亚开行-为人人享有水铺平包容性道路：支持亚太地区基于人权的方法的政策和案例（英）

PAVINGTHEINCLUSIVEPATHTOWARDWATERFORALL

POLICIESANDCASESSUPPORTING

AHUMANRIGHTS-BASEDAPPROACHINASIAANDTHEPACIFIC

AUGUST2024

Ua

HRighnt

2water

PAVINGTHEINCLUSIVEPATHTOWARDWATERFORALL

POLICIESANDCASESSUPPORTING

AHUMANRIGHTS-BASEDAPPROACHINASIAANDTHEPACIFIC

AUGUST2024

Ua

HRighnt

2water

CreativeCommonsAttribution3.0IGOlicense(CCBY3.0IGO)

©2024AsianDevelopmentBankandHumanRight2WaterSomerightsreserved.Publishedin2024.

ISBN978-92-9270-840-5(print);978-92-9270-841-2(PDF);978-92-9270-842-9(e-book)PublicationStockNo.TCS240391-2

DOI:

/10.22617/TCS240391-2

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Notes:

Inthispublication,“$”referstoUnitedStatesdollars.ADBrecognizes“Vietnam”asVietNam.

Onthecover:Awoman’sburden.Womenandgirlsoftenexperiencethemoreacuteeffectsoflackingaccesstowaterandwhenservicesdonotconsiderahumanrights-basedapproach(photobyADB).

Contents

Table,Figures,andBoxesiv

Acknowledgmentsv

Abbreviationsvi

ExecutiveSummaryvii

1Introduction1

2TheHumanRights-BasedApproachandtheRights5

toWater,Sanitation,andtheEnvironment

3Policies,Practices,andProjectsperHRBAPrinciple13

●NondiscriminationandEquity14

.ParticipationandInclusion21

.AccesstoInformationandTransparency27

Accountability32

●Sustainability41

4Conclusion50

Table,Figures,

andBoxes

Table

SelectedCountrieswithProjectsRelatingtoHumanRights-BasedApproach4

Figures

1HumanRights-BasedApproachPrinciplesIncluded3

inLegislationRelatedtoWater,Sanitation,andtheEnvironment

2HumanRightsandtheRighttoWater8

3AlignmentoftheHumanRightstoWaterandSanitation11

withtheHumanRights-BasedApproach

Boxes

1UNCommonUnderstanding5

2DutyBearersandRightsHolders9

3CivilSocietyInvolvementinWaterandSanitation47

Acknowledgments

T

hispublicationwaspreparedthroughacollaborationbetweentheAsianDevelopment

Bank(ADB)andHumanRight2Water(HR2W).Bothorganizationsrecognizethe

valuablecontributionsoftheauthors,namelyTanyaHuizer,EllenPascua,RobertLacsonDomingo,andElgaReyes(ADB);andAmandaLoeffenandNoemiePlumier(HR2W).

ThispublicationwasalsomadepossiblebytheguidanceandinsightsprovidedbytheWaterandUrbanDevelopmentSectorOffice(SectorsGroup)ofADB,ledbySatoshiIshii(StrategyandPartnershipsTeam),withthefollowingprojectofficerswhospenttimereviewingthecasestudies:TuulBadarch,StephenBlaik,AnastasiaCarolina,SaugataDasgupta,SitiHasanah,

AnitaKumari,AliyaMukhamedyarova,BinhMyNguyen,PedroMiguelPauletaDeAlmeida,ArunRana,andPhoxayXayyavong.

Additionally,inkeepingwiththethemeofinclusioninthisreport,thejointteamrecognizestheinputsandreviewofADB’sNGOandCivilSocietyCenter.

TheteamisalsothankfulforthededicatedsupportofthefollowingADBcolleagues:KiyoshiNakamitsu,FatimaBautista,SaswatiBelliappa,DennisVonCrusisCustodio,YangVilla,GinoPascua,andLindyLoisGamolo.

