2024年仁爱版初中英语语法归纳

仁愛版初中英語語法一．名詞I.名詞的种类：专有名詞一般名詞国名.地名.人名，可数名詞不可数名詞個体名詞集体名詞抽象名詞物质名詞

II.名詞的数：1.规则名詞的复数形式：名詞的复数形式，一般在單数形式背面加-s或-es。現将构成措施与讀音规则列表如下：规则例詞1一般状况在詞尾加-smap-maps,sea-seas,girl-girls,day-days2以s,x,ch,sh結尾的名詞後加-esclass-classes,box-boxes,watch-watches,dish-dishes3以-f或-fe結尾的詞变-f和-fe為v再加-esleaf-leaves,thief-thieves,knife-knives,loaf-loaves,wife-wives加-sbelief-beliefs,chief-chiefs,proof-proofs,roof-roofs,gulf-gulfs4以辅音字母加y結尾的名詞，变y為i加-esparty-parties,family-families,story-stories,city-cities5以元音字母加y結尾的名詞，或专有名詞以y結尾的，加-stoy-toys,boy-boys,day-days,ray-rays,Henry-Henrys6以辅音字母加-o結尾的名詞一般加-eshero-heroes,Negro-Negroes,potato-potatoes,tomato-tomatoes不少外来詞加-spiano-pianos,photo-photos,auto-autos,kilo-kilos,solo-solos两者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes,volcano-volcanoes/volcanos7以元音字母加-o結尾的名詞加-sradio-radios,bamboo-bamboos,zoo-zoos8以-th結尾的名詞加-struth-truths,mouth-mouths,month-months,path-paths,2.不规则名詞复数：英語裏有些名詞的复数形式是不规则的，現归纳如下：规则例詞1变化名詞中的元音字母或其他形式man-men,woman-women,foot-feet,goose-geese,mouse-mice2單复数相似sheep,deer,series,means,works,fish,speciesli,yuan,jin,3只有复数形式ashes,trousers,clothes,thanks,goods,glasses,compasses,contents4某些集体名詞總是用作复数people,police,cattle,staff5部分集体名詞既可以作單数（整体）也可以作复数（组员）audience,class,family,crowd,couple,group,committee,government,population,crew,team,public,enemy,party6复数形式表达尤其含义customs(海关),forces(軍队),times(時代),spirits(情绪),drinks(饮料),sands(沙滩),papers(文献报紙),manners(礼貌),looks(外表),brains(頭脑智力),greens(青菜),ruins(废墟)7表达“某国人”加-sAmericans,Australians,Germans,Greeks,Swedes,Europeans單复数同形Swiss,Portuguese,Chinese,Japanese以-man或-woman結尾的改為-men,-womenEnglishmen,Frenchwomen8合成名詞将主体名詞变為复数sons-in-law,lookers-on,passers-by,story-tellers,boyfriends無主体名詞時将最终一部分变為复数grown-ups,housewives,stopwatches将两部分变為复数womensingers,menservantsIII.名詞的所有格：名詞在句中表达所有关系的語法形式叫做名詞所有格。所有格分两种：一是名詞詞尾加’s构成，二是由介詞of加名詞构成。前者多表达有生命的東西，後者多表达無生命的東西。1.’s所有格的构成：單数名詞在末尾加’stheboy’sfather,Jack’sbook,herson-in-law’sphoto,复数名詞一般在末尾加’theteachers’room,thetwins’mother,不规则复数名詞後加’sthechildren’stoys,women’srights,以s結尾的人名所有格加’s或者’Dickens’novels,Charles’sjob,theSmiths’house表达各自的所有关系時,各名詞末尾均须加’sJapan’sandAmerica’sproblems,Jane’sandMary’sbikes表达共有的所有关系時在最终一詞末加’sJapanandAmerica’sproblems,JaneandMary’sfather表达＂某人家＂＂店铺＂，所有格後名詞省略thedoctor’s,thebarber’s,thetailor’s,myuncle’s2.’s所有格的使用方法：１表达時间today’snewspaper,fiveweeks’holiday2表达自然現象theearth’satmosphere,thetree’sbranches3表达国家都市等地方的名詞thecountry’splan,theworld’spopulation,China’sindustry4表达工作群体theship’screw,majority’sview,theteam’svictory5表达度量衡及价值amile’sjourney,fivedollars’worthofapples6与人类活動有特殊关系的名詞thelife’stime,theplay’splot7某些固定詞组abird’seyeview,astone’sthrow,atone’swit’send(不知所措)3.of所有格的使用方法：用于無生命的東西：thelegsofthechair,thecoverofthebook用于有生命的東西，尤其是有较長定語時：theclassroomsofthefirst-yearstudents用于名詞化的詞：thestruggleoftheoppressed

