高考英语热点话题阅读 生活与学习

生活与学习（解析版）Illeism:TheancienttricktohelpyouthinkmorewiselyAsawriterspecialisinginpsychology,I'vecomeacrosshundredsofevidence-basedtipsforbetterthinking.Fewhaveprovenasusefultomeastheancientstrategyofilleism.Putsimply,illeismisthepracticeoftalkingaboutoneselfinthethirdperson,ratherthanthefirstperson.Therhetoricaldeviceisoftenusedbypoliticianstotrytogivetheirwordsanairofobjectivity.InhisaccountoftheGallicWar,forexample,theemperorJuliusCaesarwrote"Caesaravengedthepublic"ratherthan"Iavengedthepublic".Tothemodernear,illeismcansoundalittlesillyorpompous.Yetrecentpsychologicalresearchsuggeststhatilleismcanbringsomerealcognitivebenefits.Ifwearetryingtomakeadifficultdecision,speakingaboutourselvesinthethirdpersoncanhelptoneutralisetheemotionsthatcouldleadourthinkingastray,allowingustofindawisersolutiontoourproblem.Whenmakingpersonalchoices,webecometooimmersedinouremotions,whichcloudourthinkingandpreventusfromputtingourissuesinperspective.IfIhavereceivednegativefeedbackfromacolleague,forexample,myfeelingofembarrassmentmightleadmetobecomeoverlyself-defensive.Imightthereforedismisstheiropinionswithoutconsideringwhethertheiradvicecouldbehelpfulinthelong-term.Byswitchingtothethirdperson,ourdescriptionsofthesituationwillstarttosoundasifwearetalkingaboutsomeoneelseratherthanourselves.Thissenseofdetachmentwouldallowustoseethebiggerpicture,ratherthangettingcaughtupinourownfeelings.Byencouragingustoputourproblemsinperspective,theuseofilleismmayalsohelpustohaveamorebalancedresponsetodailystresses.【译文欣赏】第三人称叙述法:帮助你更明智地思考的古老技巧作为一名专攻心理学的作家，我接触过上百种提高思维能力的实证技巧。但对我来说，很少有策略能像古老的“第三人称叙述法”（illeism）一样有用。简单来说，“illeism”就是用第三人称而不是第一人称来谈论自己。政治家为了给自己的话语增添一种客观的感觉，经常使用这种修辞手法。例如，凯撒大帝（JuliusCaesar）在叙述高卢战争（GallicWar）时，写的是“凯撒为公众报了仇”，而不是“我为公众报了仇”。在现代人听来，用第三人称来谈论自己可能有些愚蠢或者自负。然而，最近的心理学研究表明，这种方式能给人带来一些认知方面的切实好处。如果我们在做某个决定时十分艰难，那么用第三人称谈论自己，就可以中和那些可能导致我们误入歧途的情绪，从而让我们找到解决问题更明智的办法。在做个人选择时，我们往往会过于沉浸在自己的情绪当中，这会妨碍我们思考，使我们无法更全面地看清问题。比方说，如果我收到了一个同事的负面反馈，这种尴尬感就可能导致我过度自我防卫。因此，我可能会无视他们的意见，而不去考虑这些建议从长远来看是否对自己有帮助。切换成第三人称后，我们对情况的描述听起来就像是在谈论别人，而不再是我们自己。这种疏离感能够让我们“格局打开”，而不是陷在自己的感受当中。通过鼓励自己用全局视角看问题，使用“第三人称叙述法”也可以帮助我们更加冷静平和地应对日常压力。优点英语整理优点英语整理【词汇积累】优点英语整理优点英语整理1.illeism/ˈɪliˌɪzəm/n.自称其名（用第三人称称呼自己）2.specialising/ˈspɛʃəlaɪzɪŋ/v.专注于3.evidence-based/ˈɛvɪdənsbeɪst/adj.基于证据的4.rhetorical/rɪˈtɔːrɪkəl/adj.修辞的5.objectivity/ˌɑːbdʒɛkˈtɪvɪti/n.客观性6.cognitive/ˈkɑːɡnɪtɪv/adj.认知的7.neutralise/ˈnjuːtrəˌlaɪz/v.中和，使无效8.emotions/ɪˈmoʊʃənz/n.情绪9.detachment/dɪˈtætʃmənt/n.超然，客观10.perspective/pərˈspɛktɪv/n.视角，观点【长难句分析】原句："Ifwearetryingtomakeadifficultdecision,speakingaboutourselvesinthethirdpersoncanhelptoneutralisetheemotionsthatcouldleadourthinkingastray,allowingustofindawisersolutiontoourproblem."译文：如果我们试图做出一个困难的决定，用第三人称谈论自己可以帮助中和那些可能使我们的思维偏离正轨的情绪，从而让我们找到一个更明智的解决方案。分析：主句:speakingaboutourselvesinthethirdpersoncanhelptoneutralisetheemotionsthatcouldleadourthinkingastray,|+--[主语:speakingaboutourselvesinthethirdperson]+--[谓语:canhelp]+--[补语:toneutralisetheemotionsthatcouldleadourthinkingastray]分词短语:allowingustofindawisersolutiontoourproblem.