射频识别RFID毕业论文中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述

射频识别RFID毕业论文中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述射频识别RFID中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述ShroudsofTimeThehistoryofRFIDIntroductionManythingsarehiddenintheshroudsoftime.Thetaskoftracinghistoryandgenealogyisarduousandchallenging,but,ultimately,rewarding.Ourpastcanopendoorstoourfuture.Whetherwerealizeitornot,RFID(radiofrequencyidentification)isanintegralpartofourlife.RFIDincreasesproductivityandconvenience.RFIDisusedforhundreds,ifnotthousands,ofapplicationssuchaspreventingtheftofautomobiles,collectingtollswithoutstopping,managingtraffic,gainingentrancetobuildings,automatingparking,controllingaccessofvehiclestogatedcommunities,corporatecampusesandairports,dispensinggoods,providingskiliftaccess,trackinglibrarybooks,buyinghamburgers,andthegrowingopportunitytotrackawealthofassetsinsupplychainmanagement.OnecantracetheancestryofRFIDbacktothebeginningoftime.Scienceandreligionagreethatinthefirstfewmomentsofcreationtherewaselectromagneticenergy."AndGodsaid,'Lettherebelight,'andtherewaslight"(Genesis1).Beforelight,everythingwasformlessandempty.Beforeanythingelse,therewaselectromagneticenergy.ScientificthinkingsummarizestheuniversewascreatedinaninstantwithaBigBang.Scientistsdeduceallthefourfundamentalforces-gravity,electromagnetism,andthestrongandweaknuclearforces-wereunified.Thefirstformintheuniversewaselectromagneticenergy.Duringthefirstfewsecondsorsooftheuniverse,protons,neutronsandelectronsbeganformationwhenphotons(thequantumelementofelectromagneticenergy)collidedconvertingenergyintomass.TheelectromagneticremnantoftheBigBangsurvivestodayasabackgroundmicrowavehiss.Whyisthisimportant,youmightwonder?ThisenergyisthesourceofRFID.Itwouldtakemorethan14billionyearsorsobeforewecamealong,discoveredhowtoharnesselectromagneticenergyintheradioregion,andtoapplythisknowledgetothedevelopmentofRFID.TheChinesewereprobablythefirsttoobserveandusemagneticfieldsintheformoflodestonesinthefirstcenturyBC.Scientificunderstandingprogressedveryslowlyafterthatuntilaboutthe1600s.Fromthe1600sto1800swasanexplosionofobservationalknowledgeofelectricity,magnetismandopticsaccompaniedbyagrowingbaseofmathematicallyrelatedobservations.And,oneoftheearlyandwellknownpioneersofelectricityinthe18thCenturywasBenjaminFranklin.The1800smarkedthebeginningofthefundamentalunderstandingofelectromagneticenergy.MichaelFaraday,anotedEnglishexperimentalist,proposedin1846thatbothlightandradiowavesarepartofelectromagneticenergy.In1864,JamesClerkMaxwell,aScottishphysicist,publishedhistheoryonelectromagneticfieldsandconcludedthatelectricandmagneticenergytravelintransversewavesthatpropagateataspeedequaltothatoflight.Soonafterin1887,HeinrichRudolfHertz,Germanphysicist,confirmedMaxwell'selectromagnetictheoryandproducedandstudiedelectromagneticwaves(radiowaves),whichheshowedarelongtransversewavesthattravelatthespeedoflightandcanbereflected,refracted,andpolarizedlikelight.Hertziscreditedasthefirsttotransmitandreceiveradiowaves,andhisdemonstrationswerefollowedquicklybyAleksandrPopovinRussia.In1896,GuglielmoMarconidemonstratedthesuccessfultransmissionofradiotelegraphyacrosstheAtlantic,andtheworldwouldneverbethesame.TheradiowavesofHertz,PopovandMarconiweremadebysparkgapwhichweresuitedfortelegraphyordotsanddashes.20thCenturyIn1906,ErnstF.W.Alexandersondemonstratedthefirstcontinuouswave(CW)radiogenerationandtransmissionofradiosignals.Thisachievementsignalsthebeginningofmodernradiocommunication,whereallaspectsofradiowavesarecontrolled.Intheearly20thcentury,approximately1922,wasconsideredthebirthofradar.TheworkinradarduringWorldWarIIwasassignificantatechnicaldevelopmentastheManhattanProjectatLosAlamosScientificLaboratory,andwascriticaltothesuccessoftheAllies.Radarsendsoutradiowavesfordetectingandlocatinganobjectbythereflectionoftheradiowaves.Thisreflectioncandeterminethepositionandspeedofanobject.Radar'ssignificancewasquicklyunderstoodbythemilitary,somanyoftheearlydevelopmentswereshroudedinsecrecy.SinceRFIDisthecombinationofradiobroadcasttechnologyandradar,itisnotunexpectedthattheconvergenceofthesetworadiodisciplinesandthethoughtsofRFIDoccurredontheheelsofthedevelopmentofradar.GenesisofanIdeaThereisanoldadagethatsuccesshasmanyfathersbutfailureisanorphan.Thedevelopmentoftechnologyismessy.Thepotentialforaninfinitenumberofthingsispresent,yetthebroaderhumanchoicesdeterminehowtechnologyevolves.There'snoclear,textbookperfect,orlogicalprogression,andoftendevelopmentsaheadoftheirtimearenotrecognizeduntillater,ifever.SoitwaswiththedevelopmentofRFID.Anearly,ifnotthefirst,workexploringRFIDisthelandmarkpaperbyHarryStockman,"CommunicationbyMeansofReflectedPower",ProceedingsoftheIRE,pp1196-1204,October1948.Stockmanstatedthenthat"Evidently,considerableresearchanddevelopmentworkhastobedonebeforetheremainingbasicproblemsinreflected-powercommunicationaresolved,andbeforethefieldofusefulapplicationsisexplored."ThirtyyearswouldpassbeforeHarry'svisionwouldbegintoreachfruition.Otherdevelopmentswereneeded:thetransistor,theintegratedcircuit,themicroprocessor,developmentofcommunicationnetworks,changesinwaysofdoingbusiness.Nosmalltask.Likemanythings,timingiseverything,andthesuccessofRFIDwouldhavetowaitawhile.Alothashappenedinthe53yearssinceHarryStockman'swork.The1950swereaneraofexplorationofRFIDtechniquesfollowingtechnicaldevelopmentsinradioandradarinthe1930sand1940s.SeveraltechnologiesrelatedtoRFIDwerebeingexploredsuchasthelong-rangetranspondersystemsof"identification,friendorfoe"(IFF)foraircraft.Developmentsofthe1950sincludesuchworksasF.L.Vernon's,"Applicationofthemicrowavehomodyne",andD.