2024年人教版高二英语讲义（选择性必第三册）Unit 1 Art：Period 3 Grammar-Infinitives(2) as the predicative（学案）（解析版）

Unit1ArtPeriodThreeGrammar—Infinitives(2)asthepredicative■观察todo在句子中的成分及其各种形式1.Itisterribletoseetheshipsinkingintothesea.（成分：）2.Doyouthinkitnecessaryforustolearntowait?（成分：）3.Theoldman’sjobistotakecareoftheflowersinthegarden.（成分：）4.Hetoldmenottobringyouanything.（成分：）5.InmydreamsIalwayshaveverydifficultjobstodo.（成分：）6.Inhisthirdyear,heleftHarvardtoworkforacompanycalledMicrosoft.（成分：）7.ShepretendednottoseemewhenIpassedby.（形式：）8.AIDSissaidtohavebeenthebiggesthealthchallengetobothmenandwomeninthatareaoverthepastfewyears.（形式：）9.Hurryup!Heissuretobewaitingforus.（形式：）答案：1.todo做宾语；2.todo做宾语；3.todo作表语；4.todo否定式nottodo，做宾补；5.todo做后置定语；6.todo做目的状语；7.形式：nottodo；8.形式：tohavedone；9.形式：tobedoing；语法精析动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种，它没有人称和数的变化，动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、宾语补足语等，但不能作谓语。本单元主要复习动词不定式作表语的用法。一、按todo在句中的用法动词不定式可以放在be，become，sound，taste等系动词后面作表语。具体用法如下：1.表示目的。Thenextstepistomakesurethatyouknowexactlywhatisrequired.下一步是确保你确切知道需要什么。Thepurposeofeducationistodevelopafinepersonalityinchildren.教育的目的是发展儿童美好的品格。2.表示事态发展的结果、预期的结果、不幸的命运或预言。Thatexperiencewastochangehiswholelife.那次经历会改变他的整个生活。Youmustspeakout，ifwearetoremainfriends.如果我们要继续做朋友，你必须直言不讳。Youaretodieatninety­eight.你会在98岁时去世。3.用于第一人称疑问句，表示征求意见。WhatamItosayiftheyaskmethequestion?要是他们问我这个问题，我该怎么回答呢？WhatamItodoifIhavenomoney?如果没有钱，我该怎么办呢？4.用于被动语态，相当于can/could，should，oughtto，must，具有情态意义。Youaretoberewarded.你应该受到奖励。(should)It’snowheretobefound.哪儿也找不到它。(can’tbe)Thesebooksarenottobesold.这些书不应该卖掉。(oughtnottobe)5.表示“同意、安排、命令、决定、劝告、意愿、禁止”等。Theyaretomarrynextweek.他们将在下周结婚。(安排)Childrenarenottosmoke.儿童不准吸烟。(禁止)Youmustbepatientifyouaretosucceed.想要成功，就必须有耐心。(愿望)6.不定式作表语，可用主动形式表示被动意义。Sheistoblame.她应该受到责备。Agreatdealisyettodo.还有许多事要做。Somethingisstilltofindout.有些东西还有待查明。按todo在句中的成分■it作形式主语，代替“todo”1.Itis/was+adj.+forsb.todo…（形容词表示不定式的重要性，必要性和难易程度等基本情况：important,necessary,easy,natural,common,unusual,rare,impossible,pleasant,meaningful等）2.Itis/was+adj.+ofsb.todo…（形容词表示不定式逻辑主语的品质或特征属性：good,kind,nice,polite,honest,modest,wise,bad,careless,lazy等）3.Itis+a+名词+todo…Itisapity/apleasure/apleasantthing/one’sduty/anhonor/ashame/acrime/noeasyjob…todo4.Ittakes(sb.)sometime/courage/patience…todo…Itrequirescourage/patience/hardwork…todo…例如：Tosavemoneynowseemsimpossible.现在想省钱似乎是不可能的Itisnecessaryformetomakespecificrulesandregulationsassoonaspossible.我有必要尽快制定具体的规章制度。Itisfoolishofyoutofinishthetaskinsuchway.你以这种方式完成任务是愚蠢的。I’mgladtojointheEnglishsummercamp.我很高兴参加英语夏令营。