二．冠詞冠詞分為不定冠詞（a,an），定冠詞（the），和零冠詞。I.不定冠詞的使用方法：1指一类人或事，相称于akindofAplaneisamachinethatcanfly.2第一次提及某人某物，非特指Aboyiswaitingforyou.3表达“每一”相称于every，oneWestudyeighthoursaday.4表达“相似”相称于thesameWearenearlyofanage.5用于人名前，表达不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事AMr.SmithcametovisityouwhenyouwereoutThatboyisratheraLeiFeng.6用于固定詞组中Acoupleof,abit,onceuponatime,inahurry,haveawalk,manyatime7用于quite,rather,many,half,what,such之後Thisroomisratherabigone.8用于so(as,too,how)+形容詞之後Sheisascleveragirlasyoucanwishtomeet.II.定冠詞的使用方法：1表达某一类人或物Thehorseisausefulanimal.2用于世上独一無二的事物名詞前theuniverse,themoon,thePacificOcean3表达說话双方都理解的或上文提到過的人或事Wouldyoumindopeningthedoor?4用于乐器前面playtheviolin,playtheguitar5用于形容詞和分詞前表达一类人thereach,theliving,thewounded6表达“一家人”或“夫妇”theGreens,theWangs7用于序数詞和形容詞副詞比较级最高级前Heisthetallerofthetwochildren.8用于国家党派等以及江河湖海，山川群岛的名詞前theUnitedStates,theCommunistPartyofChina,theFrench9用于表达发明物的單数名詞前ThecompasswasinventedinChina.10在逢拾的复数数詞之前，指世纪的某個年代inthe1990’s11用于表达單位的名詞前Ihiredthecarbythehour.12用于方位名詞，身体部位名詞，及表达時间的詞组前Hepattedmeontheshoulder.III.零冠詞的使用方法：1专有名詞，物质名詞，抽象名詞，人名地名等名詞前BeijingUniversity,Jack,China,love,air2名詞前有this,my,whose,some,no,each,every等限制Iwantthisbook,notthatone./

Whosepurseisthis?3季节，月份，星期，节假曰，一曰三餐前March,Sunday,NationalDay,spring4表达职位，身份，頭衔的名詞前LincolnwasmadePresidentofAmerica.5學科，語言，球类，棋类名詞前Helikesplayingfootball/chess.6与by连用表达交通工具的名詞前bytrain,byair,byland7以and连接的两個相對的名詞并用時husbandandwife,knifeandfork,dayandnight8表达泛指的复数名詞前Horsesareusefulanimals.三．代詞：I.代詞可以分為如下七大类：1人称代詞主格I,you,he,she,it,we,you,they宾格me,you,him,her,it,us,you,them2物主代詞形容詞性my,your,his,her,its,our,their名詞性mine,yours,his,hers,its,ours,theirs3反身代詞myself,yourself,himself,herself,itself,ourselves,yourselves,themselves4指示代詞this,that,these,those,such,some5疑問代詞who,whom,whose,which,what,whoever,whichever,whatever6关系代詞that,which,who,whom,whose,as7不定代詞one/some/any,each/every,none/no,many/much,few/little/afew/alittle,other/another,all/both,neither/eitherII.不定代詞使用方法注意點：1.one,some与any:1)one可以泛指任何人，也可特指，复数為ones。some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑問句和否认句。Oneshouldlearntothinkofothers.Haveyouanybookmarks?No,Idon’thaveanybookmarks.Ihavesomequestionstoask.2)some可用于疑問句中，表达期望得到肯定的答复，或者表达提议，祈求等。Wouldyoulikesomebananas?

Couldyougivemesomemoney?3)some和any修饰可数名詞單数時，some表达某個，any表达任何一种。Ihavereadthisarticleinsomemagazine.

Pleasecorrectthemistakes,ifany.4)some和数詞连用表达“大概”，any可与比较级连用表达程度。Therearesome3,000studentsinthisschool.

Doyoufeelanybettertoday?2.each和every:each强调個别，代表的数可以是两個或两個以上，而every强调整体，所指的数必须是三個或三個以上。Eachstudenthasapocketdictionary./Each(ofus)hasadictionary./Weeachhaveadictionary.Everystudenthasstrongandweakpoints./Everyoneofushasstrongandweakpoints.3.none和no：no等于notany，作定語。none作主語或宾語，替代不可数名詞，谓語用單数，替代可数名詞，谓語單复数皆可以。Thereisnowaterinthebottle.Howmuchwateristhereinthebottle?None.Noneofthestudentsare(is)afraidofdifficulties.4.other和another:

1)other泛指“此外的，别的”常与其他詞连用，如：theotherday,everyotherweek,someotherreason,nootherway,theother特指两者中的此外一种，复数為theothers。如：Heheldabookinonehandandhisnotesintheother.Twostudentsinourclassfailed,butalltheotherspassedtheexam.

2)another指“又一种，另一种”無所指，复数形式是others，泛指“别的人或事”如：Idon’tlikethisshirt,pleaseshowmeanother(one).

Thetrousersaretoolong,pleasegivemeanotherpair/someothers.Somelikefootball,whileotherslikebasketball.5.all和both,neither和either

all表达不可数名詞時，其谓語動詞用單数。both和all加否认詞表达部分否认，所有否认用neither和none.

AllofthebooksarenotwritteninEnglish./NotallofthebooksarewritteninEnglish.