B.Harris’,"Radiotransmissionsystemswithmodulatablepassiveresponder".ThewheelsofRFIDdevelopmentwereturning.The1960'sthroughthe1980s:RFIDBecomesRealityThe1960swerethepreludetotheRFIDexplosionofthe1970s.R.F.HarringtonstudiedtheelectromagnetictheoryrelatedtoRFIDinhispapers"Fieldmeasurementsusingactivescatterers"and"Theoryofloadedscatterers"in1963-1964.InventorswerebusywithRFIDrelatedinventionssuchasRobertRichardson's"Remotelyactivatedradiofrequencypowereddevices"in1963,OttoRittenback's"Communicationbyradarbeams"in1969,J.H.Vogelman's"Passivedatatransmissiontechniquesutilizingradarbeams"in1968andJ.P.Vinding's"Interrogator-responderidentificationsystem"in1967.Commercialactivitieswerebeginninginthe1960s.SensormaticandCheckpointwerefoundedinthelate1960s.Thesecompanies,withotherssuchasKnogo,developedelectronicarticlesurveillance(EAS)equipmenttocountertheft.Thesetypesofsystemsareoftenuse‘1-bit’tags–onlythepresenceorabsenceofatagcouldbedetected,butthetagscouldbemadeinexpensivelyandprovidedeffectiveanti-theftmeasures.Thesetypesofsystemsusedeithermicrowaveorinductivetechnology.EASisarguablythefirstandmostwidespreadcommercialuseofRFID.Inthe1970sdevelopers,inventors,companies,academicinstitutions,andgovernmentlaboratorieswereactivelyworkingonRFID,andnotableadvanceswerebeingrealizedatresearchlaboratoriesandacademicinstitutionssuchasLosAlamosScientificLaboratory,NorthwesternUniversity,andtheMicrowaveInstituteFoundationinSwedenamongothers.AnearlyandimportantdevelopmentwastheLosAlamosworkthatwaspresentedbyAlfredKoelle,StevenDeppandRobertFreyman"Short-rangeradio-telemetryforelectronicidentificationusingmodulatedbackscatter"in1975.LargecompanieswerealsodevelopingRFIDtechnology,suchasRaytheon's"Raytag"in1973.RCAandFairchildwereactiveintheirpursuitswithRichardKlenschofRCAdevelopingan"Electronicidentificationsystem"in1975andF.SterzerofRCAdevelopingan"Electroniclicenseplateformotorvehicles"in1977.ThomasMeyersandAshleyLeighofFairchildalsodevelopeda"Passiveencodingmicrowavetransponder"in1978.ThePortAuthorityofNewYorkandNewJerseywerealsotestingsystemsbuiltbyGeneralElectric,Westinghouse,PhilipsandGlenayre.Resultswerefavorable,butthefirstcommerciallysuccessfultransportationapplicationofRFID,electronictollcollection,wasnotyetreadyforprimetime.The1970'swerecharacterizedprimarilybydevelopmentalwork.Intendedapplicationswereforanimaltracking,vehicletracking,andfactoryautomation.ExamplesofanimaltaggingeffortswerethemicrowavesystemsatLosAlamosandtheinductivesystemsinEurope.InterestinanimaltaggingwashighinEurope.AlfaLaval,Nedap,andothersweredevelopingRFIDsystems.TransportationeffortsincludedworkatLosAlamosandbytheInternationalBridgeTurnpikeandTunnelAssociation(IBTTA)andtheUnitedStatesFederalHighwayAdministration.Thelattertwosponsoredaconferencein1973whichconcludedtherewasnonationalinterestindevelopingastandardforelectronicvehicleidentification.Thisisanimportantdecisionsinceitwouldpermitavarietyofsystemstodevelop,whichwasgood,becauseRFIDtechnologywasinitsinfancy.Aboutthistimenewcompaniesbegantosurface,suchasIdentronix,aspin-offfromtheLosAlamosScientificLaboratory,andothersoftheLosAlamosteam,myselfbeingoneofthem,foundedAmtech(lateracquiredbyIntermecandrecentlysoldtoTransCore)inthe80s.Bynow,thenumberofcompanies,individualsandinstitutionsworkingonRFIDbegantomultiply.Apositivesign.ThepotentialforRFIDwasbecomingobvious.The1980sbecamethedecadeforfullimplementationofRFIDtechnology,thoughinterestsdevelopedsomewhatdifferentlyinvariouspartsoftheworld.ThegreatestinterestsintheUnitedStateswerefortransportation,personnelaccess,andtoalesserextent,foranimals.InEurope,thegreatestinterestswereforshort-rangesystemsforanimals,industrialandbusinessapplications,thoughtollroadsinItaly,France,Spain,Portugal,andNorwaywereequippedwithRFID.IntheAmericas,theAssociationofAmericanRailroadsandtheContainerHandlingCooperativeProgramwereactivewithRFIDinitiatives.TestsofRFIDforcollectingtollshadbeengoingonformanyyears,andthefirstcommercialapplicationbeganinEuropein1987inNorwayandwasfollowedquicklyintheUnitedStatesbytheDallasNorthTurnpikein1989.Alsoduringthistime,thePortAuthorityofNewYorkandNewJerseybegancommercialoperationofRFIDforbusesgoingthroughtheLincolnTunnel.RFIDwasfindingahomewithelectronictollcollection,andnewplayerswerearrivingdaily.The1990'sThe1990'swereasignificantdecadeforRFIDsinceitsawthewidescaledeploymentofelectronictollcollectionintheUnitedStates.Importantdeploymentsincludedseveralinnovationsinelectronictolling.Theworld'sfirstopenhighwayelectronictollingsystemopenedinOklahomain1991,wherevehiclescouldpasstollcollectionpointsathighwayspeeds,unimpededbyatollplazaorbarriersandwithvideocamerasforenforcement.Theworld'sfirstcombinedtollcollectionandtrafficmanagementsystemwasinstalledintheHoustonareabytheHarrisCountyTollRoadAuthorityin1992.AlsoafirstwasthesysteminstalledontheKansasturnpikeusingasystembasedontheTitle21standardwithreadersthatcouldalsooperatewiththetagsoftheirneighbortothesouth,Oklahoma.TheGeorgia400wouldfollow,upgradingtheirequipmentwithreadersthatcouldcommunicatewiththenewTitle21tagsaswellastheexistingtags.Infact,thesetwoinstallationswerethefirsttoimplementamulti-protocolcapabilityinelectronictollcollectionapplications.IntheNortheasternUnitedStates,sevenregionaltollagenciesformedtheE-ZPassInteragencyGroup(IAG)in1990todeveloparegionallycompatibleelectronictollcollectionsystem.Thissystemisthemodelforusingasingletagandsinglebillingaccountpervehicletoaccesshighwaysofseveraltollauthorities.InterestwasalsokeenforRFIDapplicationsinEuropeduringthe1990s.BothMicrowaveandinductivetechnologieswerefindingusefortollcollection,accesscontrolandawidevarietyofotherapplicationsincommerce.AneweffortunderwaywasthedevelopmentoftheTexasInstruments(TI)TIRISsystem,usedinmanyautomobilesforcontrolofthestartingofthevehicleengine.TheTirissystem(andotherssuchasfromMikron-nowapartofPhilips)developednewapplicationsfordispensingfuel,gamingchips,skipasses,vehicleaccess,andmanyotherapplications.AdditionalcompaniesinEuropewerebecomingactiveintheRFIDraceaswellwithdevelopmentsincludingMicrodesign,CGA,Alcatel,BoschandthePhilipsspin-offsofCombitech,BaumerandTagmaster.Apan-EuropeanstandardwasneededfortollingapplicationsinEurope,andmanyofthesecompanies(andothers)wereatworkontheCENstandardforelectronictolling.TollingandrailapplicationswerealsoappearinginmanycountriesincludingAustralia,China,HongKong,Philippines,Argentina,Brazil,Mexico,Canada,Japan,Malaysia,Singapore,Thailand,SouthKorea,SouthAfrica,andEurope.Withthesuccessofelectronictollcollection,otheradvancementsfollowedsuchasthefirstmultipleuseoftagsacrossdifferentbusinesssegments.Now,asingletag(withdualorsinglebillingaccounts)couldbeusedforelectronictollcollection,parkinglotaccessandfarecollection,gatedcommunityaccess,andcampusaccess.IntheDallas-Ft.Worthmetroplex,aworld'sfirstwasachievedwhenasingleTollTag®onavehiclecouldbeusedtopaytollsontheNorthDallasTollway,foraccessandparkingpaymentattheDallas/Ft.WorthInternationalAirport(oneoftheworld'sbusiestairports),thenearbyLoveField,andseveraldowntownparkinggarages,aswellasaccesstogatedcommunitiesandbusinesscampuses.Researchanddevelopmentdidn'tslowdownduringthe1990ssincenewtechnologicaldevelopmentswouldexpandthefunctionalityofRFID.Forthefirsttime,usefulmicrowaveSchottkydiodeswerefabricatedonaregularCMOSintegratedcircuit.ThisdevelopmentpermittedtheconstructionofmicrowaveRFIDtagsthatcontainedonlyasingleintegratedcircuit,acapabilitypreviouslylimitedtoinductively-coupledRFIDtransponders.CompaniesactiveinthispursuitwereIBM(thetechnologylateracquiredbyIntermec)Micron,andSingleChipSystems(SCS).WiththegrowinginterestofRFIDintotheitemmanagementworkandtheopportunityforRFIDtoworkalongsidebarcode,itbecomesdifficultinthelaterpartofthisdecadetocountthenumberofcompanieswhoenterthemarketplace.Manyhavecomeandgone,manyarestillhere,manyhavemerged,andtherearemanynewplayers...itseemsalmostdaily!Backtothefuture:The21stCenturyExcitingtimesawaitthoseofuscommittedtothepursuitofadvancementsinRFID.Itsimpactislaudedregularlyinmainstreammedia,withtheuseofRFIDslatedtobecomeevenmoreubiquitous.ThegrowinginterestintelematicsandmobilecommercewillbringRFIDevenclosertotheconsumer.Recently,theFederalCommunicationsCommission(FCC)allocatedspectruminthe5.9GHzbandforavastexpansionofintelligenttransportationsystemswithmanynewapplicationsandservicesproposed.But,theequipmentrequiredtoaccommodatethesenewapplicationsandserviceswillnecessitatemoreRFIDadvancements.Aswecreateourfuture,anditisbright,letusremember,"Nothinggreatwaseverachievedwithoutenthusiasm"(RalphWaldoEmerson).Wehaveagreatmanydevelopmentstolookforwardto,historycontinuestoteachusthat.