|+--[动词:allowing]+--[宾语:us]+--[不定式短语:tofindawisersolutiontoourproblem]（一）（2024·广东广州·二模）Traintheimportantskillsmoderneditorsusetoevaluateandenhancewritingforclarity,precisionandaccuracy.Inthiscourse,studentswilllearnhowaneditorapproachesasubmittedpiece,goingbeyondsentence-levelerrorandlookingatthebigpicturearoundaccuracy,styleandorganization.Understandingthedifferentchallengesinaneditor’sjob,studentswillgetabehind-the-sceneslookatthissometimesbusyandoftenexcitingcareer.Meanwhile,studentswillgrowtheirowntechnicaleditingskillsandreturnhomeamorecompetenteditor.UsingGenZEraastheircasestudy,studentswillmeetandstudyunderthepeoplewhodecidewhattopicsarerelevantandvaluabletotheaudienceandwhodeterminetheoveralleditorialstrategy,ensuringthatthecontentmeetsthestandardsandtoneofthepublication.CourseHighlights●Visitthemediacityandattendlecturesbyaward-winningguestspeakers.●Assessarticlesaswellasquestionandcoachtheauthorstogetthebestpiecepossible.●Connectwithprofessionalswhomanagethedevelopmentandpublicationofaccurateandworthycontent.●Editonepieceintoawell-writtenandfact-checkedarticleinthestyleofGenZEra.Price●ResidentialProgram(Studentsliveoncampus):$6,600●DayProgram(Studentscommutetoclasseveryday):$5,500(Graduatingseniorscanhavea$400discountifapplyingbeforeMay2,2024.)TermDate:July9-July21,2024ApplicationDeadline:Friday,May31,2024ContactAdmission:info@1.Whichistheprobablenameofthecourse?A.CareerDevelopmentinMedia. B.EditorialDecision-making.C.FundamentalsofEditing. D.IntroductiontoPublication.2.Whatwillstudentsdointhecourse?A.Interviewaward-winningguests. B.Helpauthorsimprovetheirarticles.C.Connectwithprofessionalpublishers. D.EditonearticleforGenZEra.3.AgraduatingseniorapplyingforaDayProgramonApril30,2024shouldpay_______.A.$5,100 B.$5,500 C.$6,200 D.$6,600【答案速查】1.C2.B3.A【语篇解读】本文为一篇应用文，介绍了编辑基础课程的相关信息、课程内容及价格。【详情解析】1.主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“Traintheimportantskillsmoderneditorsusetoevaluateandenhancewritingforclarity,precisionandaccuracy.(培训现代编辑评估和提高写作清晰度、精确性和准确性的重要技能)”及第二段“Inthiscourse,studentswilllearnhowaneditorapproachesasubmittedpiece,goingbeyondsentence-levelerrorandlookingatthebigpicturearoundaccuracy,styleandorganization.(在这门课程中，学生将学习编辑如何处理投稿的文章，超越句子级别的错误，从准确性、风格和组织的角度看问题)”可知，本文介绍了一门基础编辑课程。C选项“编辑基础”最有可能是该课程名称。故选C。2.细节理解题。根据CourseHighlights中关键句“Assessarticlesaswellasquestionandcoachtheauthorstogetthebestpiecepossible.(评估文章，并提问和指导作者尽可能获得最好的文章)”可知，在这门课程中，学生们会帮助作者改进他们的文章。故选B。3.细节理解题。根据Price中关键句“DayProgram(Studentscommutetoclasseveryday):$5,500(日间项目（学生每天通勤去上课）：5500美元)”及“Graduatingseniorscanhavea$400discountifapplyingbeforeMay2,2024.(如果在2024年5月2日前申请，应届毕业生可以获得400美元的折扣)”可知，一个应届毕业生在2024年4月30日去申请日间项目，需要花费5500-400美元，即5100美元。故选A。原句原句"Inthiscourse,studentswilllearnhowaneditorapproachesasubmittedpiece,goingbeyondsentence-levelerrorandlookingatthebigpicturearoundaccuracy,styleandorganization."