Bothofusarenotteachers./Notbothofusareteachers./Eitherofusisateacher.

四．形容詞和副詞I.形容詞：1.形容詞的位置：1)形容詞作定語一般前置，但在下列状况後置：1修饰some,any,every,no和body,thing,one等构成的复合不定代詞時nobodyabsent,everythingpossible2以-able,-ible結尾的形容詞可置于有最高级或only修饰的名詞之後thebestbookavailable,theonlysolutionpossible3alive,alike,awake,aware,asleep等可後来置theonlypersonawake4和空间、時间、單位连用時abridge50meterslong5成對的形容詞可後来置ahugeroomsimpleandbeautiful6形容詞短語一般後置amandifficulttogetonwith2)多种形容詞修饰同一种名詞的次序：代詞数詞性状形容詞冠詞前的形容詞冠詞指示代詞不定代詞代詞所有格序数詞基数詞性质状态大小長短形状新旧温度颜色国籍产地材料质地名詞allbothsuchtheathisanotheryoursecondnextonefourbeautifulgoodpoorlargeshortsquarenewcoolblackyellowChineseLondonsilkstone3)复合形容詞的构成：1形容詞+名詞+edkind-hearted6名詞+形容詞world-famous2形容詞+形容詞dark-blue7名詞+目前分詞peace-loving3形容詞+目前分詞ordinary-looking8名詞+過去分詞snow-covered4副詞+目前分詞hard-working9数詞+名詞+edthree-egged5副詞+過去分詞newly-built10数詞+名詞twenty-yearII.副詞副詞的分类：1時间副詞soon,now,early,finally,once,recently5频度副詞always,often,frequently,seldom,never2地點副詞here,nearby,outside,upwards,above6疑問副詞how,where,when,why3方式副詞hard,well,fast,slowly,excitedly,really7连接副詞how,when,where,why,whether,however,meanwhile4程度副詞almost,nearly,very,fairly,quite,rather8关系副詞when,where,whyIII.形容詞和副詞比较等级：形容詞和副詞的比较等级分為原级，比较级和最高级。比较级和最高级的构成一般是在形容詞和副詞後加-er和-est，多音节和某些双音节詞前加more和most。1.同级比较時常常用as…as…以及notso(as)…as…如：Iamnotsogoodaplayerasyouare.2.可以修饰比较级的詞有：much,many,alot,even,far,abit,alittle,still,yet,byfar,any,agreatdeal。3.表达一方随另一方变化時用“themore…themore…”句型。如：Theharderyouwork,themoreprogressyouwillmake.4.用比较级来体現最高级的意思。如：Ihaveneverspentamoreworryingday.5.表达倍数的比较级有如下几种句型：Ourschoolisthreetimeslargerthanyours./Ourschoolisfourtimesaslargeasyours./Ourschoolisfourtimesthesizeofyours.6.表达“最高程度“的形容詞没有最高级和比较级。如：favourite,excellent,extreme,perfect。

五．介詞I.介詞分类：1简朴介詞about,across,after,against,among,around,at,below,beyond,during,in,on2合成介詞inside,into,onto,outof,outside,throughout,upon,within,without3短語介詞accordingto,becauseof,insteadof,upto,dueto,owingto,thanksto4双重介詞fromamong,frombehind,fromunder,tillafter,inbetween5分詞转化成的介詞considering(就而论),including6形容詞转化成的介詞like,unlike,near,next,oppositeII.常用介詞区别：1表达時间的in,on,atat表达半晌的時间，in表达一段的時间，on總是与曰子有关2表达時间的since,fromsince指從過去到目前的一段時间，和完毕時连用，from指從時间的某一點開始3表达時间的in,afterin指在一段時间之後，after表达某一详细時间點之後或用在過去時的一段時间中4表达地理位置的in,on,toin表达在某范围内，on指与什么毗邻，to指在某环境范围之外5表达“在…上”的on,inon只表达在某物的表面上，in表达占去某物一部分6表达“穿過”的through,acrossthrough表达從内部通過，与in有关，across表达在表面上通過，与on有关7表达“有关”的about,onabout指波及到，on指专门论述8between与among的区别between表达在两者之间，among用于三者或三者以上的中间9besides与except的区别besides指“除了…尚有再加上”，except指“除了，減去什么”，不放在句首10表达“用”的in,withwith表达详细的工具，in表达材料，方式，措施，度量，單位，語言，声音11as与like的区别as意為“作為，以…地位或身份”，like為“象…同样”，指情形相似12in与into区别in一般表达位置（静态），into表达動向，不表达目的地或位置六．動詞I.動詞的時态：1.動詞的時态一共有16种，以ask為例，将其多种時态的构成形式列表如下：

