弹性力学仿真软件：MSC Nastran：复合材料结构分析技术教程

弹性力学仿真软件：MSCNastran：复合材料结构分析技术教程1弹性力学仿真软件：MSCNastran：复合材料结构分析1.1MSC_Nastran软件概述MSC_Nastran,作为一款先进的多学科仿真软件，由MSCSoftware公司开发，广泛应用于航空航天、汽车、船舶、能源等领域的结构分析、动力学分析、优化设计等。其核心优势在于能够处理复杂结构的线性和非线性问题，提供精确的仿真结果。在复合材料结构分析方面，MSC_Nastran提供了专门的模块和工具，能够模拟复合材料的多层、多向异性特性，以及在各种载荷条件下的响应。1.1.1复合材料结构分析模块材料定义：用户可以定义复合材料的层合结构，包括各层的材料属性、厚度、方向等。网格划分：支持复合材料结构的特殊网格划分，确保模型的准确性。载荷和边界条件：可以施加各种载荷，如压力、拉力、剪切力等，以及定义边界条件，如固定、铰接等。求解器：MSC_Nastran提供了多种求解器，包括线性静态、非线性静态、模态分析等，适用于复合材料结构的多种分析需求。后处理：分析结果可以通过图形化界面进行查看，包括应力、应变、位移等，帮助工程师理解复合材料结构的行为。1.2复合材料结构分析的重要性复合材料因其轻质、高强度、耐腐蚀等特性，在现代工程设计中占据重要地位。然而，复合材料的结构分析比传统金属材料更为复杂，因为其性能受制于材料的层合结构和纤维方向。准确的复合材料结构分析对于确保结构的安全性、可靠性和优化设计至关重要。1.2.1实例：复合材料层合板的静态分析假设我们有一块由碳纤维增强塑料（CFRP）制成的层合板，需要分析其在垂直载荷下的应力分布。层合板由四层CFRP组成，每层厚度为0.2mm，纤维方向分别为0°、90°、0°、90°。1.2.1.1材料定义MAT1,1,EX,130000.,0.3,4500.

MAT8,2,1,1,1,0.2,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0

#弹性力学仿真软件：MSCNastran：复合材料结构分析

##基础设置

###创建复合材料层

在使用MSCNastran进行复合材料结构分析时，创建复合材料层是构建模型的基础步骤。复合材料因其独特的性能，如高比强度和比刚度，被广泛应用于航空航天、汽车、体育用品等行业。在Nastran中，复合材料层的创建通常涉及定义层的厚度、材料属性、铺层方向和铺层顺序。

####示例：创建一个简单的复合材料层

```nastran

$定义复合材料层

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#模型建立

##构建复合材料结构模型

在进行复合材料结构分析时，使用MSCNastran建立模型是关键的第一步。复合材料因其独特的性能，如高比强度和比刚度，以及可设计性，被广泛应用于航空航天、汽车、体育用品和建筑等多个领域。在MSCNastran中，构建复合材料结构模型涉及定义材料属性、层压板结构、单元类型和网格划分。

###材料属性定义

复合材料的材料属性通常包括各向异性，需要定义其在不同方向上的弹性模量、泊松比和剪切模量。在Nastran中，这可以通过`MAT4`或`MAT5`材料卡来实现。

####示例：定义复合材料属性

```nastran

$定义复合材料属性

MAT4100

1.0,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,

#网格划分

##选择合适的网格类型

在进行复合材料结构分析时，选择合适的网格类型至关重要。网格类型直接影响分析的精度和计算效率。MSCNastran提供了多种网格类型，包括但不限于四边形（QUAD）、三角形（TRIA）、六面体（HEX）、五面体（PYRA）和四面体（TETRA）。

###四边形网格（QUAD）

四边形网格在平面或曲面上提供更均匀的分布，适用于大多数复合材料层合板的分析。QUAD网格能够更好地捕捉到复合材料的各向异性特性，尤其是在层合板的界面处。

###三角形网格（TRIA）

三角形网格在处理复杂几何形状时更为灵活，尤其是在模型中存在尖锐边缘或小特征时。TRIA网格能够适应不规则的边界条件，但其计算效率和精度通常低于四边形网格。

###六面体网格（HEX）

六面体网格在三维实体结构中提供高精度的分析结果。HEX网格的每个单元由六个面组成，适用于需要详细分析内部应力和应变分布的复合材料结构。

###五面体网格（PYRA）

五面体网格是六面体和四面体网格之间的过渡类型，具有五个面。PYRA网格在模型中需要混合不同网格类型时非常有用，能够提供较好的计算效率和精度。

###四面体网格（TETRA）

四面体网格是最常用的三维网格类型之一，适用于快速模型建立和初步分析。TETRA网格由四个面组成，能够在复杂几何中提供较好的适应性，但其精度可能低于六面体网格。

##网格质量检查

网格质量直接影响分析结果的可靠性和准确性。在MSCNastran中，网格质量检查是确保模型适合进行复合材料结构分析的关键步骤。

###检查网格尺寸

网格尺寸应根据结构的特征尺寸和预期的分析精度来确定。过大的网格尺寸可能导致分析结果粗糙，而过小的网格尺寸则会增加计算时间和资源需求。

###检查网格扭曲

网格扭曲是指单元形状偏离理想形状的程度。在复合材料结构分析中，网格扭曲可能导致应力和应变的计算误差。MSCNastran提供了检查网格扭曲的工具，确保所有单元的形状都在可接受的范围内。

###检查网格过渡

在模型中不同区域使用不同网格密度时，网格过渡的平滑性非常重要。不平滑的网格过渡可能导致应力集中和分析结果的不连续性。通过检查网格过渡，可以确保模型中网格密度的变化是渐进的，避免了局部的应力或应变异常。

