上海市长宁区高三二模英语试题

(满分140分，考试时间120分钟)Ⅰ.ListeningprehensionSectionADirections:InSectionA,youwillheartenshortconversationsbetweentwospeakers.Attheendofeachconversation,aquestionwillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Theconversationsandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaconversationandthequestionaboutit,readthefourpossibleanswersonyourpaper,anddecidewhichoneisthebestanswertothequestionyouhaveheard1.A.Heisangry.B.Heisexhausted.C.Heishungry.D.Heisdisappointed.2.A.GooverhislessonsB.AttendthepartC.EatoutwithfriendsD.Takethefinalexam3.A.Sheismostlikelytobearrested.B.Shehasforgottentocallthepolice.C.Shemayhavelostherdrivinglicense.D.Sheislyingtothepoliceofficer.4.A.Billbrokehispromise.B.MumwillprobablyrewardBill.C.BillfailedinthetestD.MumisworriedaboutBill’swork.5.A.Makearecoveryplan.B.Gobacktowork.C.Dropoutofschool.D.Quitherpresentjob.6.A.Shegavehimalifthomeagain.B.Sheofferedhimanextraroom.C.Shetreatedhimwellatherhome.D.Shesparedmuchtimeforhim.7.A.Shedoesn'thavetimetofindanewflat.B.Shehasnotpaidenoughrentinadvance.C.Sheisunlikelytogiveuptheniceflat.D.Shewantstodecoratetheflatduringtheholiday.8.A.Extremesports.B.Travelinsurance.C.Bungeejumping.D.Divingsafety.9.A.ShelikesPhillipssingingverymuch.B.Sheappreciatesotherkindsofmusicals.C.SheenjoysthechangesofhismusicalsD.SheadmiresothersingersmorethanPhillips.10.A.Americanstudentsaretootalkativeinclass.B.ItishardtolearnalotinanAmericanschool.C.Onecanjoininschoolingindifferentways.D.Activeparticipationisgreatlyencouraged.SectionBDirections:InSectionB,youwillhearseverallongerconversation(s)andshortpassage(s),andyouwillbeaskedseveralquestionsoneachoftheconversation(s)andthepassage(s).Theconversation(s)andthepassage(s)willbereadtwice,butnequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Whenyouhearaquestion,readthefourpossibleanswersonyourpaperanddecidewhichoneisthebestanswertothequestionyouhaveheard.Questions11through13arebasedonthefollowingpassage.11.A.Oneshouldwaitforthingstohappenbeforeleaving.B.Oneshouldremainsilentwhenthingsaregettinghard.C.OneshouldtrytotakecontrolofthedifficultsituationD.Oneshouldturntootherpeopleforinstanthelp12.A.Bymotivatinghimselftotakeaction.B.Byseekinghelpfromhisfriend.C.BythinkingofthemeaningoflifeD.Bytakinggoodcareofhimself.13.A.Lifeisnotalwayspeacefulanditisfullofterribleaccidents.B.KeepapositiveattitudeandfocusonsurvivalwhateverhappensC.AdvancedequipmentistheessentialfactorinsurvivingcrisesD.BereadytogetimmediateassistancewhenlostinthejungleQuestions14through16arebasedonthefollowingpassage.14.A.In1969.B.In2012.C.In1976.D.In2016.15.A.SuggestedcreatingauniversityofscienceandtechnologyinEgypt.B.HelpedmanyEgyptianscientiststobeawardedtheNobelPrize.C.DevelopedcooperationwiththeUniversityofCaliforniaintheU.S.D.ProvidedexcellentEgyptianstudentswithmorefinancialsupport.16.A.ForhisrelationshipwithEgyptianPresident.B.Forhisacademicperformanceintechnology.C.ForhisgoodserviceintheEgyptianArmy.D.ForhisoutstandingcontributionstoEgypt.Questions17through20arebasedonthefollowingconversation.17.A.Itoffersdifferentopinionsonoldage.B.Itisabouthowtokeephealthyinoldage.C.Itinvestigatesthecausesoftheagingproblem.D.Itrevealsthesecretsoflivinglonger.18.A.Theoldarethoughttobehealthybutlonely.B.Theoldarereportedtobepoorbuthappy.C.Theoldareregardedasanunattractivegroup.D.Theoldareconsidereddangeroustothesociety.19.A.Theyareeasytofalldownwithseriousillness.B.Theyenjoytravelingandgettingnewexperiences.C.Theyaredifficulttoberecognizedduetothechanges.D.Theyhavenomorementalproblemsthanthemiddleaged.20.A.Raisepeople'sawarenessofcaringfortheold.B.Helppeopletaketheirresponsibilitiesfortheold.C.Changepeople’sattitudetowardstheagedgroup.D.Easepeople'sfearandanxietyaboutgrowingold.Ⅱ.GrammarandVocabularySectionADirections:Afterreadingthepassagebelow,fillintheblankstomakethepassagecoherentandgrammaticallycorrect.Fortheblankswithagivenword,fillineachblankwiththeproperformofthegivenword;fortheotherblanks,useonewordthatbestfitseachblank.AGreatFriendshipThomasJeffersonandJamesMadisonmetin1776.Couldithavebeenanyotheryear?TheyworkedtogetherandstartedtofurtherAmericanRevolutionandlatertoshapetheofficialnewplanofthegovernment.21(develop)aclosefriendship,whichlastedfor50years.Therewere22(share)purposesandamonendonbothsides.Fourandahalfmonths23hedied,whenhewasillandworriedabouthisfamily,Jeffersonwrotetohislongtimefriend.HiswordsandMadison'sreplyremindusthatfriendsarefriendstilldeath."Thefriendshipwhich_24(exist)betweenusforhalfacentury,theharmonyofourpoliticalprinciplesanpursuitshavebeensourcesofconstanthappinesstomethroughthatlongperiod.it'salsobeenagreatforttome25(believe)thatyouareengagedinvindicating(证实)totheyoungergenerationthecoursethatwe'vepursuedforpreservingtothem.Ifevertheearthhasnoticedasystemofadministrationconductedwith26singleandkeeneyetothegeneralinterestandhappinessofthosemittedto,itmustbethesystemprotectedbytruth,to_27_ourliveshavebeendevoted.Tomyself,youhavebeenagreatsupporterthroughoutlife.TakecareofmewhendeadandbeassuredthatIshouldleavewithyoumylastaffections.”Aweeklater,Madisonreplied.“Youcannotlookback28_thelongperiodofourprivatefriendshipandpoliticalharmonywithmoreaffectingrecollectionsthanIdo.__29_theyareasourceofpleasuretoyou,theyarethesametome.Wecannotbedeprived(失去)ofthehappyconsciousnessofthepuredevotiontothepublicgoodandIhaveconfidence30sufficientevidencewillfinditswaytoanothergenerationtoensure,afterwearegone,whateverofjusticemaybewithheldwhilewearehere.”SectionBDirections:Fillineachblankwithaproperwordchosenfromthebox.Eachwordcanbeusedonlyonce.Notethatthereisonewordmorethanyouneed.A.analysisB.usuallyC.assuresD.poursE.developmentF.necessaryG.cloudyH.absentI.cultivateJ.allowK.extremelyHeIsKindlyTheothereveningatadancingclubayoungmanintroducedmetoMr.andMrs.F.ScottFitzgerald,andScottseemednottohavechangedfromthefirsttimeImethimatPrinceton,whenhewasaneagerundergraduatetryinghisbestto_31himselfintoagreatauthor.Heisstilltryinghardtobeagreatauthor.Heisatworknowonanovelwhichhiswife32farbetterthanThisSideofParadise,butlikemostofouryoungernovelists,hefindsit33toproduceacertainnumberofshortstoriestomakethewheelsgoaround.ThatTheVegetable,hisplay,didnotreceiveaManhattanpresentationseemstohavedisappointedratherthandiscouragedhim.Heisstill34lighthearted.Ihavealwaysconsideredhimthemostbrilliantofouryoungernovelists.Nooneelsecantouchhisstyle,northesuperbqualityofhissatire(讽刺).Hehasyettoputtheminanovelwithcarefulnessofconceptionand35ofcharacter.Hecanbeealmostanykindofwriterthathispeculiarlyrestlesscharacterwill36.BorninSt.Paul,heattendedPrinceton,servedintheArmy,wrotehisfirstnovelinatrainingcamp,achievedfameandfortune,marriedaSoutherngirl,hasachildandlivesinNewYork.Atheart,heisoneofthekindliestoftheyoungerwritersArtistrymeansagreatdealtoF.ScottFizgerald,andintohisownbestworkhe37greatefforts.Hedemandsthisintheworkofothers,andwhenhedoesnotfindit,hecriticizeswithpassionateearnestness.Ihaveknownhim,afterreadingayoungfellownovelist'sbook,totakewhatmusthavebeenhoursoftimetowritehimalengthy,careful_38.Justwhathewillwriteinthefutureremains_39.Withafirmerreputationthanthatoftheotheryoungpeople,heyetseemstometohaveachievedratherlessthanRobertNathanandrathermorethanStephenVincentBenet,CyrilHume.Hisingnovelshouldmeanadefinitepredictionforfuturework.Itistobehopedthatfromitwillbe40theseeminglyunavoidablemoderngirls.Ⅲ.ReadingprehensionSectionADirections:ForeachblankinthefollowingpassagetherearefourwordsorphrasesmarkedA,B,CandD.Fillineachblankwiththewordorphrasethatbestfitsthecontext.StandardsforSchools:DevelopingOrganizationalAccountability(绩效)Qualityteachingdependsonteachers'knowledgeandskillsbutontheenvironmentinwhichtheywork.Schoolsneedtoofferacoherentcmfocusedonhigherorderthinkingandperformanceacrosssubjectareasandgrades,timeforteacherstowork41withstudentstoacplishchallenginggoals,opportunitiesforteacherstoplanwithandlearnfromoneanother,andregularoccasionstoevaluatetheoutesoftheir42.Ifschoolsaretobeemoreresponsible,theymust,likeotherprofessionalorganizations,makeevaluationandassessmentpartoftheireverydaylives.Justashospitalshavestandingmitteesofstaffthatmeetregularlytolookatevaluationdataanddiscussthe43ofeachaspectoftheirworkapracticereinforcedbytheiraccreditation(ifi)requirements,schoolsmusthavesuchregularoccasionstoexaminetheirpracticeandeffectiveness.AsRichardRothsteinandhiscolleaguesdescribeinGradingEducation:GettingAccountabilityRight,schoollevelaccountabilitycanbesupportedbyschool_44,likethosemoninmanyothernations,inwhichtrainedexpertsevaluateschoolsbyspendingseveraldaysvisitingclassrooms,45samplesofstudentwork,andinterviewingstudentsabouttheirunderstandingandtheirexperiences,46lookingatobjectivedatasuchastestscores,graduationrates,andsoon.Insomecases,principalsacpanytheinspectorsintoclassroomsandareaskedfortheirownevaluationsofthelessons.Inthisway,theinspectorsareabletomake_47abouttheinstructionalandsupervisorypetence(能力)ofprincipals.Asdescribedearlier,inspectorsmayalsoplayaroleinensuringthe48andparabilityofschoolbasedassessments(asinEnglandandAustralia),aswellasschoolsinternalassessmentandevaluationprocess(asinHongKong).Inmostcountries’inspectionsystems,schoolsareratedonthequalityofinstructionandotherservicesandsupports,aswellasstudents’49andprogressinawiderangeofaspects,includingandgoingbeyondacademicsubjectareas,suchasextracurricular,personalandsocial_50,theacquisitionofworkplaceskillsandthe51towhichstudentsareencouragedtoadoptsafepracticesanda52lifestyle.Schoolsareratedastowhethertheypassinspection,needmodestimprovements,orrequireseriousintervention(介入),andtheyreceiveextensivefeedbackonwhattheinspectionsbothsawand_53_.Reportsarepubliclyposted.Schoolsrequiringinterventionarethengivenmoreexpert54andsupport,andareplacedonamorefrequentscheduleofvisits.Thosethatpersistentlyfailtopassmaybeplacedunderlocalgovernmentcontrolandcouldbe_55iftheyarenotimproved.41.A.occasionally