目前時過去時未来時過去未来時一般ask/asksaskedshall/willaskshould/wouldask進行am/is/areaskingwas/wereaskingshall/willbeaskingshould/wouldbeasking完毕have/hasaskedhadaskedshall/willhaveaskedshould/wouldhaveasked完毕進行have/hasbeenaskinghadbeenaskingshall/willhavebeenaskingshould/wouldhavebeenasking2.目前完毕時与一般過去時的区别：1)目前完毕時表达過去发生的動作或存在的状况，但和目前有联络，强调的是對目前导致的影响或成果，它不能同表达過去的時间状語连用，汉译英時可加“已經”等詞。简言之，运用過去，阐明目前。如：Ihavealreadyreadthenovelwrittenbytheworld-famouswriter.(已經看過，且理解這本書的内容)2)一般過去時只表达過去发生的動作或状态，和目前無关，它可和表达過去的時间状語连用，汉译英時可加“過”，“了”等詞。简言之，仅談過去，不关目前。如：Ireadthenovellastmonth.(只阐明上個月看了，不波及目前与否记住)IlivedinBeijingfortenyears.（只阐明在北京住過拾年，与目前無关）3.目前完毕時与目前完毕進行時的区别：两者都可以表达“從過去開始一直持续到目前”，在含义上如著重表达動作的成果時，多用目前完毕時，如著重表达動作一直在進行，即動作的延续性時，则多用目前完毕進行時。一般不能用于進行時的動詞也不能用于目前完毕進行時。Ihavereadthatbook.我讀過那本書了。Ihavebeenreadingthatbookallthemorning.我早上一直在讀那本書。4.一般未来時的体現方式：

未来時使用方法例句1will/shall+動詞原形表达未来发生的動作或存在的状态Mysisterwillbetennextyear.2begoingto+動詞原形具有“打算，计划，即将”做某事，或表达很有也許要发生某事It’sgoingtoclearup.We’regoingtohaveapartytonight.3be+doing進行時表达未来go,come,start,move,leave,arrive等詞可用進行時表达按计划即将发生的動作Heismovingtothesouth.AretheyleavingforEurope?4beaboutto+動詞原形表达安排或计划中的立即就要发生的動作，背面一般不跟時间状語Iwasabouttoleavewhenthebellrang.Themeetingisabouttoclose.5beto+動詞原形表达按计划進行或征求對方意見We’retomeetattheschoolgateatnoon.6一般目前時表达未来時刻表上或曰程安排上早就定好的事情，可用一般目前時表达未来Themeetingstartsatfiveo’clock.Theplaneleavesattenthisevening.II.動詞的被動語态：

常用被動語态构成

常用被動語态构成1一般目前時am/is/areasked6過去進行時was/werebeingasked2一般過去時was/wereasked7目前完毕時have/hasbeenasked3一般未来時shall/willbeasked8過去完毕時hadbeenasked4過去未来時should/wouldbeasked9未来完毕時will/wouldhavebeenasked5目前進行時am/is/arebeingasked10具有情态動詞的can/must/maybeasked注意事项被動語态的否认式是在第一种助動詞或情态動詞後加not，短語動詞的被動态不可遗漏其中介副詞。固定构造begoingto,usedto,haveto,hadbetter变為被動态時，只需将其後的動詞变為被動态。如：Treesshouldnotbeplantedinsummer./Theboywasmadefunofbyhisclassmates.Newspapersusedtobesentherebythelittlegirl.汉語有一类句子不出現主語，在英語中一般可用被動构造表达。如：Itisbelievedthat…

Itisgenerallyconsideredthat…

Itissaidthat…Itiswellknownthat…

Itmustbepointedoutthat…

Itissupposedthat…Itisreportedthat…

Itmustbeadmittedthat…

Itishopedthat…下面积极形式常表达被動意义：如：Thewindowwants/needs/requiresrepairing.

Thebookisworthreadingtwice.Thedoorwon’tshut./Theplaywon’tact.

Theclotheswasheswell./Thebooksellswell.Thedishtastesdelicious./Waterfeelsverycold.下面詞或短語没有被動态：leave,enter,reach,become,benefit,cost,equal,contain,last,lack,fit,fail,have,appear,happen,occur,belongto,takeplace,breakout,comeabout,agreewith,keepupwith,consistof,haveon,loseheart等等七．情态動詞I.情态動詞基本使用方法：情态動詞使用方法否认式疑問式与简答can能力（体力，智力，技能）容許或許可（口語中常用）也許性（表猜测，用于否认句或疑問句中）cannot/cannot/can’tdoCan…do…?Yes,…can.No,…can’t.couldcouldn’tdomay可以（問句中表达祈求）也許，或許（表推测）祝愿（用于倒装句中）maynotdoMay…do…?Yes,…may.No,…mustn’t/can’t.mightmightnotdoMight…do…?Yes,…mightNo,…mightnot.must必须，应當（表主观规定）肯定，想必（肯定句中表推测）mustnot/mustn’tdoMust…do…?Yes,…must.No,…needn’t/don’thaveto.haveto只好，不得不（客观的必须，有時态人称变化）don’thavetodoDo…havetodo…?Yes,…do.

No,…don’t.oughtto应當（表达义务责任，口語中多用shouldoughtnotto/oughtn’ttodoOught…todo…?Yes,…ought.No,…oughtn’t.shall将要，會用于一三人称征求對方意見用于二三人称表达許诺、命令、警告、威胁等shallnot/shan’tdoShall…do…?Yes,…shall.