Theteamalsonotesthattheinformationcontainedhereinisbasedonjointresearchand

analysis;however,itdoesnotconstituteprofessionalorlegaladvice,norisitasubstitutefor

suchadvice.Thepublicationshouldnotbeconstruedasimplyingnewlegalobligationsor

intendedtoexploreindividualapproachestoorinvolvementinspecificimpacts.Noneofthe

contentshouldbedeemedorinterpretedasstatementsmadeindividuallybythecollaborators.

Theanalysisconductedforthispublicationissolelyintendedforthepurposesoutlinedhereinandshouldnotbeconstruedasestablishingfindingsoffactoradmissionsofliability.While

allthecontributorsofthisreportsupportthispublication,itdoesnotnecessarilyreflecta

unanimousendorsementofeveryelementbyeachoranyofthecontributors.Further,itmustbenotedthatchangesincircumstancesmayoccurafterthefinalizationofthispublication,

potentiallyaffectingaccuracyincertainrespects.

Abbreviations

ADBAsianDevelopmentBank

ADPAspirationalDistrictsProgramme

AMDALanalisismengenaidampaklingkungan(environmentalimpactassessment)

ARCagrarianreformcommunity

CSOcivilsocietyorganization

DMCdevelopingmembercountry

DWASADhakaWaterSupplyandSewerageAuthority

GC15GeneralComment15(oftheUnitedNations)

GR22GovernmentRegulation22(Indonesia)

GSAGreaterSuvaArea

HR2WHumanRight2Water(nongovernmentorganization)

HRBAhumanrights-basedapproach

HRHEhumanrighttoaclean,healthy,andsustainableenvironment

HRWShumanrightstowaterandsanitation

LaoPDRLaoPeople’sDemocraticRepublic

LGUlocalgovernmentunit

SDGSustainableDevelopmentGoal

UNUnitedNations

WAFWaterAuthorityofFiji

WHOWorldHealthOrganization

WSUGwatersupplyandsanitationusergroup

ExecutiveSummary

E

veryonearoundtheworld—nomattertheirrace,religion,creed,orgender—hasaright

towaterandsanitation.Water,afterall,isvitalforsurvival.Waterisanecessity.Andyet,

despitesignificantprogress,2.2billionpeoplestilllacksafelymanageddrinkingwater

services,and3.5billionlacksafelymanagedsanitationservices,therebyalsoputtingthe

achievementoftheSustainableDevelopmentGoal6oncleanwaterandsanitationatrisk.

AccordingtotheWorldHealthOrganizationandUnitedNationsChildren’sFund(UNICEF),about500millionpeopleinAsiaandthePacificdonothaveaccesstobasicwatersupplies,while1.14billionpeopledonothaveaccesstopropersanitationservices.

Thispublication,PavingtheInclusivePathTowardWaterforAll:PoliciesandCasesSupportingaHumanRights-BasedApproachinAsiaandthePacific,providesacomprehensiveoverviewofthehumanrights-basedapproach(HRBA)inrelationtothehumanrightstowaterand

sanitationaswellasthehumanrightstoaclean,healthy,andsustainableenvironment.

PreparedthroughacollaborationbetweentheAsianDevelopmentBank(ADB)andHuman

Right2Water(HR2W),itpresentsvariouspiecesoflegislationfromtheregionthatarealignedwithHRBAprinciplesintandemwithADBprojectsthateitherillustratethesepoliciesorthe

HRBAprinciples.

ThepurposeofthispublicationistoshowcaseHRBAforwaterandsanitationinvestmentsandenablegovernments(astheprincipalduty-bearers)todeliversuchprojectsandensuretheirresponsibilitytocitizenstoadvancehumanrights.Thisdocumentfeatures12effectivewaterandsanitationprojectsdesignedtoinspireashiftinperspectiveandapproach.Theseprojectsemphasizemovingfromaneeds-basedorientationtoaprocess-focusedstrategy

thatprioritizesstakeholderparticipationandempowerment,particularlyforpoorpeopleandmarginalizedgroups,whileensuringtransparencyandaccountability.