译文在这门课程中，学生将学习编辑如何处理提交的文章，超越句子层面的错误，关注准确性、风格和组织等大局。分析这是一个由逗号连接的复合句。主句:studentswilllearnhowaneditorapproachesasubmittedpiece,|+--[主语:students]+--[谓语:willlearn]+--[宾语从句:howaneditorapproachesasubmittedpiece]补充说明:goingbeyondsentence-levelerrorandlookingatthebigpicturearoundaccuracy,styleandorganization.|+--[现在分词短语:goingbeyondsentence-levelerrorandlookingatthebigpicturearoundaccuracy,styleandorganization]|+--[并列结构:goingbeyondsentence-levelerrorandlookingatthebigpicturearoundaccuracy,styleandorganization]1.1.evaluate/ɪˈvæljueɪt/v.评估 2.enhance/ɪnˈhæns/v.提高3.accuracy/ˈækjərəsi/n.准确性 4.insights/ˈɪnˌsaɪts/n.洞察力5.dynamic/daɪˈnæmɪk/adj.动态的 6.proficient/prəˈfɪʃnt/adj.熟练的7.curating/ˈkjʊreɪtɪŋ/v.策划 8.relevant/ˈreləvənt/adj.相关的9.optimal/ˈɑːptɪməl/adj.最优的 10.publication/ˌpʌblɪˈkeɪʃn/n.出版物（二）（2024·重庆·模拟预测）AtCountrysideHighSchoolinClearwater,Fla.,16-year-oldSageWaiteisalreadytakingaclassincybersecurity,andshe’dwelcomeonethat’sintheworksoncyberdisinformation.“Forthelongesttime,Ididn’tactuallyknowwhatdisinformationwas,”saidWaite,who’sinthe11thgrade.“Therewasalwaystheideathatthingscouldbewronginwhatyou’rehearingandwhatyou’rebeingtold.Buttheideaofmisinformationanddisinformationwasn’tinmyday-to-day.”Thispastyear,shesays,hasbeenaneye-opener.“MyfriendsandIdefinitelystartedlookingintostuffmoreanddoingmoreresearchafterthat,”shesaid.Anewprogramon“digitalliteracy,”withafocusontopicslikedisinformation,isinthepipeline,thanksinparttoMikeMcConnell,whoisnowworkingtofightfalseinformationaimedatyoungpeople.“Weneedtounderstandthissowecanappreciatewhat'shappeningtous,andbeabletonotonlyunderstandit,butalsotonavigatethroughit,”McConnellsaid.“That’swhatIcalldigitalliteracy.”McConnellisexecutivedirectorofCyberFlorida,whichisbasedattheUniversityofSouthFloridainTampa.Thegroupworkswithkidsthroughoutthestateatuniversities,highschools,andeventhoseinyoungergrades.CyberFloridahelpedsetupthecybersecurityprogramnowbeingtaughtatmanyFloridaschools.Thenewproject,CyberCitizenship,isevenmoreambitious.“WethinkifwecandothisforFlorida,wecanspreaditacrossthenation,”hesaid.TheexpandedprogramnowintheworksaimstomakedigitalliteracysomethingallFloridastudentsget,atseveralgradelevels,beforetheyfinishhighschool.There’snodateyetforthecyberdisinformationclassesinFlorida,butcomputerteacherJasonFeltsaysitcan’tcomesoonenoughandheisreadytoembraceit.“TheInternetisawonderfultool.It’sconnectedusinawaythat’sneverreallybeenseenbefore.Butit’sablessingandit’salsoacurse.”Teachingstudentsthedifference,hesays,isahugechallenge.4.WhatcanwelearnabouttheclassthatSageWaiteistakingfromthefirsttwoparagraphs?A.Itreceivesacoldwelcome. B.Itaimstoformabond.C.Itfocusesontechnologies. D.Ithasapositiveimpact.5.WhatisdigitalliteracyaccordingtoMeConnell?A.Thespecificstrategiesforprotectingprivacy. B.Theinborncapacitytotrackfakeinformation.C.Thegeneralskillsofmaintainingcybersecurity. D.Theoverallabilitytohandleonlineinformation.6.WhatisthevisionofCyberCitizenship?A.TooutperformCybersecuritiy. B.Totaketheleadintheworld.C.Toreachawiderrangeofstudents. D.Tomakeasubstantialprofit.7.WhatisJasonFelt’sattitudetowardsthecyberdisinformationclasses?A.Welcoming. B.Unclear. C.Opposed. D.Prejudiced.【答案速查】4.D5.D6.C7.A【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。本文讲述了MikeMcConnell开展数字素养课程项目。【详情解析】4.推理判断题。根据第一段“AtCountrysideHighSchoolinClearwater,Fla.,16-year-oldSageWaiteisalreadytakingaclassincybersecurity,andshe’dwelcomeonethat’sintheworksoncyberdisinformation.”（在佛罗里达州克利尔沃特的乡村高中，16岁的SageWaite已经在上网络安全课程，她很欢迎正在学习的网络虚假信息课程。）及第二段中的“Thispastyear,shesays,hasbeenaneye-opener.“MyfriendsandIdefinitelystartedlookingintostuffmoreanddoingmoreresearchafterthat,”shesaid.”(她说，过去的一年让人大开眼界。她说：“我和我的朋友们肯定开始更多地研究这些东西，并在那之后做更多的研究。”)可知，这门课让她开了眼界，并产生了一些积极影响，故选D项。5.推理判断题。从第三段““Weneedtounderstandthissowecanappreciatewhat’shappeningtous,andbeabletonotonlyunderstandit,butalsotonavigatethroughit,”McConnellsaid.“That’swhatIcalldigitalliteracy.””(McConnell说：“我们需要理解这一点，这样我们才能理解发生在我们身上的事情，不仅能够理解它，而且能够驾驭它,”“这就是我所说的数字素养。”)可知，数字素养是对网络信息的综合处理能力。故选D项。6.细节理解题。从第四段“Thenewproject,CyberCitizenship,isevenmoreambitious.“WethinkifwecandothisforFlorida,wecanspreaditacrossthenation,”hesaid.”（新项目“网络公民”更具雄心。他说：“我们认为，如果我们能为佛罗里达州做到这一点，我们就能将其传播到全国。”）可知，这个新的项目构想是推广到全国的学校。故选C项。7.推理判断题。从倒数第三段“There’snodateyetforthecyberdisinformationclassesinFlorida,butcomputerteacherJasonFeltsaysitcan’tcomesoonenoughandheisreadytoembraceit..”(佛罗里达州的网络虚假信息课程还没有日期，但计算机老师JasonFelt表示，这还不够快，他已经准备好接受它。)可知，JasonFelt对这个课程很期待。故选A项。原句原句"There’snodateyetforthecyberdisinformationclassesinFlorida,butcomputerteacherJasonFeltsaysitcan’tcomesoonenoughandheisreadytoembraceit."译文佛罗里达州的网络虚假信息课程尚未确定日期，但计算机教师杰森·费尔特说，他希望课程尽快开始，并且他已经准备好接受这项课程。分析主句1:There’snodateyetforthecyberdisinformationclassesinFlorida,连接词:but主句2:computerteacherJasonFeltsaysitcan’tcomesoonenoughandheisreadytoembraceit.|+--[主句:computerteacherJasonFeltsays]|+--[主语:computerteacherJasonFelt]+--[谓语:says]宾语从句1:itcan’tcomesoonenough宾语从句2:andheisreadytoembraceit1.1.cybersecurity/ˌsaɪbərsɪˈkjʊrɪti/n.网络安全 2.disinformation/ˌdɪsɪnfərˈmeɪʃən/n.虚假信息3.misinformation/ˌmɪsɪnfərˈmeɪʃən/n.错误信息 4.eye-opener/ˈaɪˌoʊpənər/n.使人大开眼界的事物5.digitalliteracy/ˈdɪdʒɪtəlˈlɪtərəsi/n.数字素养 6.pipeline/ˈpaɪpˌlaɪn/n.管道；筹划中7.ambitious/æmˈbɪʃəs/adj.雄心勃勃的 8.navigate/ˈnævɪˌɡeɪt/v.导航；应对9.embrace/ɪmˈbreɪs/v.拥抱；接受 10.curse/kɜːrs/n.诅咒；祸害（三）（2024·辽宁·模拟预测）Whatisabarrier?Itusuallyreferstoanobstacleoradifficultythatpreventsyoufromachievingsomething.Whetheritwasinyourpast,oryou’representlyfacingone,youhavetoresolveit.Whilemanypeopleavoidbarriers,denytheirexistenceorletbarrierscontrolthemselves,whatstandyoutakeonbarrierswilldefinetheoutcomeofwhetheryourisefromthechallenge,orremainstuckinit.Herearesomemoregreatthingstoloveaboutbarriers.Firstofall,barriersgiveyoumotivations.Sometimesbarrierscanresetyourgoals.Youmightbefacedwithsetbacksordifficulties,you’reforcedtore-think,andre-examineyourpath.Youmayendupfocusingonsomethingnewandexciting.Or,youmayconcentrateonsomethingthatyouotherwisewouldn’thaveifnotfortheparticularsetback.Byhavingtoovercomeanobstacle,you’llbefulfillingapurpose,ratherthanjustgoingthroughthemotions.Also,barriersprepareyoufortheunexpected.Theyserveasguidesforwheretogonext.Eventhoughbarrierscanbringoutmanynegativeemotionsinus,suchasfrustration,anger,orsadness,it’simportanttorealizethattheydon’tstopyoufromreachingyourintendedgoals.Instead,they,inaway,giveyoutimetostopandthinkifperhapsthereisanewandbetterpathtotakeandwhatyoucanprepareforwhatwillhappenalongtheway.Barriersshiftyourperspective.Barriers,moreoftenthannot,areunavoidable.Lifewillneverstopthrowingyounewbarriers.So,thebestthingtodoisknowhowtobetterseeandapproachtheseobstacles,andtransformthemintoopportunitiesforself-improvement.Themoreyou’reabletoseebarriersasbeinganadvantagetoyourlife,thebetteryou’llbeatmanagingthem.Itwillberewardingtoacceptbarriers,whichwillmakeyouconstantlychangeandadapttonewsituations,thusallowingyoutogrowintoabetterversionofyourself.8.Whatisthedeterminingfactoroftheoutcomewhenfacingbarriers?A.Yourspecificgoals. B.Yourownattitude.C.Yourdiversepreparations. D.Yourstrongwillpower.9.Whichofthefollowingistrueaboutbarriers?A.Theybringyoupositiveemotions.B.Theypreventyoufromrealizingyourgoals.C.Theyareavoidableifyouprepareforthemwell.D.Theyenableyoutoviewthingsinadifferentway.10.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“approach”inparagraph4mean?A.Tocopewith. B.Togoover.C.Tocomeneartosb. D.Tospeaktosbaboutsth.11.What’sthemainideaofthepassage?A.Lifeisalwaysthrowingusbarriers. B.Barriersaredouble-edgedswords.C.Embracingbarriersbenefitsalot. D.Meetingbarriersisactuallyavoidable.【答案速查】8.B9.D10.A11.C【语篇解读】这是一篇议论文。主要论述了是什么是障碍以及障碍会给你带来的好处。接受障碍是有益的，这会让你不断改变和适应新的情况，从而让你成长为一个更好的自己。【详情解析】8.推理判断题。根据第一段中“Whilemanypeopleavoidbarriers,denytheirexistenceorletbarrierscontrolthemselves,whatstandyoutakeonbarrierswilldefinetheoutcomeofwhetheryourisefromthechallenge,orremainstuckinit.”（当许多人回避障碍，否认它们的存在或让障碍控制自己时，你对障碍的立场将决定你是从挑战中崛起，还是陷入困境。）以及倒数第二段中“So,thebestthingtodoisknowhowtobetterseeandapproachtheseobstacles,andtransformthemintoopportunitiesforself-improvement.Themoreyou’reabletoseebarriersasbeinganadvantagetoyourlife,thebetteryou’llbeatmanagingthem.”（所以，最好的办法就是知道如何更好地看待和处理这些障碍，并将它们转化为自我提升的机会。你越能把障碍看作是你生活中的优势，你就越能更好地处理它们。）可推知，当面对障碍时，决定结果的因素是你自己的态度。故选B项。9.细节理解题。根据第二段中“Youmightbefacedwithsetbacksordifficulties,you’reforcedtore-think,andre-examineyourpath.”（你可能会遇到挫折或困难，你被迫重新思考，重新审视你的道路。）以及第三段中“Instead,they,inaway,giveyoutimetostopandthinkifperhapsthereisanewandbetterpathtotakeandwhatyoucanprepareforwhatwillhappenalongtheway.”（相反，在某种程度上，它们会给你时间停下来思考是否有一条新的更好的道路可以走，以及你可以为沿途发生的事情做些什么准备。）可知，关于障碍，“它们能让你以不同的方式看待事物”这个陈述是正确的。故选D项。10.词句猜测题。根据第四段中“Lifewillneverstopthrowingyounewbarriers.”