时间护罩RFID的历史介绍许多东西都藏在整流罩的时间,追踪历史和过去的任务是艰巨而富有挑战性的，但是最终都会得到奖励。我们过去的门可以打开我们的未来。无论我们是否意识到，但RFID（射频识别）是我们生活中不可或缺的一部分。RFID提高了生产效率和便利。RFID在众多领域的应用，如防止汽车盗窃、收过路费、管理流量、获得对建筑物的入口、停车场自动化、控制车辆门控社区、企业园区和机场的访问、分配货物、提供滑雪缆车访问、跟踪图书馆的书籍、买汉堡包以及越来越多的机会，在供应链管理中跟踪资产财富。回到刚开始的时候，人们可以追寻着RFID的祖先。科学和宗教的认同，在最初的几个时刻，创造有电磁能量。“神说，要有光，就有了光”（创世记1）。因此，在空虚混沌的前方产生了电磁能量。科学思维总结产生于宇宙诞生于大爆炸的瞬间。科学家推断世界上拥有四种基本力：引力，电磁力，强和弱核力，即四力统一存在于宇宙中的第一种形式是电磁能量。在最初的几年秒左右的宇宙开始形成，质子，中子和电子，光子（电磁能量的量子元素）相撞时的能量转换成质量。电磁宇宙大爆炸的残余在今天成为一个微波背景的嘶嘶声。为什么这很重要，你可能想知道吗？这种能量的来源是RFID技术。这将需要超过14亿年左右的时间，我们才刚开始，发现了如何利用电磁能量的无线电区域，并运用这些知识来发展RFID。中国很可能是首先观察到并利用磁场天然磁石的国家，在公元前一世纪就开始使用，但是进展十分缓慢，直到17世纪的才有了科学的认识。从17世纪到19世纪，伴随着越来越多的数学相关的观测基地对电磁和光学观测，导致这方面的知识爆炸。而且，电力在18世纪初期和众所周知的先驱之一本杰明·富兰克林。标志着19世纪的根本理解的电磁能量。著名的英国实验者迈克尔·法拉第于1846年提出的光波和无线电波是电磁能量的一部分。1864年，苏格兰物理学家詹姆斯·克拉克·麦克斯韦电磁场上发表了他的理论，并得出结论，电场和磁场的能量横波传播的速度等于光速旅行。海因里希·鲁道夫·赫兹，德国物理学家，在1887年后不久，证实了麦克斯韦的电磁理论，并生产和研究电磁波（无线电波）。赫兹为第一个发送和接收无线电波的人，俄罗斯的亚历山大·波波夫紧随其后。1896年，马可尼成功地展示了横跨大西洋的无线电报传输，改变了世界。赫兹，波波夫和马可尼的无线电波进行点和破折号的发送。20世纪1906年，恩斯特前锋亚历山德森展示了第一款连续波（CW）无线电的无线电信号的产生和传输。此实现信号的开头的现代无线电通信，其中无线电波控制其中的各个方面。在20世纪初，约1922年，被认为是雷达的诞生的时间。雷达洛斯阿拉莫斯科学实验室作为曼哈顿计划在二战期间有了重大技术的发展，对盟军的成功是至关重要的。雷达发出无线电波的检测和对物体位置的无线电波的反射。这种反射可确定一个对象的位置和速度。军事雷达的意义很快就被理解，所以很多早期的发展笼罩在秘密。由于RFID是无线电广播技术和雷达的结合，它是衔接这两个单独的学科，但RFID的想法并不令人意外。一个观念的起源有一个古老的格言，成功有许多父亲，但失败是一个孤儿。技术的发展是凌乱的。拥有巨大的潜力，更广泛的让人确定技术演变方向。人们一直不承认，直到后来，找到了明确的证据，人们才承认这一事实。课本上的知识是完美或说是合乎逻辑发展，而且往往将技术发展的时间提前。探索RFID是由哈里·斯托克曼，里程碑式的论文“利用反射功率的通信”开始的，他表示，“很明显，还有许多工作开发工作和大量的研究需要做，之前遗留在反射电力通信中的基本问题解决，并可以开始在应用领域的探索。”三十年之前，能通过哈里的研究达到修成正果。其他方面的也需要发展，例如：晶体管，集成电路，微处理器，通信网络的发展和商业格局的变化。这是一个不小的任务和许多事情一样，时机就是一切。因此RFID的成功将不得不等待一段时间。自哈里·斯托克曼的研究之后发生了很多事情。20世纪50年代是探索RFID技术就像在20世纪30年代和40年代的无线电和雷达技术发展的时代。世界探讨一些RFID相关技术，如远程飞机“识别朋友或敌人”（IFF）转发器系统。在20世纪50年代的技术发展，包括佛罗里达州弗农的“应用微波零差”和DB哈里斯的研究“无线传输系统的调制的无源应答器”。导致RFID发展的车轮再次转动。1960年到20世纪80年代：RFID成为现实。20世纪60年代到20世纪70年代是RFID爆炸的前奏。在963-1964年RF哈灵顿研究RFID相关的论文“使用主动散射体”和“装散射理论”中的电磁理论在进行实地测量。世界上出现了与许多RFID技术相关的发明，如1963年罗伯特·理查森的“远程激活的无线电频率供电装置”，1969年奥托Rittenback的“通信雷达梁”，1968年JHVogelman的“利用雷达波束被动式数据传输技术”和1967年JPVinding的“读写器应答识别系统”。接着商业活动在20世纪60年代开始。Sensormatic和Checkpoint成立于20世纪60年代后期。这些公司，开发的电子物品监控（EAS）设备反盗窃，其他如Knogo，。这些类型的系统往往采用与'1位'标签-只可检测到的标记的存在或不存在，而且可以作出标记，是廉价且有效的防盗措施。这些类型的系统使用，也关系到微波或电感的技术。EAS可以说是最普遍的商业使用RFID。在20世纪70年代，发明家，企业，学术机构，和政府实验室工作积极开发RFID，因此此项技术有显着的进步。特别是研究实验室和学术机构，如洛斯阿拉莫斯科学实验室，西北大学（NorthwesternUniversity），以及微波研究所基金会在瑞典的出现等等。早期的重要发展是在1975年的洛斯阿拉莫斯国家实验室由阿尔弗雷德Koelle的，史蒂芬·德普和罗伯特Freyman提出的“遥测使用调制散射的短距离无线通信”的电子识别。大公司也开始开发RFID技术，比如雷神公司在1973年开发的“Raytag”。在1975年RCA和飞兆半导体则活跃的在与理查德KlenschRCA开发的“电子识别系统”，在1977年F.SterzerRCA开发的电子车牌。托马斯·迈尔斯和阿什利·雷飞兆半导体还在1978年开发出“被动编码微波转发”。纽约和新泽西港口管理局还测试由通用电气，西屋电气，飞利浦