Inparticular,theHRBAincorporateshumanrightsprinciplesinallaspectsofprojectdesign,planning,andoperations.Itfocusesonnondiscrimination,publicparticipation,accessto

informationandtransparency,accountability,andsustainability.TheHRBAcoverstheproceduralaspectsofmakingwaterandsanitationservicesavailabletoallpeople.

viiiExecutiveSummary

However,thehumanrightstowaterandsanitation(HRWS)arenotaboutavailability

alone.TheHRWSincludesthefivecriteriaofaccessibility,availability,quality,affordability,andacceptability.

Toachievethesestandardsandtohelpclosethewaterandsanitationgap,itisessential

tofollowtheprinciplesandelementsoftheHRBA.Whiletheseprinciplesarenotnew,as

exemplifiedbythepoliciesandprojectscoveredinthispublication,manyarealreadybeing

implementedintheregion.Moreover,whiletheymaynotconsistentlybeexplicitlyrecognizedorconsciouslyframedaspertainingtohumanrights,thispublicationhelpstomainstream

HRBAandencouragethedeliveryofwaterandsanitationprojectswiththisoutlook.

ThefollowingrecommendationsfromthefiveHRBAprinciplescanbeconcludedfromthisreport:

(i)Nondiscriminationandequity.InclusionofwomenandIndigenousPeoplesinprojectdevelopmentleadstomoresustainableoutcomes,asdemonstratedbytheprojects

fromCambodiaandtheLaoPeople’sDemocraticRepublic.

(ii)Participationandinclusion.Involvementoflocalcommunitiesensureslong-termcollaborationandinspiresbehavioralchange,asshownintheIndonesiaand

Mongoliaprojects.

(iii)Accesstoinformationandtransparency.ProjectsinNepalandthePhilippines

demonstratetheimportanceofmakingdataandinformationaccessible,educational,andactionablefortheyouthandothercommunitymembers.

(iv)Accountability.Structuredfeedback,grievanceprocesses,andmonitoringoptimizeprojectdesignandeffectivenessasshownbytheexamplesinIndiaandIndonesia.

(v)Sustainability.Sustainableservicedelivery,highlightedintheBangladeshandVietNamprojects,involvescommunityparticipationandconsiderslong-termenvironmental

impacts,aswellassoundutilitygovernance,asdemonstratedinFiji.

Overall,thereportunderscorestheimportanceofintegratinghumanrightsprinciplesinto

waterandsanitationgovernancetoachievesustainable,equitable,andinclusiveoutcomes.Itservesasaguideforpolicymakers,decision-makers,projectplannersanddevelopers,andotherstakeholdersinthewaterandsanitationsectortomakesurethatnooneisleftbehind.

1Introduction

W

aterislife.Itunderpinsthegrowthofancientcivilizationsandcontinuestocarry

economicandsocialdevelopmentforwardinthe21stcentury.Tothisday,wateris

stillascarcecommodity.Watersecuritypersistsasoneoftheworld’stopchallenges,exacerbatedbyrapidlygrowingpopulations,increasingagricultureneeds,andthetwincrises

ofenvironmentaldegradationandclimatechange.Thelackofaccesstowaterandtheimpactsofwater-relateddisastersarealsomorepronouncedforwomen,children,andvulnerable

communities.

Onaverage,investmentneedsinthewatersectorareestimatedtobeabout$53billion

peryearuntil2030.1Innovativefinancing,partnerships,andsolutions,inadditiontostronggovernance,arekeytohelpingbridgethisgap.

Thiscirclesbacktowaterasfundamentaltolife,ahumanright,andwithit,theconceptof

ahumanrights-basedapproach(HRBA).Thismeansincorporatinghumanrightsandits

principlesintoanyandeveryproject,investment,orsolutiontoensureeveryperson’srightis

protected,respected,andfulfilled.AdoptinganHRBAforwaterandsanitationhelpselevate

thedeliveryofaninvestmentsinceitgoesbeyondfocusingonachievingtargets,andinstead

drawsattentiontotheentireprocess,implementinghumanrightsprinciplesineverystepoftheprojectcycle,fromdesignandplanningtoimplementationandoperations.Withthisapproach,theaimistoachievethedesiredinclusiveandsustainableoutcomes,particularlyinsupportofSustainableDevelopmentGoal(SDG)6onwaterandsanitationforall.

