大学物理实验研究性教学模式探索与实践

////大学物理实验研究性教学模式探索与实践Universityphysicalexperimentexplorationandpracticeofresearch-orientedteachingmode2005年教育部颁发的《进一步加强高等学校本科教学工作的若干意见》提出高等学校要积极推动研究型教学，提高大学生的创新能力[1]。北京科技大学定位为“研究型”大学，学校提出以培育英才、培养具有创新精神和实践能力的创新人才为目标[2]，大学物理实验是理工科学生进行科学实验基本训练的必修基础课程，课程中所涉及的实验知识、实验技能和实验方法是后续实践训练的基础，也是学生以后从事各项科学探索和工程实践的基础，对学生实践能力培养和创新意识的形成起着至关重要的作用。在这样的大背景下，如何在面向数千名学生的大学物理实验中引入科学研究的思维方式开展研究性教学这一课题就摆在了我们面前。自2003年以来，物理实验教学团队从课程内容、教学模式及考核方式等方面入手进行了改革与创新[3-7]，经过几年的不懈努力，探索出了一套操作性较强、可以在大面积教学上实施、贯穿研究性思想的物理实验教学新模式。In2005theministryofeducationissued"severalopinionsonfurtherstrengtheninghigherschoolundergraduateteachingwork,putforwardtocollegesanduniversitiesshouldactivelypromoteresearchteaching,improvetheinnovativeabilityofcollegestudents[1].PositioningofBeijinguniversityofscienceandtechnologyfor"research"university,theschoolputforwardtofostertalents,cultivatinginnovativetalentswithinnovationspiritandpracticeabilityasthegoal[2],theuniversityphysicsexperimentisabasictraininginscienceandengineeringstudentsinscientificexperimentsinthecompulsoryfoundationcourse,involvedinthecourseofexperimentofknowledge,skills,andexperimentmethodisthebasisofthesubsequentpracticetraining,alsoafterstudentsengagedinthescientificexplorationandthebasisofengineeringpractice,fortheformationofstudents'practiceabilityandinnovationconsciousnessplaysavitalrole.Insuchacontext,howtoforthousandsofstudentsinphysicsexperimentofintroducingscientificresearchwayofthinkingtheresearch-typeteachingthissubjectbeforeus.Since2003,physicsexperimentteachingteamfromcoursecontent,teachingmodeandassessmentmethodofthereformandinnovation[3],afterseveralyearsofunremittingefforts,exploreasetofoperationalstronger,canimplementonlargeareasofteaching,throughtheresearchofphysicsexperimentteachingnewpattern.1更新教学理念，授人以“鱼”，更要授人以“渔”1,updateteachingconcept,giveapersonwith"fish",andmoretoteachpeopleto"fishing"研究性教学是运用科学研究的方式、思维来组织教学，把科学研究的理念、精神、态度、方法等渗透和运用到教学过程中，激发学生的学习兴趣和学习主动性、积极性、创造性，培养学生发现问题、解决问题的能力，提高学生的自学、阅读、理解、判断、分析、实践、创新等能力[8]。在教学过程中，我们及时更新实验教学理念，将传授知识与提高学生的实际能力有机融合，引入科学研究的思维方式，并将创新能力培养始终贯穿于整个物理实验教学的各个环节。Research-orientedteachingistousescientificresearchmethods,thinkingtoorganizeteaching,thescientificstudyoftheconcept,spirit,attitudeandmethodsandappliedtoteaching,stimulatestudents'learninginterestandlearninginitiative,enthusiasmandcreativity,trainingstudents'abilitytofindproblemsandsolveproblems,improvethestudents'self-study,reading,understandingandjudgment,analysis,practiceandinnovationabilityto[8].Intheteachingprocess,weupdatetheexperimentalteachingidea,toimpartknowledgeandtoimprovestudents'practicalabilityoftheorganicfusion,introducingscientificresearchwayofthinking,andinnovationabilitytraininghasalwaysbeenthroughouttheeverylinkofphysicalexperimentteaching.2实验内容创新2experimentalcontentinnovation2.1注重实验内容的基础性、科学性和时代性2.1payattentiontothefundamentalexperimentcontent,scientificanddynamic对设立的实验项目逐个进行研究，坚持基本知识、基本技能与研究意识兼顾培养的原则，注重实验内容的基础性、科学性和时代性，提出实验项目的具体研究性实验内容与要求，经过多年的教学实践，逐步形成了贯穿研究性教学思想的物理实验课程项目设置方案、实验要求、实验内容以及相应的教学大纲。