■不定式作宾语自愿决定决心学会拒绝volunteer,decide,determine,learn,refuse准备计划倾向假装同意prepare,plan,tend,pretend,agree敢于试图设法承担承诺dare,attempt,manage,afford,promise选择提出失败三重希望choose,offer,fail,wish,hope,expect需要注意的问题：1.既可接不定式又可以接动名词作宾语stoptodo/stopdoing, forget/remember/regrettodo,forget/remember/regretdoing,meantodo/meandoing,trytodo/trydoing,can’thelptodo/can’thelpdoing,beusedtodo/beusedtodoing,goontodo/goondoing,wanttodo/wantdoing(=wanttobedone),needtodo/needdoing(=needtobedone),deservetodo/deservedoing(=deservetobedone),2.it作形式宾语表示心理状态的动词（find,feel,think,consider,believe等）或使役动词（make等）后有名词或形容词做宾补，常用it作形式宾语，而不定式作真正的宾语Ifounditinterestingtoreadthebook.Ifeltitashamedtotellalietomyparents.Wefounditnogoodmakingfunofothers.3.except,but后跟不定式时，如果前面有实意动词do的形式，不用to，否则要带do但besides常接动名词作宾语。eg: Ihavenochoicebuttowait. （无do有to） Icandonothingbutwait. （有do无to）例如：Thetwoworkerspretendedtoworkveryhard,thoughtheydidnothingthisafternoon.这两个工人假装很努力工作，但今天下午他们什么也没做。Thereisnothingtodoexceptwaittillitstopsraining.除了等雨停，别无他法。Ifhetakesonthiswork,hewillhavenochoicebuttomeetanevengreaterchallenge.如果他接受这项工作，他将别无选择，只能迎接更大的挑战。Formallanguageisdifferentfrominformallanguageinseveralways.First,formallanguagetendstobemorepolite.

正式语言与非正式语言在几个方面不同。首先，正式语言更倾向于有礼貌。■不定式做表语和动名词做表语的区别动词不定式和动名词作表语的区别动词不定式和动名词都可以作表语。但用法有区别：表示一般的、泛指的或习惯性的行为用动名词；表示具体的、一次性的或将来的动作用不定式。Mary’staskistosetthetable.玛丽的任务是要去摆桌子。Hisjobislookingaftersheep.他的任务是照看羊。▲但这种区别并不是绝对的。例外的情况也不少，比如在job，problem等名词后面就可用不定式或动名词作表语，且意思区别很小。如：Theproblemisfindingthetimetogetthingsdone.问题是要找到完成这些事情的时间。Theproblemwastofindtherightplacequickly.问题是要迅速找到合适的地方。■不定式作补语鼓励要求指示命令，迫使提醒期望麻烦encourage,ask/request,instruct,order/command,compel/force/press,remind,expect,trouble允许建议使得警告，激励说服希望禁止allow/permit,advise,get,warn,urge,inspire,persuade,wish,forbid想要告诉引起乞求，使得训练挑战帮助want,tell,cause,beg,enable,train,challenge,assist例如：Wewerelefttodecidewhethertohaveapicnicinaparkorgotoamuseum.我们被留下来决定是去公园野餐还是去博物馆。Hetrytospeakasaloudaspossibleinordertomakehimselfheardclearly.他尽量大声说话，使别人听得更清楚。Whenitcomestoachoice,Iprefertotravelratherthanstayathome.如果要选择的话，我宁愿去旅游而不愿呆在家里。■不定式做定语.不定式作定语，与被修饰的词之间为动宾关系，且其逻辑主语与句子的主语一致，不定式用主动表示被动。否则用被动式。Ihavealotofworktodo.Motheraskedherson,“Doyouhaveclothestobewashed?”注意区分：tobedone，beingdone，done都表被动，都可作后置定语，区别在于：过去分词所表示的动作具有完成意义；现在分词的被动式表示正在进行的动作；不定式的被动式表示未来的动作。Thisisaproblemdiscussed(＝Thisisaproblemwhichwasdiscussed.)这是一个已讨论了的问题。Thisisaproblembeingdiscussed.(＝Thisisaproblemwhichisbeingdiscussed.)这是一个正在被讨论的问题。Thisisaproblemtobediscussed.(＝Thisisaproblemwhichistobediscussed.)这是一个将要讨论的问题。■不定式做状语，表目的例如：Toearnsomemoneytopaythedailyexpense,Istartedtoworkinalocalcaféasawaiter.为了挣一些钱来支付日常开支，我开始在当地一家咖啡馆当服务员。