1ADB.2023.Strategy2030WaterSectorDirectionalGuideSummary:Water-SecureandResilientAsiaandthePacific.

/publications/strategy-2030-water-sector-directional-guide-summary

.

2

PavingtheInclusivePathTowardWaterforAll

PurposeofthePublication

TheAsianDevelopmentBank(ADB),togetherwithitsdevelopingmembercountries(DMCs),recognizethatthecomplexissuesofwaterandsanitationraisehumanrightsconsiderations.2IncollaborationwiththeinternationalnongovernmentorganizationHumanRight2Water

(HR2W),ADBisseekingtointroduce,ifnotmainstream,theapplicationofanHRBAinwaterandsanitationprojectsacrossAsiaandthePacific.Thispublication,PavingtheInclusivePathTowardWaterforAll:PoliciesandCasesSupportingaHumanRights-BasedApproachinAsiaandthePacific,isajointADBandHR2WefforttoincreasenotonlythevisibilityoftheHRBA,butalsotohighlightthatthereareexistingpoliciesandgoodpracticesintheregionthatsupport

thisapproach.Furthermore,thepublicationunderscoresthecorrelationofthehumanrightstowaterandsanitation(HRWS)withthehumanrighttoaclean,healthy,andsustainable

environment(HRHE).Thislinkstheconservationofnaturalwaterresourceswithwaterfor

humanconsumptionandproductiveuse;andasaresult,itwillbecomeincreasinglyimportantfornewinfrastructuredevelopmenttoconsidertheseinterconnectedaspects.

Thisreportincludes12casestudiesfromADBprojectsthatsupplementthepoliciesfeaturedtodemonstratehowtheHRBAcanbeadopted.Thesealsoprovideproofofthepositive

impactsofapplyingtheprinciplesandelementsofHRBA.

BoththeHRWSandtheHRBAarenotentirelynewtoADBanditsDMCs.Asseeninthisreport,theHRBAprinciples—andeventheidealsofhumanrights—havealwaysbeen

integratedintoADBoperationsinsomeformoranother.Institutionaldocuments,suchasStrategy2030(theguidingframeworkforADBprograms),incorporatetheseprinciples.

Strategy2030alsoemphasizeshowinequalityinsocial,economic,andenvironmentaldimensionscanresultininadequateaccesstowater,sanitation,andnaturalresources.

Throughthisreport,governments,serviceproviders,businesses,ADBprojectofficers,

andotherwaterandsanitationpractitionershaveareferenceandguidetooperationalizetheHRBA,withasourceforrelevantlawsandprojectsthat

caninspirereplicability.

BoththeHRwsandthe

HRBAarenotentirely

newtoADB.TheHRBA

principles-andeven

theidealsofhuman

rights-havealways

beenintegratedinto

ADBoperationsinsome

formoranother.

PolicyReviewandMethodology

Humanrightsarebindingunderinternationallaw,andthisalso

linkstotheHRWS(discussedfurtherinChapter2).Thisreport

buildsuponrecentthematiclegalstudiesandpublicationsby

HR2Wthatexaminelegislationconnectedtotherighttowater;therighttosanitation;andtherighttoaclean,healthy,andsustainableenvironment.3Inparticular,HR2Wandtheinternationallawfirm

WhiteandCaseconductedastudyofnationalwaterlawsin16countries.

Thestudyrevealedthatmorethan75%ofthecountriesanalyzedrecognized

andprotectedtheenvironmentinsomewaythroughtheirconstitutions,yetonly

27%ofthecountriesdothesameforwater.4ThisjointADBandHR2WpublicationseekstoencouragecountriesinAsiaandthePacifictolookattherightstowaterandsanitation.

2ADB.2020.AsianWaterDevelopmentOutlook2020:AdvancingWaterSecurityAcrossAsiaandthePacific.

/

publications/asian-water-development-outlook-2020.

3HR2W.LegalCountryMapping.

/country-legal-mapping/

.

4HR2W.Countriesthathaveincludedthehumanrighttowaterintheconstitution.Policypaper.Unpublished.