Tosetupexperimentalprojectcarryonresearch,adheretothebasicknowledge,basicskillsandresearchconsciousnessintoconsideration,theprincipleoftrainpayattentiontothebasicscientificandera,experimentcontent,experimentisputforwardspecificinquiryexperimentcontentsandrequirementsoftheproject,aftermanyyearsofteachingpractice,graduallyformedthroughouttheresearch-orientedteachingofphysicalexperimentcourseprojectschemes,experiment,experimentcontentandthecorrespondingteachingoutline.2.2将科研成果转化为实验内容，提高综合性、研究性实验比例2.2thescientificresearchintoexperimentalcontent,improvetheproportionofcomprehensiveandresearchingexperiment积极引入和自主开发物理思想鲜明、实验内容贴近现代生活、实验手段比较先进、能够反映现代科学技术发展的综合性、研究性实验项目。Activelyintroducedistinctandindependentdevelopmentofphysicalthinking,experimentcontentclosetothemodernlife,theexperimentmethodisadvanced,canreflectthecomprehensiveandresearchingexperimentofthedevelopmentofmodernscienceandtechnologyprojects.2003年起陆续将自主研制开发的“金属薄膜的制备”“金属薄膜厚度的测量”“金属薄膜电阻率的测量”“磁性薄膜的磁电阻测量”“金属薄膜生长过程动态特性监测”“薄膜应力测量”“薄膜材料电容率测量”等系列实验引入大学物理实验教学。这一系列实验各有重点，内容互有相关。每个实验既可独立进行，也可组成一个大的研究性实验课题。这些自主研发的实验项目是科研向教学转化的成果，它们不仅物理现象丰富、内容新颖，对学生有很强的吸引力，还具有很好的实验内容可拓展性和研究性教学理念可实践性。Since2003insuccessiontoindependentresearchanddevelopmentof"thepreparationofmetalfilm""metalfilmthicknessmeasurement""metalfilmresistivitymeasurement""magneticthinfilmmagneticresistancemeasurement""metalthinfilmgrowthprocesstomonitordynamiccharacteristic"stresstesting"thinfilm""thinfilmmaterialpermittivitymeasurement"andsoonseriesofexperimentsintotheuniversityphysicsexperimentteaching.Thisseriesofexperimentshaveakey,contentrelatedtoeachother.Eachexperimentcannotonlyindependently,alsocanformalargeresearchsubjects.Theindependentresearchanddevelopmentofexperimentalprojectwastheresultofscientificresearchtoteaching,theyarenotonlyphysicalphenomenaisrich,contentisnovel,hasastrongappealtothestudent,alsohastheverygoodexperimentcontentcanexpandsexandresearch-orientedteachingideacanbepractical.系列实验的开发与教学设计还促进了教师教学理念的转变，将研究性教学方式辐射、拓展到整个大学物理实验课程的教学实践过程，将灌输式的讲解转变为提问式、启发式的课堂互动，引导学生体验实验设计者提出问题、解决问题的思考方式，引导学生自己规划和决定具体的实验条件、实验方案，引导学生自主解决实验中的问题。这种渗透着科学研究元素的教学方式使得大学物理实验课程的教学实践变得更加的生动活泼，使得教师能够及时抓住学生创造性思维的火花，因势利导，使其得以展开和深入。对于学生，实验内容和形式的灵活多样，激发了他们主动实验的热情，他们会自己查资料、制定初步计划，积极与教师讨论，从而在一种轻松的氛围中完成实验。Seriesexperimentteachingdesignalsopromotesthedevelopmentandthetransformationofteachers'teachingidea,inquiryteachingisradiationandexpandtothewholecourseofuniversityphysicsexperimentteachingpractice,willbetransformedintoquestiontype,theinterpretationofthenon-computermajorsheuristicinteractiveclassroom,guidethestudenttoexperiencetheexperimentdesignerstoquestion,thewaysofthinkingtosolvetheproblem,andguidestudentstotheirplanninganddeterminethespecificconditions,theexperimentscheme,guidestudentsindependentlytosolveproblemsintheexperiment.Permeatedbyscientificresearchelementofthisteachingmethodmakestheuniversityphysicsexperimentteachingpracticebecomemorelively,enablestheteachertopromptlyseizethesparkofstudents'creativethinking,improvetheoccasion,allowingittoexpandanddeeply.Forstudents,experimentcontentandformofagilediversity,inspiredtheirenthusiasm,initiativeexperimentwillcheckdata,preliminaryplanning,theydiscusswithteachersactively,soastocompletetheexperimentinarelaxedatmosphere.3教材创新，注重强化研究性思想和学生自主实验的教学理念3teachingmaterialinnovation,payattentiontostrengthentheresearchideasandstudents'experimentalteachingidea与研究性教学相适应，编写出版了渗透自主性、研究性教学理念的实验教材《大学物理实验教程》。教材中每个实验都提出了学生预习时要搞清楚的基本问题或关键问题。每个实验都设有研究性题目，这些研究性题目是教师根据多年的教学实践，在考虑了大学一、二年级学生的知识水平、实验技能和实验条件基础上提出的，能够给予学生更多自由、自主探索的空间。