###示例：使用MSCNastran进行网格质量检查

```python

#使用MSCNastran进行网格质量检查的示例代码

#假设使用Python接口调用MSCNastran

#导入必要的库

importnumpyasnp

frompyNastran.bdf.bdfimportread_bdf

#读取Nastran的BDF文件

model=read_bdf('composite_structure.bdf')

#检查网格尺寸

min_size=model.grid.get_min_size()

max_size=model.grid.get_max_size()

print(f"最小网格尺寸:{min_size}")

print(f"最大网格尺寸:{max_size}")

#检查网格扭曲

twist_values=model.grid.get_twist_values()

average_twist=np.mean(twist_values)

print(f"网格平均扭曲值:{average_twist}")

#检查网格过渡

#这里假设使用自定义函数检查网格过渡

defcheck_grid_transition(model):

#实现网格过渡检查的逻辑

pass

check_grid_transition(model)在上述示例中，我们首先导入了必要的库，然后使用pyNastran库读取了Nastran的BDF文件。接下来，我们检查了网格的最小和最大尺寸，以及网格的平均扭曲值。最后，我们定义了一个自定义函数check_grid_transition来检查网格过渡的平滑性，虽然这里没有具体实现，但在实际应用中，该函数可以根据模型的网格数据来评估网格过渡的质量。1.2.2结论选择合适的网格类型和进行网格质量检查是复合材料结构分析中不可或缺的步骤。通过合理选择网格类型和确保网格质量，可以提高分析的精度和可靠性，同时优化计算资源的使用。在实际操作中，应根据具体结构的几何特征和分析需求，综合考虑网格类型和质量检查的各个方面，以达到最佳的分析效果。2载荷施加2.1静态载荷定义在进行结构分析时，静态载荷的定义是至关重要的一步。静态载荷是指在分析过程中不随时间变化的载荷，如重力、预紧力等。在MSCNastran中，静态载荷可以通过多种方式进行定义，包括直接在模型上施加力、力矩、压力，或者通过定义载荷集来施加。2.1.1直接施加载荷在Nastran中，直接施加载荷可以通过FORCE、MOMENT、PLOAD等卡片来实现。例如，施加一个100N的力在节点1上，方向为X轴正方向，可以使用以下代码：FORCE(1,1)=100.这行代码表示在节点1上施加一个100N的力，作用在X轴方向上。2.1.2定义载荷集载荷集是Nastran中用于组织和管理载荷的一种方式。通过定义载荷集，可以方便地在不同的工况下施加不同的载荷组合。载荷集的定义通常使用LOAD、LOADC、LOADS等卡片。例如，定义一个载荷集，包含节点1上的100N力和节点2上的200N力，可以使用以下代码：LOAD(1)

FORCE(1,1)=100.

LOAD(2)

FORCE(2,1)=200.然后，在载荷集的使用中，可以通过LOADSET卡片来引用这些载荷集，例如：LOADSET(1)=1,2这表示在工况1中，同时施加了载荷集1和载荷集2。2.2动态载荷施加动态载荷是指随时间变化的载荷，如振动、冲击等。在Nastran中，动态载荷的施加通常涉及到时间历程分析或频域分析。2.2.1时间历程分析时间历程分析中，动态载荷可以通过FORCE、PLOAD等卡片与TIMEDELAY卡片结合使用来定义。例如，定义一个随时间变化的力，可以使用以下代码：FORCE(1,1)=100.*SIN(2.*PI*10.*TIME)这行代码表示在节点1上施加一个随时间变化的力，其大小为100N乘以频率为10Hz的正弦波。2.2.2频域分析在频域分析中，动态载荷通常通过使用FORCE、PLOAD等卡片与FREQ、FREQ1等卡片结合来定义。例如，定义一个在特定频率范围内的力，可以使用以下代码：FORCE(1,1)=100.

FREQ(1)=10.,20.这表示在节点1上施加一个100N的力，分析频率范围为10Hz到20Hz。2.2.3动态载荷的复杂性动态载荷的施加往往比静态载荷更复杂，因为它涉及到载荷随时间或频率的变化。在实际应用中，动态载荷可能由多个分量组成，每个分量都有其特定的时间或频率特性。例如，一个动态载荷可能包含一个随时间变化的力和一个在特定频率范围内振动的力，这种情况下，需要在Nastran中分别定义这两个载荷，并确保它们在分析中正确地组合和应用。2.3结合静态与动态载荷在某些情况下，结构可能同时受到静态和动态载荷的作用。例如，一个桥梁在承受自身重量（静态载荷）的同时，还可能受到车辆通过时的振动（动态载荷）。在Nastran中，可以通过定义多个载荷集，并在工况中同时引用这些载荷集来实现静态与动态载荷的结合分析。LOADSET(1)=1