B.closely C.strictly D.peacefully42.A.challenges B.petence C.curriculum D.practices43.A.effectiveness B.faults C.progress D.requirements44.A.instruction B.protection C.inspection D.consideration45.A.taking B.improving C.examining D.copying46.A.asfaras B.ratherthan C.otherthan D.aswellas47.A.judgments B.decisions C.inquiries D.suggestions48.A.quantity B.quality C.instruction D.support49.A.education B.performance C.attention D.interest50.A.responsibility B.structure C.resources D.benefits51.A.frequency B.cons C.satisfaction D.extent52.A.parable B.health C.different D.unique53.A.appreciated B.criticized C.remended D.rewarded54.A.attention B.programs C.evaluation D.explanations55.A.setdown B.putdown C.closeddown D.pulleddownSectionBDirections:Readthefollowingthreepassages.Eachpassageisfollowedbyseveralquestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosetheonethatfitsbestaccordingtotheinformationgiveninthepassageyouhavejustread.(A)NATIONALGEOGRAPHICNEWSHumanAnimalNewsAncientWorldSpace/TechCultureWarningfromExpertsAgrowingamountofhumanmadeorbitaldebris(太空轨道残骸)fromrocketstagesandoutofdatesatellitesiscirclingtheEarth.Scientistssaytheorbitaldebris,betterknownasspacejunk,posesanincreasingthreattospaceactivities.“Thisisagrowingenvironmentalproblem,”saidNicholasJohnson,thechiefscientistandprogrammanagerfororbitaldebrisatNASA(美国航空航天局)inHouston,Texas.Johnsonandhisteamhavedevelopedaputermodelcapableofsimulatingpastandfutureamountsofspacejunk.Themodelpredictsthatevenwithoutfuturerocketorsatellitelaunches,theamountofdebrisinloworbitaroundEarthwillsteadythrough2055,afterwhichitwillincrease.Whilecurrenteffortshavefocusedonlimitingfuturespacejunk,thesescientistssayremovinglargepiecesofoldspacejunkwillsoonbenecessary.Sincethefirstlaunchofsatellitein1957,humanshavebeengeneratingspacejunk.TheU.S.SpaceSurveillanceNetworkiscurrentlytrackingover13,000humanmadeobjectslargerthantencentimetersindiameterorbitingtheEarth.“Ofthe13,000objects,over40percentcamefrombreakupsofbothspacecraftandrocketbodies,”Johnsonsaid.Inaddition,therearehundredsofthousandsofsmallerobjectsinspace.Theseincludeeverythingfrompiecesofplastictobitsofpaint.Muchofthissmallerjunkhasefromexplodingrocketstages.Stagesaresectionsofarocketthathavetheirownfuelorengines.Theseobjectstravelatspeedsover35,000kilometersanhour.Atsuchhighspeed,evensmalljunkcantearholesinaspacecraftordisableasatellitebycausingelectricalshortsthatresultfromcloudsofsuperheatedgas.Johnsonbelievesitmaybetimetothinkabouthowtoremovejunkfromspace.PreviousproposalsrangefromsendingupspacecraftstograbjunkandbringitdowntousinglaserstoslowanobjectsorbittocauseittofallbacktoEarthmorequickly.Givencurrenttechnology,thoseproposalsappearneithertechnicallynoreconomicallypractical,“Spacejunkislikeanyenvironmentalproblem,”Johnsonadmits.