsomething,or“so-so”.

Atthesametime,turningandshakingyourheadfromlefttorightmeans“no”

InIndia,headshakinghasawholevarietyofmeanings.SittingwithyourlegscrossedisanormalthinginEuropeorAmerica.

However,inJapan,it’sasignofdisrespect.

Besides,youmayoffendsomebodybyshowingyourfeet.ShowingyourfeetorsolesofyourshoesisalsoconsideredrudeandinsultingintheMiddleEast.ThrowingshoesatsomeoneisaverycommonsignofdisrespectandaggressionamongMiddleEasternpoliticalprotesters.Whatistimelanguage?e7d195523061f1c03a90ee8e42cb24248e56383cd534985688F9F494128731F165EE95AB4B0C0A38076AAEA07667B1565C446FC45FF01DFB0E885BCDBDF3A284F3DB14DA61DD97F0BAB2E6C668FB4931CD287D4016AA7B206952849508909359D9286F36FCA4AC688B1E52AF2B8A36BD5CFE19290B2965B0C99E30B7F666D708D2581EC333905010FC684C8DCAA14008Time

Perceptionsofpast,present,andfuture;Whatdoesitmeantointerculturalcommunication?Past-orientedCulturese7d195523061f1c03a90ee8e42cb24248e56383cd534985688F9F494128731F165EE95AB4B0C0A38076AAEA07667B1565C446FC45FF01DFB0E885BCDBDF3A284F3DB14DA61DD97F0BAB2E6C668FB4931CD287D4016AA7B206952849508909359D9286F36FCA4AC688B1E52AF2B8A36BD5CFE19290B2965B0C99E30B7F666D708D2581EC333905010FC684C8DCAA14008*Peopleregardpreviousexperiencesandeventsasmostimportant.*Theyplaceaprimaryemphasisontradition.Theyshowgreatrespectforparentsandtheelderly.Country:Britain,China,JapanesePresent-orientedCulturese7d195523061f1c03a90ee8e42cb24248e56383cd534985688F9F494128731F165EE95AB4B0C0A38076AAEA07667B1565C446FC45FF01DFB0E885BCDBDF3A284F3DB14DA61DD97F0BAB2E6C668FB4931CD287D4016AA7B206952849508909359D9286F36FCA4AC688B1E52AF2B8A36BD5CFE19290B2965B0C99E30B7F666D708D2581EC333905010FC684C8DCAA14008*Peopleregardcurrentexperiencesasmostimportant.*Theyplaceamajoremphasisonspontaneityandimmediacy.*Theyexperienceeachmomentasfullyaspossible.Country:thePhilippinesandLatinAmericaFuture-orientedCulturese7d195523061f1c03a90ee8e42cb24248e56383cd534985688F9F494128731F165EE95AB4B0C0A38076AAEA07667B1565C446FC45FF01DFB0E885BCDBDF3A284F3DB14DA61DD97F0BAB2E6C668FB4931CD287D4016AA7B206952849508909359D9286F36FCA4AC688B1E52AF2B8A36BD5CFE19290B2965B0C99E30B7F666D708D2581EC333905010FC684C8DCAA14008Peoplebelievetomorrowismostimportant.Currentactivitiesareaccomplishednotfortheirownsakebutforthepotentialfuturebenefits.Theirfateisatleastpartiallyintheirownhandsandthereforetheycancontroltheconsequencesoftheiraction.Country:Americae7d195523061f1c03a90ee8e42cb24248e56383cd534985688F9F494128731F165EE95AB4B0C0A38076AAEA07667B1565C446FC45FF01DFB0E885BCDBDF3A284F3DB14DA61DD97F0BAB2E6C668FB4931CD287D4016AA7B206952849508909359D9286F36FCA4AC688B1E52AF2B8A36BD5CFE19290B2965B0C99E30B7F666D708D2581EC333905010FC684C8DCAA14008Whatdoestimelanguagemeantointerculturalcommunication?Peoplefrompresent-orientedculturesmightviewpeoplefrompast-orientedculturesastootiedtotradition.Peoplefromfuture-orientedculturesmayberegardedaspassionlessslavestoefficiencyandmaterialism.ThankYoue7d195523061f1c03a90ee8e42cb24248e56383cd534985688F9F494128731F165EE95AB4B0C0A38076AAEA07667B1565C446FC45FF01DFB0E885BCDBDF3A284F3DB14DA61DD97F0BAB2E6C668FB4931CD287D4016AA7B206952849508909359D9286F36FCA4AC688B1E52AF2B8A36BD5CFE19290B2965B0C99E30B7F666D708D2581EC333905010FC684C8DCAA14008Unit4SociopragmaticFailuresinInterculturalCommunication第一PPT01.TheconceptofSociopragmticFailures02.TypesofPragmaticFailure04.CommunicationinChinafortheNon-Chinese03.TypesofsociopragmaticfailuresC