LOADSET(2)=2

SUBCASE(1)

SPC=1

LOAD=1,2这表示在工况1中，同时施加了静态载荷集1和动态载荷集2，其中SPC卡片用于定义边界条件，LOAD卡片用于引用载荷集。通过以上介绍，我们可以看到在MSCNastran中，无论是静态载荷还是动态载荷，都有其特定的定义和施加方式。正确地定义和施加载荷是确保仿真结果准确性的关键。在实际操作中，需要根据具体问题的物理特性，选择合适的载荷类型和施加方式，以实现对结构行为的准确模拟。3求解设置3.1选择求解器在进行复合材料结构分析时，选择合适的求解器是至关重要的一步。MSCNastran提供了多种求解器，包括：SOL101：线性静力分析，适用于解决静态载荷下的结构响应。SOL103：非线性静力分析，能够处理大变形和接触问题。SOL106：模态分析，用于计算结构的固有频率和振型。SOL111：线性瞬态动力学分析，适用于分析随时间变化的载荷对结构的影响。SOL112：频响分析，用于计算结构在不同频率下的响应。SOL601：非线性瞬态动力学分析，能够处理复杂的动力学问题，包括大变形和非线性材料行为。3.1.1示例：选择SOL101进行线性静力分析在Nastran输入文件中，选择SOL101可以通过以下方式指定：SUBCASE1

SOL=1013.2设置求解参数设置求解参数是确保分析准确性和效率的关键。参数设置包括但不限于：载荷：定义作用在结构上的力或压力。边界条件：指定结构的约束，如固定端或滑动面。材料属性：输入材料的弹性模量、泊松比等。网格划分：选择合适的网格密度和类型。求解精度：设置求解器的收敛准则。3.2.1示例：设置载荷和边界条件在Nastran中，载荷和边界条件可以通过FORCE和DISPLACEMENT卡片来定义。例如，对一个结构施加100N的力，并在另一端施加固定约束：FORCE(1)=100.0

DISPLACEMENT(1)=0.0

DISPLACEMENT(2)=0.0

DISPLACEMENT(3)=0.03.2.2示例：定义材料属性复合材料的材料属性可以通过MAT1卡片来定义，包括弹性模量、泊松比和密度。例如，定义一种复合材料：MAT1(1)

E=1.0e7

G=0.3e7

NU=0.3

RHO=0.013.2.3示例：网格划分网格划分在Nastran中通过GRID和CTRIA3或CTETRA卡片来定义。例如，创建一个三角形网格：GRID(1)

X1=0.0

X2=0.0

X3=0.0

GRID(2)

X1=1.0

X2=0.0

X3=0.0

GRID(3)

X1=0.0

X2=1.0

X3=0.0

CTRIA3(1)

G1=1

G2=2

G3=33.2.4示例：设置求解精度求解精度可以通过PARAM,CONTROLS,CONV卡片来设置。例如，设置线性静力分析的收敛准则：PARAM,CONTROLS,CONV

DISP=1.0e-6

FORCE=1.0e-6以上示例展示了如何在MSCNastran中进行基本的求解器选择和参数设置。通过这些设置，可以确保复合材料结构分析的准确性和效率。在实际应用中，可能需要根据具体问题调整更多的参数和设置，以获得最佳的分析结果。4结果分析4.1应力和应变结果解读在使用MSCNastran进行复合材料结构分析时，应力和应变结果的解读是评估结构性能的关键步骤。复合材料因其独特的层状结构和各向异性特性，其应力和应变分析比传统金属材料更为复杂。Nastran提供了多种工具和方法来帮助分析人员理解和解释这些结果。4.1.1应力分析应力分析主要关注复合材料结构在载荷作用下的内部应力分布。在复合材料中，通常需要考虑以下几种应力：正应力（NormalStress）：沿材料纤维方向的应力，通常用σ表示。剪应力（ShearStress）：垂直于纤维方向的应力，用τ表示。复合材料的层间应力（InterlaminarStress）：发生在不同层之间的应力，对于评估层间粘结强度至关重要。4.1.1.1示例：解读Nastran输出的应力结果假设我们有一个复合材料板，由多层碳纤维增强塑料（CFRP）组成，每层厚度为0.1mm。在Nastran中，我们可以通过以下命令行输出特定节点的应力结果：ECHO=STRESS在结果文件中，我们可能会看到类似以下的输出：GRID,1001,0.000000E+00,0.000000E+00,0.000000E+00

S,1001,1,0.100000E+01,0.200000E+01,0.300000E+01,0.400000E+01,0.500000E+01,0.600000E+01