No,…shan’t.should应當，应當（表义务责任）本该（具有责怪意味）shouldnot/shouldn’tdoShould…do…?will意愿，决心祈求，提议，用在問句中would比较委婉willnot/won’tdoWill…do…?Yes,…will.

No,…won’t.wouldwouldnot/wouldn’tdodare敢（常用于否认句和疑問句中）darenot/daren’tdoDare…do…?Yes,…dare.No,…daren’t.need需要必须（常用于否认句和疑問句中）neednot/needn’tdoNeed…do…?Yes,…must.No,…needn’t.usedto過去常常（目前已不再）usednot/usedn’t/usen’ttododidn’tusetodoUsed…todo…?Yes,…used.

No,…use(d)n’t.Did…usetodo…?Yes,…did.

No,…didn’t.II.情态動詞must,may,might,could,can表达推测：以must為例。must+do(be)是推测目前存在的一般状态進行；must+bedoing推测也許正在進行的事情；must+havedone是推测也許已經发生過的事情。1.must“肯定，一定”語气强，只用于肯定句中。HemustbeamanfromAmerica./Hemustbetalkingwithhisfriend./Hemusthavealreadyarrivedthere.2.may和might“也許”，後者語气弱，更没有把握。可用于肯定句和否认句。Hemaynotbeathome./Theymighthavefinishedtheirtask.3.can和could“也許”，could表达可疑的也許性，不及can’t語气强，用于肯定、否认、疑問句中。Theweatherinthatcitycouldbecoldnow.Wecouldhavewalkedthere;itwassonear.（推测某事本来也許发生，但实际上没有发生）Canhebeintheofficenow?No,hecan’tbethere,forIsawhiminthelibraryjustnow.(語气很强，常用于疑問句和否认句中)III.情态動詞注意點：1.can和beableto:都可以表达能力。但beableto可以体現“某事终于成功”，而can無法体現此意。Beableto有更多的時态。此外，两者不能重叠使用。2.usedto和would:

usedto表达過去常常做目前已經不再有的习惯，而would只表达過去的习惯或喜好，不波及目前。3.need和dare作情态動詞和实义動詞的区别：两者作情态動詞時常用于否认句和疑問句。其形式為：needn’t/daren’tdo；Need/dare…do…?做实义動詞時可用于肯定句，否认句和疑問句。其形式為：need(needs/needed)/dare(dares/dared)todo,don’t(doesn’t/didn’t)need/daretodo八．非谓語動詞I.非谓語動詞的分类、意义及构成：非谓語形式构成特性和作用時态和語态否认式复合构造不定式todotobedoingtohavedonetobedonetohavebeendone在非谓語前加notforsb.todosth.具有名詞，副詞和形容詞的作用在句中做主、宾、定、表和状語分詞目前分詞doinghavingdonebeingdonehavingbeendone

具有副詞和形容詞的作用在句中做定、表、宾补和状語過去分詞done

動名詞doinghavingdonebeingdonehavingbeendonesb’sdoing具有名詞的作用在句中做主、宾、定和表語

II.做宾語的非谓語動詞比较：状况常用動詞只接不定式做宾語的動詞hope,want,offer,long,fail,expect,wish,ask,decide,pretend,manage,agree,afford,determine,promise,happen只接動名詞做宾語的動詞或短語mind,miss,enjoy,imagine,practise,suggest,finish,escape,excuse,appreciate,admit,prevent,keep,dislike,avoid,risk,resist,considercan’thelp,feellike,succeedin,befondof,objectto,getdownto,beengagedin,insiston,thinkof,beproudof,takepridein,setabout,beafraidof,betiredof,lookforwardto,devoteoneselfto,beworth,bebusy,payattentionto,stickto两者都可以意义基本相似begin,start,like,love,hate,prefer,continue（接不定式多指详细的動作，接動名詞多指一般或习惯行為）need,want,require（接動名詞积极形式表达被動意义，若接不定式则应用被動形式）意义相反stoptodo停止手中事，去做另一件事stopdoing停止正在做的事意义不一样remember/forget/regrettodo（指動作尚未发生）remember/forget/regretdoing（指動作已經发生）goontodo（接著做此外一件事）goondoing（接著做同一件事）trytodo（设法，努力去做，竭力）trydoing（试试去做，看有何成果）meantodo（打算做，企图做）meandoing（意识是，意味著）can’thelptodo（不能幫忙做）can’thelpdoing（忍不住要做）III.非谓語動詞做宾語补足語的区别：

常見動詞与宾語的逻辑关系及時间概念例句不定式ask,beg,expect,get,order,tell,want,wish,encourage主谓关系。强调動作将发生或已經完毕Iheardhimcallmeseveraltimes.have,notice,see,watch,hear,feel,let,make目前分詞

notice,see,watch,hear,find,keep,have,feel主谓关系。强调動作正在進行，尚未完毕Ifoundherlisteningtotheradio.過去分詞動宾关系。動作已經完毕，多强调状态Wefoundthevillagegreatlychanged.IV.非谓語動詞做定語的区别：