Introduction3

Overall,thevariousnationallegalstudieshavebeenusedasasourceofinformationfor

drawingontheprinciplesandelementsthatarehighlightedinthispublication.Fromtherawdata,itispossibletoconcludeaboutpotentialgapsinpoliciesrelatedtotheHRBA,andthisinformationcanbeusedtodevelopasetofrecommendationsforinclusivedecision-makingthatwillsupportthemanagementofwaterandsanitation.

ThefollowingfigurecapturestheHRBAprinciplesandhowwellthesearereflectedinnineselectedcountriesinAsiaandthePacific.

Figure1:HumanRights-BasedApproachPrinciplesIncludedinLegislationRelatedtoWater,Sanitation,andtheEnvironment

Sustainability

Accountability,Remedies,andComplaintsProceduresPublicParticipation

RighttoInformation,TransparencyNondiscrimination,Equality,UniversalAccess

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%

Note:BasedoncountrylegalmappingbyHumanRight2Water(HR2W)inAustralia,India,Indonesia,theRepublicofKorea,Nepal,NewZealand,thePhilippines,Singapore,andTürkiye.

Source:HR2W.

Figure1showstheextentofeachprinciple’sintegrationintonationallawfortheprogressive

realizationandimplementationoftheHRWSandHRHE.Ascoreof50%impliesthathalfof

therelevantlawsreflectedintheHR2Wanalysisarerepresented,relatingtoacertainprincipleandbasedonthelegalstandardsasdefinedbyHR2W.5Basedonthecountriesstudied,the

resultsshowthattherighttoinformationwastheprinciplemosteasilyadoptedinnationallaw,andthatnondiscrimination,publicparticipation,andsustainabilityweretheleastevident.

Despitealowrepresentation(onaverage,around50%ofthelawswereincluded),there

weresomegoodpoliciesandpracticesfromtheregion,whicharedetailedinChapter3.ThischapteralsocitesspecificlawsundereachoftheprinciplesanddemonstratestheapplicationoftheprinciplesusingADBprojectsascasestudies.Thesecasestudieshighlightselected

interventionswheretheHRBAhasbeensuccessfulatincludingdifferentvulnerablegroups,

suchaswomenandgirls,IndigenousPeoples,andpoorcommunities,inavailingthemselvesoftheirrightstowater,sanitation,andacleanenvironment.

5Thestudieswerebasedonreferencingbetween5to10legalstandardsperprinciplepercountry,amountingto28referencespercountry.

4PavingtheInclusivePathTowardWaterforAll

Byfeaturingtheseprojectsinseveralcountries,theHRBA-supportedinterventionsthat

havebeenimplementedundervariouscultural,geophysical,social,economic,andpolitical

conditionsaredisseminated.ThefollowingtableliststheprojectsthatareoutlinedundertherelevantprinciplesinChapter3.

Table:SelectedCountrieswithProjectsRelatingtotheHumanRights-BasedApproach

Country

ADBProject

ApprovalYear

Bangladesh

DhakaWaterSupplySectorDevelopmentProgram

2007

Cambodia

SecondRuralWaterSupplyandSanitationSectorProjectandAdditionalFinancing

2016

Fiji

UrbanWaterSupplyandWastewaterManagementInvestmentProgram

2016

India

InfrastructureDevelopmentInvestmentProgramforTourism(Tranche4)

2018

UttarakhandUrbanSectorDevelopmentInvestmentProgram

2008

Indonesia

MetropolitanSanitationManagementandHealthProject

2010

MetropolitanSanitationManagementInvestmentProject

2014

LaoPeople’s

DemocraticRepublic

SmallTownsWaterSupplyandSanitationSectorProject

2009

Mongolia

ManagingSolidWasteinSecondaryCitiesProject

2020

Nepal

BagmatiRiverBasinImprovementProject

2013

Philippines

AgrarianReformCommunitiesProjectII

2008

VietNam

SecondaryGreenCitiesDevelopmentProject

2017

ADB=AsianDevelopmentBank.Source:Authors.