S,1001,2,0.150000E+01,0.250000E+01,0.350000E+01,0.450000E+01,0.550000E+01,0.650000E+01这里，S表示应力输出，1001是节点编号，1和2分别表示层1和层2。每行的最后六个值分别对应于正应力σx、σy、σz和剪应力τxy、τyz、τzx。4.1.2应变分析应变分析关注的是复合材料结构在载荷作用下的变形程度。与应力类似，应变也分为正应变和剪应变，分别用ε和γ表示。4.1.2.1示例：解读Nastran输出的应变结果Nastran中应变结果的输出格式与应力类似，但使用E命令行来获取：ECHO=STRAIN结果文件中，我们可能会看到如下应变输出：GRID,1001,0.000000E+00,0.000000E+00,0.000000E+00

E,1001,1,0.100000E-03,0.200000E-03,0.300000E-03,0.400000E-03,0.500000E-03,0.600000E-03

E,1001,2,0.150000E-03,0.250000E-03,0.350000E-03,0.450000E-03,0.550000E-03,0.650000E-03这里，E表示应变输出，数值表示正应变和剪应变的大小。4.2复合材料损伤评估复合材料损伤评估是结构分析中的重要环节，用于预测材料在特定载荷下的损伤程度和寿命。Nastran提供了多种损伤模型，如最大应力准则、最大应变准则、Tsai-Wu准则等，用于评估复合材料的损伤。4.2.1Tsai-Wu损伤准则Tsai-Wu损伤准则是一种广泛应用于复合材料损伤评估的理论，它基于复合材料的各向异性特性，通过比较材料的损伤应力和应变与实际应力和应变，来判断材料是否发生损伤。4.2.1.1示例：使用Tsai-Wu准则评估损伤在Nastran中，可以使用以下命令行来激活Tsai-Wu损伤准则：DAMAGE=TSAIWU假设我们有以下材料属性和应力应变值：材料的损伤应力：σ1=100MPa,σ2=50MPa,τ12=30MPa材料的损伤应变：ε1=0.001,ε2=0.0005,γ12=0.0003实际应力：σ1=80MPa,σ2=40MPa,τ12=20MPa实际应变：ε1=0.0008,ε2=0.0004,γ12=0.0002通过Tsai-Wu准则，我们可以计算损伤指数D：D=(σ1/σ1f)^2+(σ2/σ2f)^2-(σ1σ2/(σ1fσ2f))+(τ12/τ12f)^2将上述数值代入，得到：D=(80/100)^2+(40/50)^2-(80*40/(100*50))+(20/30)^2=0.64+0.64-0.64+0.44=1.08如果D>1，则表示材料在该点发生损伤。4.2.2最大应力准则最大应力准则是一种简单的损伤评估方法，它基于材料的强度极限来判断损伤。如果任何方向的应力超过材料的强度极限，则认为材料发生损伤。4.2.2.1示例：使用最大应力准则评估损伤假设材料的强度极限为σmax=120MPa，实际应力为σ1=100MPa,σ2=60MPa,σ3=20MPa。通过比较，我们可以看到σ1和σ2均未超过σmax，但σ3远低于强度极限，因此在本例中，根据最大应力准则，材料未发生损伤。通过以上示例，我们可以看到在MSCNastran中如何进行复合材料结构的应力和应变结果解读，以及如何使用不同的损伤准则来评估复合材料的损伤。这些分析对于确保复合材料结构的安全性和可靠性至关重要。5高级功能5.1多物理场耦合分析多物理场耦合分析是MSCNastran的一项强大功能，它允许用户在单一仿真环境中同时考虑多种物理现象的相互作用。这种分析方法对于理解复杂系统的行为至关重要，特别是在复合材料结构中，因为这些结构可能同时受到机械、热、电磁等多方面的影响。5.1.1原理多物理场耦合分析基于物理定律和数学模型，将不同物理场的方程组联立求解。例如，在热-结构耦合分析中，热传导方程和结构动力学方程被同时求解，以考虑温度变化对结构变形的影响，反之亦然。这种耦合可以通过直接耦合（同时求解所有物理场）或顺序耦合（先求解一个物理场，然后将结果作为边界条件应用于下一个物理场）的方式进行。5.1.2内容在MSCNastran中，多物理场耦合分析可以应用于各种场景，包括但不限于：热-结构耦合：分析温度变化引起的热应力和热变形。电磁-结构耦合：考虑电磁力对结构的影响，如在电机和变压器中的应用。流体-结构耦合：研究流体压力和流动对结构的影响，适用于航空航天和海洋工程领域。5.1.2.1示例：热-结构耦合分析假设我们有一个复合材料制成的结构件，需要分析在温度变化下的热应力和变形。以下是一个简化的示例，展示如何在MSCNastran中设置热-结构耦合分析：BEGINBULK

$Definematerialproperties

MAT1(1,3.0e7,0.3,0.3,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0)

$Definethermalproperties

MAT1(1,3.0e7,0.3,0.3,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0)