区别举例不定式与被修饰詞往往有動宾关系，一般式表达未来，進行式表达与谓語動作同步发生，完毕式表达在谓語動詞之前发生Ihavealotofpaperstotype.Ihavealotofpaperstobetyped.動名詞一般指被修饰詞的用途，無逻辑上的任何关系Shallwegototheswimmingpool?目前分詞与被修饰詞之间是主谓关系，表达動作与谓語動作同步发生theboilingwater/theboiledwaterthedevelopingcountry/thedevelopedcountrythefallingleaves/thefallenleaves過去分詞与被修饰詞之间是被動关系，表达動作发生在谓語動作之前，現已經完毕V.非谓語動詞做主語和表語的区别：

区别举例不定式多表达一种特定的详细的未来的動作，做主語時可以借助于it把不定式移到句子背面。做表語有時可和主語互换位置，并且意义不变，并且還能用what来提問主語或表語。Mydreamistobecomeateacher.Toobeythelawisimportant.(dream,business,wish,idea,plan,duty,task做主語時常用)動名詞与不定式的功能区别不大，然而它更靠近于名詞，表达的動作比较抽象，或者泛指习惯性的動作，有時也可以用it做形式主語，做表語時可以和主語互换位置。Itisnousesayingthatagainandagain.Teachingismyjob.分詞無名詞的性质，不能做主語。不過有形容詞的性质，可以做表語，多表明主語的特性性质或者状态等，可被very,quite,rather等副詞修饰。目前分詞多具有“令人…”之意，阐明主,語的性质特性，多表达积极，主語多為物。過去分詞一般表达被動或主語所处的状态，具有“感到…”之意，主語多是人。Thesituationisencouraging.Thebookiswellwritten.(常見分詞有astonishing,moving,tiring,disappointing,puzzling,shocking,boring,amusing及其-ed形式)九．定語從句I.定語從句起了形容詞的作用，在句中修饰一种名詞或代詞。被修饰的詞叫做先行詞，引导定語從句的詞叫关系詞，他的作用一是放在先行詞与定語從句中间起了连接作用，二是在從句中担當一种成分，并与先行詞保持数的一致。关系詞先行詞從句成分例句备注关系代詞who人主語Doyouknowthemanwhoistalkingwithyourmother?whom,which和that在從句中做宾語時，常可以省略，但介詞提前時背面关系代詞不能省略，也不可以用thatwhom人宾語Mr.SmithisthepersonwithwhomIamworkingTheboy(whom)sheloveddiedinthewar..whose人，物定語Ilikethosebookswhosetopicsareabouthistory.Theboywhosefatherworksabroadismydeskmate.that人，物主語，宾語Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly.Sheisthepopstar(that)Iwanttoseeverymuch.which物主語，宾語Thebook(which)Igaveyouwasworth$10.Thepicturewhichwasabouttheaccidentwasterrible.as人，物主語，宾語Heissuchapersonasisrespectedbyallofus.ThisisthesamepenasIlostyesterday.as做宾語一般不省略关系副詞when時间時间状語Iwillneverforgetthedaywhenwemetthere.可用onwhichwhere地點地點状語ThisisthehousewhereIwasborn.可用inwhichwhy原因原因状語Ican’timaginethereasonwhyheturneddownmyoffer.可用forwhichII.that与which,who,whom的使用方法区别：状况使用方法阐明例句只用that的状况1．

先行詞為all,everything,anything,nothing,little,much,等不定代詞時。2．

先行詞被all,any,every,each,much,little,no,some,few等修饰時3．

先行詞有形容詞最高级和序数詞修饰時4．

先行詞既指人又指物時5．

先行詞被theonly,thevery修饰時6．

句中已經有who或which時，為了防止反复時1.Hetoldmeeverythingthatheknows.2.Allthebooksthatyouofferedhasbeengivenout.3.ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverread.4.Wetalkedaboutthepersonsandthingsthatweremembered.5.HeistheonlymanthatIwanttosee.6.Whoisthemanthatismakingaspeech?只用which,who,whom的状况1．