（生活永远不会停止给你设置新的障碍。）以及划线单词句中“andtransformthemintoopportunitiesforself-improvement.”（并将它们转化为自我提升的机会。）由此可知，此处为：所以，最好的办法就是知道如何更好地看待和处理这些障碍。故可此处划线单词approach为“处理”的意思，结合A选项中的Tocopewith“应付，处理”意思一致。故选A项。11.主旨大意题。根据文章大意以及最后一段“Itwillberewardingtoacceptbarriers,whichwillmakeyouconstantlychangeandadapttonewsituations,thusallowingyoutogrowintoabetterversionofyourself.”（接受障碍是有益的，这会让你不断改变和适应新的情况，从而让你成长为一个更好的自己。）可知，文章主要讲的是什么是障碍以及障碍会给你带来的好处。接受障碍是有益的，这会让你不断改变和适应新的情况，从而让你成长为一个更好的自己。由此可知，这篇文章的主旨是“拥抱障碍会带来很多好处”。故选C项。原句原句"Itwillberewardingtoacceptbarriers,whichwillmakeyouconstantlychangeandadapttonewsituations,thusallowingyoutogrowintoabetterversionofyourself."译文接受障碍将是有益的，这将使你不断地改变和适应新的情况，从而让你成长为更好的自己。分析这是一个复杂句，由主句、定语从句和分词短语组成。主句:Itwillberewardingtoacceptbarriers,定语从句:whichwillmakeyouconstantlychangeandadapttonewsituations,|+--[先行词:barriers]+--[谓语:willmake]+--[宾语:you]+--[宾语补足语:constantlychangeandadapttonewsituations]|+--[并列结构:changeandadapt]+--[状语:constantly]+--[状语:tonewsituations]分词短语:thusallowingyoutogrowintoabetterversionofyourself.1.1.barrier/ˈbæriər/n.障碍 2.obstacle/ˈɑːbstəkl/n.障碍3.resolve/rɪˈzɑːlv/v.解决 4.deny/dɪˈnaɪ/v.否认5.outcome/ˈaʊtkʌm/n.结果 6.motivation/ˌmoʊtɪˈveɪʃn/n.动力7.setback/ˈsɛtbæk/n.挫折 8.fulfilling/fʊlˈfɪlɪŋ/adj.令人满足的9.perspective/pərˈspektɪv/n.观点 10.transform/trænsˈfɔːrm/v.转变（四）（2024·重庆·模拟预测）CharlesDarwinfoundinspirationforhistheoryofevolutioninbirds'beaks,gianttortoiseshells—andlanguage.“Thesurvivalorpreservationofcertainfavoredwordsinthestruggleforexistenceisnaturalselection,hewroteinTheDescentofManin1871.Languagegraduallyshiftsovertime.Muchresearchexamineshowsocialandenvironmentalfactorsinfluencelanguagechange,butverylittlewrestleswiththeforcesofhumancognitive(selectionthatfixcertainwordsintothevocabulary.Foranextensivenewstudy,publishedintheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciencesUSA,scientistsinvestigatedjustthat.Thescientistscarriedouttwoexperimentsandtheresultscombinetoshowthreepropertiesthatgivewordsan“evolutionaryadvantage”byhelpingthemstickinthebrain:First,wordstypicallyacquiredatanearlyagesuchas“hand”or“today”)arestabler.Next,concretewordslingerbetterthanabstractones:“dog”lastslongerthan“animal,”whichlastslongerthan“organism.”Lastly,emotionallyexcitingwords—whethernegativeorpositive—tendtolast.Earlylanguage-evolutionmodelsassumedthatlanguagebecomesincreasinglycomplexovertime.Butthisnewstudysupportsamorerecenttheorythatlanguageultimatelygetsmoreefficientandeasiertounderstand.Still,asthestudynotes,“theEnglishlanguageisnotbabytalk.”Oneresearcherexplains:“Yes,weshifttowardsimplelanguage,butthenwealsograbcomplexlanguagethatweneed.”Newwordsthataddressthecomplexityofmodemlifemaysomewhatbalanceoutthisshift.Theproposedtrendtoward“simpler”languageiscontroversial.ColumbiaUniversitylinguistJohnMeWhortermoreorlessagreeswiththestudy'sresultsaboutevolutionaryadvantageswithinlanguage.Hequestions,however,implicationsregardingtheoverallefficiencyofEnglish—alanguagehesayscontainsthingslike“needlesslycomplex”grammaticaltraces.StudyleadauthorYingLi,apsychologistattheChineseAcademyofSciencesandanon-nativeEnglishspeaker,notesthatEnglishhadevenmorepuzzlinggrammarinthepast.MeWhorter,Lisupposes,“wouldcomplainmoreifhetraveledback800yearsago.”12.