CONTENT行业PPT模板/hangye/1TheconceptofSociopragmaticFailuresSociopragmaticfailurereferstotheinappropriatenessorinvalidityoflanguagebehaviorininterculturalcommunicationduetothedifferencebetweendifferentculturalandlinguisticbackgroundsandtheimproperuseofpragmaticrulesandhabits.Indifferentsocietiesanddifferentcommunities,peoplespeakdifferently;thesedifferencesinwaysofspeakingareprofoundandsystematic,theyreflectdifferentculturalvalues,oratleastdifferenthierarchiesofvalues;differentwaysofspeaking,differentcommunicativestyles,canbeexplainedandmadesenseofintermsofindependentlyestablisheddifferentculturalvaluesandculturalpriorities(Wierzbicka,1991:69).行业PPT模板/hangye/Theprincipleofcooperationmeansthatinlanguagecommunication,peoplehaveapurposeofcooperation,whichcanbeachievedbyobservingsomebasicprinciples.Oneofthemostimportantprinciplesisthatthespeakershouldgivetrue,relevant,clearandcompleteinformation,andthelistenershouldunderstandthespeaker’sintentionwithoutunderminingthewillingnessofbothpartiestocooperate.Ininterculturalcommunication,sometimespeopledonotknowhowtoabidebytheprincipleofcooperation,sosociopragmaticfailureswilloccur.SociopragmaticfailurecanbestudiedwithreferencetoGrice’scooperativeprinciple.2TypesofPragmaticFailure行业PPT模板/hangye/AnExampleItiscustomarytosaytoanewborninUkraine“Howugly”or“Howbad”.Howdoyouinterpretit?ItdoesnotmeanthatUkrainiansintendtocommunicatethatababylooksugly.Theyactuallysayitinordernottojinxababyandtoprotectitfromevil.Thus,ifinanyothersituationonehears“howugly”or“howbad”,thatwillbeoffensive.However,inthisparticularcontextwithanewborn,thisutterancehasagoodintention.IfoneforeignercomestoUkraineandhearsthisphrase,he/sheislikelytobesurprised(orangryifitreferstohis/herbaby)andtomisinterpretit.Thatwillbeapragmaticfailure.Pragmaticfailureis“theinabilitytounderstand‘whatismeantbywhatissaid’”.Itcanoccur“onanyoccasioninwhichthehearerperceivestheforceofthespeaker’sutteranceasotherthanthespeakerintendedhe/sheshouldperceiveit”.Itmayhappenduetodifferentculturalknowledgethatwehaveabouttheworldorduetothewayweutteritlinguistically.PragmalinguisticFailureIthappenswhenthespeakermapsthepragmaticforcedifferentlyfromanativespeakerofthetargetlanguageorwhenthespeakerinappropriatelytransfersspeechactstrategiesfromL1toL2.Twotypesofpragmaticfailure:Theteacher(askedlearnersduringanESLreadingactivities):“John,wouldyouliketoreadthetext?”Thestudent:“No,Iwouldn’t.”Thestudent(John)failedtorecognizethattheteacherwasmakingarequest.Thus,hedidnotmeantoberude;hethought,instead,thathispreferenceswerebeingconsulted.AnExample:What’syourcomment?SociopragmaticFailureIthappenswhenthespeakerusesinadequatestrategiesrelatedtothesocialconditionsoflanguageinuse.AnExample(GreekspeakersofEnglishwritinge-mailstothefacultyinaUniversitycontext):What’syourcomment?Mr.Lee,DidyoutalktoDr.Smithyesterday?Whatdidshetellyou?Willsheallowmetotakesociolinguistics?Thankyou.GeorgeTherequestforinformationdidnottaketheasymmetricalpowerrelationintoaccountandwasperformedwithaninappropriatelyhighdegreeofdirectness.Itwas,therefore,perceivedasimpoliteanddiscourteousbythereceiver.Pragmalinguisticfailureisalinguisticproblem,whereassociopragmaticfailureencodesdifferentperceptionsofsociallyacceptedlinguisticbehavior.Incasesofinterculturalcommunicationinwhichthereisamismatchofspeakers’sociolinguistic,pragmatic,structural,anddiscourseknowledge,sociopragmaticfailurecanoccur.3Typesof

SociopragmaticFailuresSociopragmaticFailures

ThesizeofimpositionMakingreferencestowhatisconsideredtabootopicsindifferentculturePowerandsocialdistanceCross-culturallydifferentpragmaticgroundrulesItreferstothenotionaboutfreeandnon-freegoods.Freegoodsarethosethatanyonecouldaskwithoutanyelaboratepolitenessstrategies.IntheSovietUnion,wherecigaretteswerealmostfreeandanyonecouldaskforthemwithoutbeingextremelypolite.ThisexamplecanapplytoUkraineasapost-sovietcountry,too.Achildandmenwouldcometohisowngrandfatherforsomecigarettesbecausetheyknewhewasabigsmoker.However,inWesternEuropewherethecigaretteswerequiteexpensive.IfoneRussianorUkrainianasksarandomEuropeanpersononthestreetforonecigarette,itwillbeasociopragmaticfailureasitisnotappropriatethere.ThesizeofimpositionItreferstodifferentstylesofcommunicationbetweenpeopleofdifferentpowerandsocialstatus:forexample,employersandemployees,seniorandyoungpeople,teachersandstudents,etc.PowerandsocialdistanceTabootopics

areallowedtotalkfreelyinoneculturebutcannotbefreelydiscussedinanotherculture.Taboosaretopicsthatar