在非限制性定語從句中，只能用which指代物，用who/whom指人2．

在由“介詞+关系代詞”引导的定語從句中，只能用which指物，whom指人。3．

先行詞自身是that時，关系詞用which,先行詞為those,one,he時多用who。Hehasason,whohasgoneabroadforfurtherstudy.Ilikethepersontowhomtheteacheristalking.Thosewhorespectothersareusuallyrespectedbyothers.III.as与which的区别：定語從句区别例句限制性定語從句中名詞前有such和thesame修饰時，关系代詞用as,不能用whichHeisnotsuchafoolashelooks.Don’treadsuchbooksasyoucan’tunderstand.非限制性定語從句中as和which都可以指代前面整個主句。假如有“正如，象”的含义，并可以放在主句前，也可以放在背面，那么用as；而which引导的從句只能放主句後，并無“正如”的意思。Theywonthegame,aswehadexpected.Theywonthegame,whichwehadn’texpected.Asiswellknown,heisafamousfilmstarinthe1980s.IV.限制性定語從句与非限制性定語從句的区别：类别語法意义及特性例句限制性定語從句對先行詞起修饰限制作用，假如去掉，主句意思就不完整明确，這种從句与主句的关系拾分亲密，写時不用逗号分開。TheaccidenthappenedatthetimewhenIleft.非限制性定語從句對先行詞作附加的阐明，与主句的关系不拾分亲密，较松散。從句和主句之间用逗号分開，相称于一种插入語，不能用that引导，关系代詞做宾語時也不能省略。Hismother,whomheloveddeeply,diedtenyearsago.拾．名詞性從句种类作用常用关联詞例句主語從句在复合句中做主語，相称于名詞，一般置谓語之前，也可用it作形式主語，主語從句放主句之後that,whether,if,asif,asthough,who,whose,which,how,when,where,why,what,whatever,whoever,whereverWhetherhewillcomeornotdoesn’tmattermuch.Whoevercomesherewillbewelcome.表語從句在复合句中做表語，相称于名詞，位于系動詞之後Itlooksasifitisgoingtosnow.宾語從句在复合句中做宾語，相称于名詞Heaskedmewhichteamcouldwinthegame.同位語從句放在名詞之後(news,problem,idea,suggestion,advice,thought,hope,fact等)表明其详细内容Youhavenoideahowworriedweare.Thefactthatheliedagaingreatlysurprisedus.

拾一。状語從句种类连接詞注意點時间状語when,whenever,while,as,before,after,until,till,bythetime,assoonas,hardly…when,nosooner…than,themoment,theminute,immediately,directly,instantly主句表达未来意义時，從句须用一般目前時；while引导的從句中動詞一般是延续性的；until用在肯定句中主句動詞是延续性的，而否认句中主句動詞為短暂性的。地點状語where,wherever

原因状語because,as,since,nowthatbecause語气最强，since较弱，表达大家都明了的原因，as又次之。条件状語if,unless,once,incase,aslongas,onconditionthat從句中動詞時态不可用未来時，常用一般時替代目的状語sothat,inorderthat,forfearthatsothat和inorderthat後常接may,should,could,would等情态動詞成果状語so…that,such…that

比较状語than,as…as,notso/as…as,themore…themore

方式状語asif,asthough,asasif和asthough引导的從句一般用虚拟語气。让步状語though,although,evenif,eventhough,as,nomatterwhat,whatever,nomatterwho,whoever,nomatterwhich,whichever,nomatterhow,however,nomatterwhen,wheneveras在让步状語從句中常用倒装形式；although和though用正常語序，可和yet连用，但不可和but连用拾二。倒装句种类倒装条件例句完全倒装here,there,up,down,in,out,off,away等副詞開頭的句子表达强调Outrushedthechildren.表达地點的介詞短語作状語位于句首Underthetreestoodtwotablesandfourchairs.强调表語，置于句首，或為保持句子平衡Presentatthemeetingwere1,000students.部分倒装never,hardly,scarcely,seldom,little,notuntil,not等表达否认意义的副詞放于句首HardlydidIknowwhathadhappened.only和修饰的状語放于句首OnlythendidherealizedtheimportanceofEnglish.notonly…butalso连接并列的句子，前倒後不倒NotonlydoesheknowFrench,butalsoheisexpertatit.neither…nor…连接并列的句子，前後都倒装NeitherdoIknowit,nordoIcareaboutit.so…that,such…that中的so或such及修饰的成分放于句首時前倒後不倒Sobusyishethathecannotgoonaholiday.as引导的让步状語Childasheis,hehaslearnedalot.so,neither或nor表达前句内容也合用于此外的人或事。Hecanplaythepiano.Socani.用于表达祝愿的祈使句中Mayyoubeingoodhealth!省略if的虚拟条件WereIyou,Iwouldnotdoitinthisway.拾三。虚拟語气类别使用方法例句If引导的条件從句与目前事实相反從句動詞：過去式（be用were）主句動詞：should/would/could/might+動詞原形Ifhewerehere,hewouldhelpus.与過去事实相反從句動詞：had+過去分詞主句動詞：should/would/could/might+have+過去分詞IfIhadbeenfree,Iwouldhavevisitedyou.与未来事实相反從句動詞：過去式/should+動詞原形/were+不定式主句動詞：should/would/could/might+動詞原形Ifitshouldraintomorrow,wewouldnotgocamping.其他状語從句asif引导的状語從句中動詞用過去式或過去完毕式Theyaretalkingasiftheyhadbeenfriendsforyears.inorderthat/sothat引导的状語從句中動詞用can/could/may/might/would等+動詞原形Turnonthelightsothatwecanseeitclearly.宾語從句demand,suggest,order,insist後接的從句中動詞為should+動詞原形Hesuggestedthatwenotchangeourmind.wish後的從句中分别用過去式，過去完毕式和should/would+動詞原形表达与目前，過去和未来状况相反IwishIcouldbeapopsinger.