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“that”inthesecondparagraphreferto?A.Theoriginofcertainfavoredwords B.Thesocialinfluenceonlanguageformation.C.Thecognitivecontroloverlanguageevolution. D.Theenvironmentalfactorinlanguagedecline.13.Whichgroupmaylastlongestaccordingtothe“evolutionaryadvantage”?A.Mother;cup;happy. B.Hope;trend;realism.C.Metal;plastic;virus. D.Tax;smog;anxious.14.Whichstatementisconsistentwiththefindingsofthenewstudy?A.ItgetshardertocommunicateinEnglish.B.Newwordstendtobeshorterandsimpler.C.ThecomplexityofEnglishhasbeentotallylost.D.TheefficiencyofEnglishimprovesasitevolves.15.HowdoesYingLirespondtoJohnMeWhorter'squestioning?A.Liprovidesextradata. B.Limakesanassumption.C.Liconsultsahistoricalauthority. D.Lisuggestsasolution.【答案速查】12.C13.A14.D15.B【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了一项关于语言进化的研究。科学家通过实验发现，某些词汇在人类认知选择中具有“进化优势”，从而更容易被记住和使用。【详情解析】12.词句猜测题。根据第二段“Muchresearchexamineshowsocialandenvironmentalfactorsinfluencelanguagechange,butverylittlewrestleswiththeforcesofhumancognitive(认知的)selectionthatfixcertainwordsintothevocabulary.Foranextensivenewstudy,publishedintheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciencesUSA,scientistsinvestigatedjustthat(许多研究都在探讨社会和环境因素如何影响语言变化，但很少有人深入研究人类认知选择的力量，这种力量将某些词汇固定在词汇表中。一项广泛的新研究发表在《美国国家科学院院刊》上，科学家们正是对此进行了调查)”可知以前的研究是关于社会和环境对语言变化的影响，而这个研究填补的空白是人类认知对语言发展的作用力。所以第二段划线词指代的是人类认知对语言发展的作用力，故选C。13.推理判断题。根据第三段“First,wordstypicallyacquiredatanearlyage(suchas‘hand’or‘today’)arestabler.Next,concretewordslingerbetterthanabstractones:‘dog’lastslongerthan‘animal,’whichlastslongerthan‘organism.’Lastly,emotionallyexcitingwords—whethernegativeorpositive—tendtolast.(首先，通常在儿童早期习得的词汇（如“手”或“今天”）更为稳定。其次，具体的词汇比抽象的词汇更持久：“狗”的持续时间比“动物”长，而“动物”的持续时间又比“生物”长。最后，无论是消极还是积极的情感激动词，往往都会持续存在)”可知，生命早期较之后期习得的词汇，具体的词汇较之抽象的词汇，以及与情绪相关的词汇在人的头脑中持续得较久。综合比较而言A选项词汇Mother,cup,happy都属于生命早期习得的词汇，mother,cup是具体词汇，happy是情绪相关的词汇，所以A项词汇有可能持续时间最长，故选A。14.细节理解题。根据第四段“Butthisnewstudysupportsamorerecenttheorythatlanguageultimatelygetsmoreefficientandeasiertounderstand.Still,asthestudynotes,‘theEnglishlanguageisnotbabytalk’.Oneresearcherexplains:‘Yes,weshifttowardsimplelanguage,butthenwealsograbcomplexlanguagethatweneed.’Newwordsthataddressthecomplexityofmodernlifemaysomewhatbalanceoutthisshift(但这项新研究支持了一个较新的理论，即语言最终会变得更加高效和易于理解。然而，正如研究指出的那样，“英语不是婴儿语言”。一位研究人员解释说：“是的，我们转向简单的语言，但随后我们也会使用我们需要的复杂语言。”用来描述现代生活复杂性的新词可能会在一定程度上平衡这种转变)”可知，英语总体变得越来越有效率和愈来愈简单，并非新词汇变得越来越短，也并没有完全失去复杂性。故选D。15.细节理解题。