THERMAL(1,1,0.5,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0)

$Definegeometryandmesh

GRID(1,0.0,0.0,0.0)

GRID(2,1.0,0.0,0.0)

CQUAD4(1,1,2,2,1,1,0.1,0.0)

$Definethermalloads

TEMP(1,100.0)

TEMP(2,200.0)

$Definestructuralloads

FORCE(1,1,1,1000.0)

$Defineanalysistype

SOL(101)

$Definecoupling

CPLSTN1(1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1)

$Defineoutputrequests

OP2(1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1)

ENDBULK在这个示例中，我们定义了一个简单的复合材料结构，设置了材料和热属性，施加了温度和力的载荷，并通过CPLSTN1卡指定了热-结构耦合分析。OP2卡用于请求输出结果，包括位移、应力和温度分布。5.2优化设计方法优化设计是工程设计中的一个重要环节，它旨在通过调整设计参数来提高结构的性能，同时满足成本、重量和安全性的限制。MSCNastran提供了多种优化工具，可以帮助工程师在设计复合材料结构时找到最佳解决方案。5.2.1原理优化设计通常基于数学优化算法，如梯度下降法、遗传算法或粒子群优化算法。这些算法通过迭代过程，逐步调整设计变量，以最小化或最大化目标函数，同时确保满足所有设计约束。5.2.2内容在MSCNastran中，优化设计可以应用于：形状优化：调整结构的几何形状以提高性能。尺寸优化：优化结构的尺寸参数，如厚度、直径等。拓扑优化：确定材料在结构中的最优分布。5.2.2.1示例：尺寸优化假设我们有一个复合材料板，需要优化其厚度以最小化重量，同时确保结构的刚度满足要求。以下是一个简化的尺寸优化示例：BEGINBULK

$Definematerialproperties

MAT1(1,3.0e7,0.3,0.3,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0)

$Definegeometryandmesh

GRID(1,0.0,0.0,0.0)

GRID(2,1.0,0.0,0.0)

CQUAD4(1,1,2,2,1,1,0.1,0.0)

$Definedesignvariables

DVAR(1,THK1,0.1,0.05,0.2)

$Defineconstraints

DCONSTR(1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1)

$Defineobjectivefunction

DRESP1(1,WEIGHT,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1)

$Defineoptimizationmethod

$Forthisexample,weusetheSequentialUnconstrainedMinimizationTechnique(SUMT)

$Note:TheactualimplementationofoptimizationmethodsinMSCNastranismorecomplexandrequiresadditionalcards.

$Defineanalysistype

SOL(109)

ENDBULK在这个示例中，我们定义了一个复合材料板，并将其厚度作为设计变量。我们还定义了约束和目标函数，即结构的刚度和重量。最后，我们指定了优化方法（在这个例子中是SUMT）和分析类型（SOL109用于优化分析）。请注意，实际的优化分析在MSCNastran中会涉及更多的设置和更复杂的算法，上述示例仅用于说明基本概念。优化设计通常需要与设计软件（如CAD）和后处理工具（如Patran）的紧密集成，以实现设计迭代和结果可视化。6案例研究6.1飞机机翼复合材料分析6.1.1引言飞机机翼的复合材料分析是MSCNastran在航空工业中的关键应用之一。复合材料因其高比强度、高比刚度以及良好的耐腐蚀性，在现代飞机设计中占据重要地位。Nastran提供了全面的工具集，用于模拟复合材料的复杂行为，包括层压板分析、损伤预测、疲劳分析等。6.1.2层压板建模在Nastran中，复合材料层压板的建模通常通过定义材料属性、层压板堆叠顺序和厚度来实现。例如，定义一个由碳纤维增强塑料（CFRP）组成的层压板，可以使用以下数据样例：MATERIAL,1,MAT8,1.78e6,0.3,0.000049,1.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0