Achievingthehumanrightstowater;sanitation;andaclean,healthy,andsustainable

environmentisalong-termprocess,ifnotalifelongcommitment.Proponentsbehindtheserightsbelievethatitsrealizationisprogressiveandeffortsmustbeconcertedandsustained.Thispublication,forinstance,mayjustbethestartoftheprocessfordifferentstakeholdersintheregion.ForHR2W,thispublicationandtheirstudiesaretoolsforfurtherdialoguewithcommunities,governments,civilsociety,waterserviceproviders,andotherstakeholders,andtounderstandwhattheHRBAmeansatthelocallevelinrelationtochallengesexperiencedwithwaterandsanitation.Thiscanthenpotentiallyleadtosettinguphumanrights-based

indicatorsthatserveasmonitoringtoaddressissues.

2TheHumanRights-BasedApproachandtheRightstoWater,Sanitation,andtheEnvironment

OverviewoftheHumanRights-BasedApproach

Theintegrationofhumanrightsintodevelopmentprogramminghasbeenongoingforquitesometime,althoughtheterm“humanrights-basedapproach”(HRBA)isamorerecent

development.6In1997,UnitedNations(UN)SecretaryGeneralKofiAnnanrecognizedtheimportanceofanHRBAandadvocatedforitsimplementationacrosstheUNSystem.

AdoptinganHRBAmeansincorporatinghumanrightsandhumanrightsprinciplesintoanyandeveryworkingproject.Itgoesbeyondfocusingonoutcomesanddrawsattentiontotheentireprocess,implementinghumanrightsprinciplesineverystepoftheproject:design,

planning,andoperations.Byapplyingthisapproach,theresultisexpectedtohaveapositiveeffectinstrengtheninghumanrights.

TheHRBAgraduallygainedtractionandbecameawidelyusedmethod,withdifferent

attemptstodefinetheterm.Forthisreason,thereisnosingleuniversaldefinitionforHRBA.ThemostcommondefinitioncomesfromtheUNCommonUnderstanding,sinceitservesasthefoundationfororganizationsthatadapttheapproachtotheirownmandates.7Adoptedin

Box1:UNCommonUnderstanding

1.Allprogramsofdevelopmentcooperation,policies,andtechnicalassistanceshouldfurthertherealizationofhumanrightsaslaiddownintheUniversalDeclarationofHumanRightsandotherinternationalhumanrightsdocuments.

2.Humanrightsstandardscontainedin,andprinciplesderivedfrom,theUniversalDeclarationofHumanRightsandotherinternationalhumanrightsinstrumentsguidealldevelopmentcooperationandprogramminginallsectorsandinallphasesoftheprogrammingprocess.

3.Developmentcooperationcontributestothedevelopmentofthecapacitiesof‘duty-bearers’tomeettheirobligationsand/orof‘rights-holders’toclaimtheirrights.

Source:G.Casanovaetal.2021.APracticalGuidefortheRealisationoftheHumanRightstoWaterandSanitationthroughProgramming.HR2W.

/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/210322-HRBA-Manual_2021-FINAL.pdf

.UN=UnitedNations.

6G.Casanovaetal.2021.AHumanRightsBasedApproach:APracticalGuidefortheRealisationoftheHumanRightstoWaterandSanitationthroughProgramming.HR2W.

/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/210322-HRBA

-Manual_2021-FINAL.pdf.

7UnitedNationsSustainableDevelopmentGroup.2003.TheHumanRightsBasedApproachtoDevelopmentCooperationTowardsaCommonUnderstandingAmongUNAgencies.

/resources/human-rights-based-approach-development

-

cooperation-towards-common-understanding-among-un.

6PavingtheInclusivePathTowardWaterforAll

2003bytheUNSustainableDevelopmentGroup,theUNCommonUnderstandingonHRBAsoughttomakesurethatUNagencies,funds,andprogramsconsistentlyimplementedthe

HRBAataglobalandregionallevel(Box1).Moreover,throughtheprinciplesundertheHRBA,practitionershaveaguidetooperationalizetheapproachandmainstreamhumanrightsintheirwork.Thefol