■课后习题单句填空：1.Itisnotalwayseasyforme(refuse)invitations.2.Itisrudeyoutorefuseinvitationswithoutsayingthankyou.3.Aswejoinedthebigcrowd,Igot(separate)frommyfriends.4.Heagreed(help)butbackedoutwhenheheardhowdifficultitwas.5.Maxpretended(be)angry,butshewas.6.Pricesofdailygoods(buy)onlinecanbelowerthanstoreprices.7.Thegirlappearedso(frighten).Shemusthaveseensomething(frighten)onherownhome.8.Wedon’tallow(smoke)duringofficehours.9.Iappreciate(give)thisopportunity.10.Thenursetellthepatients(seat)and(wait)fortheirturntocomeintothedoctor’soffice.11.Theyhavenowanchance(go)abroadtostudyfurther.12.IworkedsolateintheofficelastnightthatIhardlyhadtime(catch)thelastbus.13.Themanagerhassomanyagreements(sign).14.Thesecretaryhassomanyagreements(sign).15.Therearestillmanyproblems(solve)beforewearereadyforalongstayontheMoon.16.His(be)latemadetheteacherangry.17.Thegirlglancedoverhershoulderandfoundherself(follow)byayoungmaninblack.18.Whetheritwilldousharmremains(see).19.Lijiang,acity(locate)inYunnanProvince,hasseengreatprogressinitstourismindustryoverthelastdecade.20.(do)wellinaninterviewwillbeanimportantpartofgettingaplaceatuniversity.21.(separate)fromothercontinentsformillionsofyears,Australiahasmanyuniqueplantsandanimals.22.Haveyoulistenedtothemusic(compose)byJayChou?23.Look!Thenewhighway(construct)isalmostfinished.24.Theplan(discuss)attomorrow’smeetingisveryimportant.25.(lose)inthought,healmostranintoacarinfrontofhim.26.(throw)yourselfintoyourstudy,youwillfinditpleasantandproductive.27.Withsomanypeople(help)us,wearesuretofinishitintime.28.(judge)bywhathewears,heisafarmer.29.(see)theactorssinginganddancing,thelittlebabydidlikewise.30.Myworkis(clean)theroomeveryday.31.Todotwothingsatatimeis(do)neither.32.Thenextstepis(make)surethatyouknowexactlywhatisrequired.33.Youmustbepatientandpersistentifyouare(succeed).34.WhatamI(do)ifIhavenomoney?答案：1-10：torefuse,ofyou,separated,tohelp,tobe,bought,frightened,frightening,smoking,beinggiven,seated,waiting11-20：togo,tocatch,tosign,tobesigned,tosolve,being,followed,tobeseen,located,Doing,21-30：Havingbeenseparated,composed,beingconstructed,tobediscussed,lost,throwing,tohelp,Judging,seeing,towork31-34：todo,tomake,tosucceed,todo单句写作：1.他想做的事情是让儿子与众不同。(setapartfrom)2.这个女孩的工作就是每天回复邮件。(answer)3.这个年轻人的小说将会表达美好的情感。(convey)4.那个淘气的男孩应该因为恶劣的行为受到批评。(criticize)5.那次采访注定会影响他的整个事业。(influence)答案：1.Whathewantstodois(to)sethissonapartfromothers.2.Thegirl’sjobisanswering/toansweremailseveryday.3.Theyoungman’snovelsaretoconveynicefeelings.4.Thenaughtyboyistobecriticizedforhisbadbehavior.5.Theinterviewistoinfluencehiswholecareer.短文语法填空：Howdidthedreamend?1.(tired)of