“It’sgrowing.Ifyoudon’tdealwithitnow,itwillonlybeeworse,andthesolutionsinthefuturearegoingtobeevenmorecostly.”56.Whatisthispassagemainlytalkingabout?A.Advancedtechnologyisusedtoremovespacejunk.B.NASAisresponsiblefortheenvironmentalproblem.C.Cleaningupthespacejunkisgreatlyneeded.D.Humanactivitiesgeneratemuchorbitaldebris.57.Whichofthefollowingisnotmentionedinthepassage?A.Rocketlaunchesproducemoredebristhansatellitelaunches.B.Spacejunkisendangeringhumanbeings'spaceactivities.C.It'snecessarytocleanupthelargepiecesofoldspacejunk.D.Evenatinypieceofspacejunkcandestroyaspacecraft58.WhatdoesJohnthinkofthepreviousproposalstograbspacejunkandbringitdowntotheearth?A.Reasonable.B.Unbelievable.C.Reliable.D.Impractical.(B)ABCNews:ParentswhowanttopickuptheirkidsatschoolinoneNewJerseydistrictnowcansubmittoiris(虹膜)scans,asthetechnologythathelpskeepournation’sairportsandhotelssafebeginstomakeitswayfurtherintoAmericanlives.Whenpickingupachild,theadultprovidesadriver’slicenseandthensubmitstoaneyescan.Iftheirisimagecamerarecognizeshisorhereyes,thedoorclicksopen.TheFreeholdBoroughSchoolDistrictlaunchedthishightechsecuritysystemonMondaywithfundingfromtheDepartmentofJusticeaspartofastudyonthesystem’seffectiveness.Asmanyasfouradultscanbeauthorizedtopickupeachchildinthedistrict,ordertobeauthorizedtoeintoschool,theywillbeaskedtoregisterwiththedistrict’sirisrecognitionsecurityandvisitormanagementsystem.Atthispoint,theNewJerseyprogramisnotamust.Ifsomeonetriestoslipinbehindanauthorizedperson,thesystemcausesanalarmandredflashinglightsinthefrontoffice.Theentireprocesstakesjustseconds.ThiskindoftechnologyisalreadyatworkinairportsaroundthecountrylikeOrlandoInternationalAirport,wheretheprogramhasbeeninoperationsinceJuly.Ithas12,000subscriberswhopay$79.95fortheconvenienceofsubmittingtoirisscansratherthangoingthroughlengthysecuritychecks.Anirisscanissaidtobemoreaccuratethanafingerprintbecauseitrecords240uniquedetailsfarmorethantheseventotwentyfourdetailsthatareanalyzedinfingerprints.Thechancesofbeingmisidentifiedbyanirisscanareaboutonein1.2millionandjustonein1.44trillionifyouscanbotheyes.PhilMeara,theFreeholdDistrictofficial,saidthatalthoughitwasexpensive,theprogramwouldhelpschoolsacrossthecountrymoveintoanewfrontierinchildprotection.“Thisisallpartofalargeremphasis,hereinNewJersey,onschool,hesaid,Wechosethisschoolbecausewewerelookingforatypicalslightlyurbanschooltolaunchthesystem.”Mearaappliedfora$369,000grantonbehalfoftheschooldistrictandhadtheeyescannersinstalledintwogrammarschoolsandonemiddleschool.Sofar,300ofthenearly1,500individualsavailabletopickupastudentfromschoolhaveregisteredfortheeyescansystem.59.WhydoestheFreeholdBoroughSchoolDistrictadopttheirissecuritysystem?A.Toensuretheschoolsafetyandefficiencyofpickingupchildren.B.ToencouragemorestudentstoregisterinNewJerseyurbanschools.C.Totesttheeffectivenessofschoolsecurityandmanagementsystem.D.Tocollecttheinformationofthechildrenandtheirbelovedparents.60.What'stheadvantageoftheeyescansystemoverfingerprints?A.Havingmanymoresubscribersthroughoutthecountry.B.Authorizingtheadultstopickupchildrenmoreflexibly.C.Attractingparentsinalargerproportiontoregisterforit.D.Makingalmostnomistakesinidentifyingtheauthorized.61.HowdoesPhilMearahelptoensurethesafetyofchildren?A.Bypersuadingpeopletoregisterwiththesecuritysystem.B.Byapplyingforgranttoinstalleyescannersinschools.C.Byaskingthedepartmentofjusticetofundtheprogram.D.ByturningtoOrlandoInternationalAirportforhelp.62.Whatisthebesttitleofthispassage?A.ParentsFavortheEyeScanSystem.B.SecurityManagementNeedsImproving.C.HighTechnologyestoSchool.D.IrisScannersAreInventedintheCountry.