主語從句在Itisnecessary/important/strangethat…,Itissuggested/demanded/ordered/requestedthat…等從句中，谓語動詞用should+動詞原形Itisstrangethatsuchapersonshouldbeourfriends.其他句型中Itistimethat…句型中動詞用過去式或should+動詞原形It’shightimethatweleft.wouldrather所接的從句中動詞用過去式或者過去完毕式Iwouldratheryoustayedathomenow.Ifonly句型中動詞常用過去式或者過去完毕式，表达强烈的愿望Ifonlyourdreamhadcometrue!拾四。重要句型1.

Itwasnotuntilmidnightthathefinishedhistask.2.NotuntilhecamebackfromabroadwasIabletoseehimagain.3.Theharderyouwork,thegreaterprogressyouwillmake.4.Hewalkedaroundthehouse,guninhand.5.Mayyoubeingoodhealth!6.Wishyouapleasantjourneybackhome!7.Theprofessorwasahumorousmanwithbignoseanddeep-seteyes.8.Whatsurprisedmemostwashisimaginationandpatience.9.Helayonthegrass,withhiseyeslookingattheskyandhishandsunderhishead.10.SittingunderthetreeareMr.Greenandhisfirstteacher.11.Onthewallhangtwopicturesoffamousscientists.12.Lookingbackuponthosepastyears,hecouldn’thelpfeelingveryproud.13.Nosooner(Hardly)hadhearrivedatthetheatrethan(when)theplaystarted.14.Youngasheis,hehaslearnedadvancedmathematics.15.HowIregretthehourswastedinthewoodsandfields!16.

Therestandsabeautifulvaseinthecorneroftheroom.17.Tenmilesnorthofthetownliesapaperfactory.18.Theregoesthebell.19.

Nowherehastheworldeverseensuchabirdashere.20.Itisnousecryingforhelp.21.

IfonlyIhadbeenyourstudentinthemiddleschool!22.

Itisbelievedthatsuchathingwillnothappenagain.23.

OnlywhenheexplaineddidIrealizethereasonforthis.24.

“Heworksparticularlyhard.”

“Sohedoes,andsodoyou.”25.NotonlyAlicebutalsoJaneandMaryaretiredofhavingoneexaminationafteranother.26.SuchwasAlbertEinstein,asimplepersonofgreatachievements.

拾五。動詞搭配1.addto增長，增進

add…to把…加進…

addup相加

addupto總计，所有這一切阐明

1)Idon'tthinkthesefactswill________anything.

2)Fiftynewbookshavebeen________thelibrary.

3)Themusic_________ourenjoymentofthefilm.

4)Youmusthavemadeamistakewhenyou_______thebill________.

(addupto,addedto,addto,added…up)2.breakawayfrom打破，脱离，挣脱，改掉

breakdown出毛病，身体(精神)衰弱，分解，拆開

breakoff暂停，中断

breakin强行進入，插话

breakinto闯入breakintopieces成為碎片

breakout爆发

breakup捣碎，驱散，瓦解，學期結束，拆散

breakthrough突破

1)Thecriminalmanagedtobreak_______

______thepoliceandranintothewoods.

2)Whenheheardthenews,hebroke_______andcried.

3)Don'tbreak________whileothersarespeaking.

4)Whydon'tyoubreak________forafewminutesandhavesomecoffee?

5)Whendoesschoolbreak________?

6)Afterharvestwebreak_________thesoilwithatoolpulledbytwooxen.

(awayfrom,down,in,off,up,up)3.bringup抚养，呕吐，提出

bringabout导致

bringout拿出，出版

bringin引入，引進，挣钱

bringback使回忆起

bringdown使下降，使倒下

1)Theshopkeeperbroughthisprice_________toonlyfivedollars.

2)Theschoolhasbrought_________newforeignteacherstoteachoralEnglish.

3)Thesongbrought___________happymemoriesofourschooldays.

4)Doyouknowwhatbrought___________thismisunderstanding?

5)Thekindoldmanagreedtobring__________theyoungorphan.

6)Wedecidedtobringthematter___atthenextmeeting.

7)Thewindbrought_______alotoftreeslastnight.

8)Nextmonththeywill

bring________aneweditionof

thebook.

(down,in,back,about,up,up,down,out)4.callon号召，拜访（某人）

callat拜访、参观（某地）

callfor去叫某人,规定,需要

callup使回忆起,征召入伍

callin召集，請某人来

callout大喊，高叫

calloff取消，不举行

1)Doctorsareoftencalled_____inthemiddleofthewar.

2)Pleasewaitformeathome.I'llcall_______youatyourhouseatseventonight.

3)Thetrainscalls_______severalbigcitiesbetweenBeijingandGuangzhou.

4)Hecalledhername__________,butshedidn'tanswer.

5)Thesportsmeetwascalled____onaccountoftherain.

(in,for,at,out,off)5.comeabout发生，出現

comedown下跌，落，降，传下来

comein進来

comeinto(sight/being/existence/use/notice/effect)

comeon来临/快點

comeout出版，成果是

comealong一