根据最后一段“StudyleadauthorYingLi,apsychologistattheChineseAcademyofSciencesandanon-nativeEnglishspeaker,notesthatEnglishhadevenmorepuzzlinggrammarinthepast.MeWhorter,Lisupposes,“wouldcomplainmoreifhetraveledback800yearsago(该研究的主要作者、中国科学院心理学家兼非英语母语者李颖指出，英语过去的语法甚至更令人困惑。李颖推测，如果梅沃特回到800年前，他“会抱怨得更多”。)”可知，李颖使用了一种假设的方法回应梅沃特的质疑，故选B。原句原句"Butthisnewstudysupportsamorerecenttheorythatlanguageultimatelygetsmoreefficientandeasiertounderstand.Still,asthestudynotes,‘theEnglishlanguageisnotbabytalk’."译文但这项新的研究支持了一个更近期的理论，即语言最终变得更有效率，更容易理解。尽管如此，正如研究所指出的，“英语并不是幼儿语言”。分析But[主句:thisnewstudysupportsamorerecenttheorythatlanguageultimatelygetsmoreefficientandeasiertounderstand]|+--[宾语从句:thatlanguageultimatelygetsmoreefficientandeasiertounderstand]|+--[补充说明:ultimately](副词，意为“最终”)Still,[过渡句:asthestudynotes,‘theEnglishlanguageisnotbabytalk’]|+--[引用内容:‘theEnglishlanguageisnotbabytalk’]1.1.inspiration/ˌɪnspəˈreɪʃn/n.灵感 2.evolution/ˌiːvəˈluːʃn/n.进化3.preservation/ˌprɛzərˈveɪʃn/n.保存 4.selection/sɪˈlɛkʃn/n.选择5.influence/ˈɪnfluəns/v.影响 6.cognitive/ˈkɒɡnɪtɪv/adj.认知的7.extensive/ɪkˈstɛnsɪv/adj.广泛的 8.concrete/ˈkɒŋkriːt/adj.具体的9.efficiency/ɪˈfɪʃənsi/n.效率 10.controversial/ˌkɒntrəˈvɜːʃəl/adj.有争议的（五）（2024·四川成都·模拟预测）Inordertobettersurviveintheworldfilledwithchallenges,weourselvesneedtobewise.16Letmetellyouthis.Wisdomprovidesuswithperspectivesandcalmsusdowninterriblesituations.Herearesomeeffectivestrategiesthatwecanusetogetwiser.17Thiswillopenupnewpathwaysforus.Neverbaseyourperspectiveonthemostpopularopinionorwhichisthemostcomfortableforyou.Instead,trainyourmindtobeajudgment-freespaceforideas.Ifyouarehumbleenough,youwillalwaysgettoexperiencesomethingnew.Meanwhile,you’resupposedtobethekindofpersonwholearnssomethingneweveryday.Takenewclasses,readbooksandthelistgoesonandon.18Alloftheseactivitieswillhelpyoutotackleproblemsfromdifferentangles,makingeverythingeasier.Whatifyoulackself-disciplineorneedtimelyguidance?Maybethebestwayistohavewisepeopleasyourmentors(导师),liketeachers,colleaguesandevenspecialfriends.Priortomakingthemamentor,findoutwhatmakesthemwiser,andthenengageinusefuldialoguewiththem.19Ifyouhaveaccumulatedalotofknowledge,thenwhynotshareitwithotherstoo?20Intoday’sworld,itisveryeasytobecomewisebutitisn’teasytohelpothers.Sokeepthingsbalancedandneverletgoofyourpassionsandvalues.Thiswillpavethepathtosuccess.A.Whyiswisdomcrucialinthismodernworld?B.Changeyourroutineandseewherelifetakesyou.C.Therefore,youcanaskthemtosuperviseyouorimitatetheirmindset.D.TrysurfingtheInternetandclearoutyourproblemsthatconfuseyou.E.Sometimeswecanbenefitalotfrombeingopentodiverseperspectives.F.Byspendingmoretimewiththem,therewillbemoretransferofknowledgetoyou.G.Communicatingwithothersandhelpingthemoutwillalsoincreaseyourwisdom.【答案速查】16.A17.E18.D19.F20.G【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。作者就如何获得人生智慧给出了建议，帮助读者更好地面对充满挑战的世界以及生活中的困境。【详情解析】16.下文“Letmetellyouthis.Wisdomprovidesuswithperspectivesandcalmsusdowninterriblesituations.(让我告诉你。智慧为我们提供视角，让我们在糟糕的情况下冷静下来。)”回答了智慧为什么如此重要的问题，选项A“为什么智慧在现代社会如此重要？”引出下文。故选A项。17.下文“Neverbaseyourperspective