(C)DustyNash,anangeliclookingblondchildofseven,awokeat5onerecentmorninginhisChicagohomeandbegantothrowafit.Hecriedandkicked.Everymuscleinhis50lb.bodyflewinviolentmotion.Finally,afterabout30minutes,Dustypulledhimselftogethersufficientlytoheaddownstairsforbreakfast.Whilehismotherwasbusyinthekitchen,theextremelyexcitedchildpulledaboxofKixcerealfromthecupboardandsatonachair.Butsittingstillwasnoteasythismorning.Aftergrabbingsomecerealwithhishands,hebegankickingthebox,scatteringlittleroundcornpuffsacrosstheroom.NextheturnedhisattentiontotheTVset,orrather,thetablesupportingit.Thetablewascoveredwithacheckboardcontactpaper,andDustybeganpeelingitoff.Thenhebecameinterestedinthespilledcerealandstartedsmashingitintobits.Itwasonly7:30,andhismotherKyleNash,whoteachesamedicalschoolcourseondeathanddying,wasalreadyfeelinghalfdeadfromexhaustion.Dustywastoseehisdoctorsthatdayat4,andtheyhadaskedhernottogivetheboythedrugheusuallytakestocontrolhisextremeexcitementandattentionproblems,aconditionknownasattentiondeficithyperactivitydisorder(ADHD).ItwasgoingtobeaverylongdaywithouthelpfromRitain,apowerfuldrugwhichsomepeopletakeforpleasure,butwhichtheycanbeeaddictedto.KarenneBloomgardenrememberssuchdaysalltoowell.Thespirited,43yearoldbossandgymteacherwasadisasterasachildgrowingupinNewJersey.“Ididverypoorlyinschool,”sherecalls.Herteachersandparentswereconstantlyonhercasefortoughbehavior.“TheyjustfeltIwasbeingbadtooloud,toophysical,tooeverything.”Anaughtytomboywithfewfriends,shesawapsychologistatage10.“butnobodycameupwithadiagnosis”.Asateenagershebeganprescribingherownmedication:marijuana,andlatercocaine.TheathleticBloomgardenmanagedtogetintocollege,butsheadmitsthatshecheatedherwaytoadiploma.“Iwouldstudyandstudy,andIwouldn’trememberathing.Ireallyfeltitwasmyfault.”Aftergraduating,shedidfineinphysicallyactivejobsbutwasanxiousaboutadministrativework.Then,fouryearsago,adoctorputalabelonhertroubles:ADHD.“It'sbeensuchaweighoffmyshoulders”saysBloomgarden,whotakesbothstimulantRitalinandtheantidepressantZolofttoimproveherconcentration.“Ihad38yearsofthinkingIwasabadperson.NowI’mrewritingthetapesofwhoIthoughtIwastowhoIreallyam.”63.Whatdoesthephrase“throwafit”inthe1stparagraphprobablymean?A.turnoneselfaroundcasuallyB.falldowntothegroundcarelesslyC.loseonestempersuddenlyD.shoutandplainloudly64.WhydidDustyNashmesstheroom?A.HewasreluctanttolistentohismotherB.Hecouldn'tfocusonanythingforawhile.C.Heforgottotakethemedicineheusuallytook.D.Hewasafraidtoseethedoctorwithhismother.65.Thepassageischieflyconcernedwith.A.thevisiblesymptomsofthediseaseADHDB.theprecisedefinitionofthediseaseADHDC.Dusty’sexperiencesinhischildhoodandcollegeD.Karenne’sconfessingofcheatingtogetadiploma66.Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?A.DustywenttoseehisprivatedoctoreveryweekinthepastyearsB.Dusty’smothertookcareofhimtillhewasadmittedtoacollege.C.ApsychologistexaminedKarenneandcuredherseriousdisease.D.Karennedidn'tknowherselfwelluntilshewasdiagnosedwithADHD.SectionCDirections:Readthefollowingpassage.Fillineachblankwithapropersentencegiveninthebox.Eachsentencecanbeusedonlyonce.Notethattherearetwomoresentencesthanyouneed.A.SomeexpertsthinkthatthewealthgainedfromtradeallowedforsuchleisureinsportsandtheartsB.Expertsbelievethatakingandmostlyafemalepriestruledthegovernmentandcontrolledtrade.CInancientGreekmyths,MinoansocietywasquiteprosperousandhighlycivilizedD.ThepalacethatEvansunearthedacenturyagowasthefirstproofofMinoanculture.E.Minoanculturedidn'texistbeforeArthurEvansdiscoveredthepalaceundertheearthF.Althoughnotyetdecoded,writtenscriptonclaytabletsappearstolisttradeaccounts.TheMinoans:AForgottenPeopleThefirstadvancedcultureinancientGreecewastheMinoanculture.Forthousandsofyears,knowledgeofthesepeoplesurvivedonlyinGreekmyths.Inthelate19hcentury,archaeologistsbegantounearthruins.ThisinspiredArthurEvanstobegindiggingontheislandofCretenearmainlandGreece.OnadiginKbossos,EvansfoundanancientpalaceExpertsthinkthatitwasthepalaceofKingMinos,acentralfigureinmanyGreekmyths.67Withhisteam,heuncoveredavaststructure,variedworksofart,andmanyhieroglyphicrecords.Thesefinds,togetherwithlaterfinds,priseallthatexpertsknowaboutMinoanculture.Fromtheevidenceexpertsgathered,itisclearthattheMinoanswereaheadoftheirtime.ThepalaceatKnossoswasfivefloorshighwithhundredsofrooms.Buildingsthroughouttheancientcityhadplumbingandflushtoilets.Stonepavementlinedthesurfacesoftheroads.Inaddition,theMinoanspossessedahighlydevelopednavalfleetforlongdistancetrade.68Theserecordsconfirmthecentralroleofmerceinculture.TheiranalysisoftheevidencealsooffersinsightintosomeaspectsofMinoansociety.69Ruinsandartworksuggestthatpeopleofallclassesenjoyedahighdegreeofsocialandgenderequality.Religiousicons(图符)showthatMinoansworshipedbulls,thenaturalworld,andmanyfemalegods.AnunusualfeatureofMinoansculturewasthepursuitofleisureinterests.SportandvisualartswerecentraltoMinoanlife.Boxingandbulljumping,asportinwhichplayersjumpedoverlivebulls,werepopular.Althoughbulljumpingmayhaveservedsomeritualpurpose,expertsbelievethatitwasdonemostlyforfun.Similarly,althoughsomeworksofartshowedpoliticalandreligiousthemes,otherworksservedonlyaspleasantdecor(装饰品).70TheMinoansmettheirdemiseafteraseriesofnaturaldisasters.ExpertsbelievethatgroupfromtheGreekmainlandcapitalizedontheseeventsandlookedovertheisland.IV.SummaryWritingDirections:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint(s)ofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.TheConflictoftheOrdersThetypesofpeoplewhoservedasofficialsintheRomangovernmentchangedovertime.Thesechangesstemmedfromtheattemptsofmonpeopletomorerights.ThestrugglesbecameknownastheConflictoftheOrders.Intheearlyrepublic,Romansweredividedintotwoclassesofpeople:patriciansandplebeians.Patricianswerepowerfullandownerswhocontrolledthegovernment.Asnobles,theyinheritedtheirpower.Plebeians,whomadeupmostofthepopulation,weremainlyfarmersandworkers.Formanyyears,plebeianshadfewrights.Theycouldvote,buttheywerebarredfromholdingmostpublicoffices.PlebeianscouldnotevenknowRomanlawsbecauselawswerenotwritt