Publishedinfiltrationandresearch-orientedteaching,writingautonomy,research-orientedteachingideaofexperimentteachingmaterial,theuniversityphysicsexperimentcourse.Eachexperimentintheteachingmaterialsareproposedwhenstudentspreparetoclearthebasicproblemsorkeyissues.Eachexperimenthaveresearchtopic,theresearchtopicisbasedonyearsofteachingpractice,consideringthefirstandsecondyearstudentsattheuniversityoftheknowledgelevelandexperimentalskills,andbasedonexperimentalconditions,cangivestudentsmorefreedom,autonomy,explorationofspace.4教学模式创新，探索出一套操作性较强、可以在大面积教学上实施、贯穿研究型思想的教学组织与管理模式4teachingmodeinnovation,exploreasetofoperationalstronger,canimplementonlargeareasofteaching,throughresearchtheteachingorganizationandmanagementmodeofthought实验内容、实验器材、实验时间的可变化性是开展研究性实验教学的有力保证。但是在大面积教学中，教学内容和实验仪器的可变性因受到客观条件的限制而不便做出大幅度改变；基础必修课程的特性也决定了研究性实验教学的开展应限制在计划学时内。基于这样的特点，采取以具有普遍适用性的教学内容为主，以个性化研究性题目为辅，多层次开展研究性教学。Experimentcontents,experimentequipment,timecanchangesexisapowerfulguaranteefortheresearch-typeexperimentalteaching.Butinalargeareaofteaching,teachingcontentandexperimentalapparatusofthevariabilityofthelimitedbytheobjectiveconditionsandinconvenienttomakemassivechanges;Basiccompulsorycoursecharacteralsodeterminestheresearchexperimentteachingdevelopmentshouldbelimitedwithintheperiod.Basedonthecharacteristics,adoptmainlyhasuniversalapplicabilityofteachingcontent,topersonalizedresearchtopiciscomplementary,multi-levelresearch-typeteaching.为了满足对研究性物理实验有浓厚兴趣的工科学生进一步学习的要求，我们将近代物理实验Ⅰ中实验项目作为公共选修课向工科学生开放，为其提供了解现代科学技术与测试手段的基本原理、提高实验技能的机会。Oftheresearchphysicalexperimentsinordertosatisfytheengineeringstudentshaveastronginterestinfurtherstudy,wewillbeinthemodernphysicsexperimentⅠexperimentasapublicelectivecourseopentoengineeringstudents,providingthemwiththeintroductiontothebasicprincipleofmodernscienceandtechnologyandtestingmethodsandexperimentalskills.全面实施开放式教学、网络选课、实验项目实行套餐制，不同专业学生根据学科特点、兴趣选择不同的实验项目组合开展相关实验，保证教学资源充分利用的同时也满足了个性化实验教学的需要。FullimplementationoftheopenprojectsforTaoCanZhi,networkcourseselection,teachingexperiment,differentstudentsaccordingtosubjectcharacteristics,interests,choosedifferentportfoliotocarryouttherelevantexperiments,ensuremakefulluseofteachingresourcesandmeetthepersonalizedneedsofexperimentalteaching.多种培养方式并举，构建突破课堂边界的大学习系统，把课内与课外有机地结合起来，促进综合实验素质养成、研究性、创新性思维能力培养的立体渗透。鼓励教师指导本科生创新项目，吸引学生走进实验室进行相应的科学研究，接受科研训练。鼓励学生利用物理实验竞赛，大学生课外学术实践竞赛等平台，运用已学到的理论知识和实验技能走出实验室去解决相关的实际问题，提高学生的实践能力及综合素质。Multipletrainingmethodssimultaneously,buildbreakthroughclassboundariesofthegreatlearningsystem,thein-classandafter-classorganically,promotecomprehensiveexperimentqualitycultivation,research,innovativethinkingabilitycultivationofthethree-dimensionalseepage.Encourageundergraduateinnovativeprojectsundertheguidanceofteachers,attractstudentsintothelabforthecorrespondingscientificresearch,scientificresearchtraining.Encouragestudentstousephysicsexperimentcompetition,collegestudents'extracurricularacademicpracticecompetitionplatform,haslearnedtheoryknowledgeandexperimentalskillsoutofthelabtosolvetherelatedpracticalproblems,toimprovethestudents'practicalabilityandcomprehensivequality.打造与研究性教学相适应的教学环境，营造浓厚的研究性学习氛围。建立网络课程平台，学生可进行教学资料与文献查阅、实验预习、网上答疑、电子课件下载、课堂教学录像观看等多种活动，学生也可以随时到实验室与指导教师面对面交流和讨论，使物理实验教学在时间上和空间上得到延伸。Appropriatetotheteachingbuildingandresearch-orientedteachingenvironment,buildstronginquirylearningatmosphere.Establishnetworkcourseplatform,studentscanbecarriedoutteachingmaterialsandliteratureconsult,itcandownload,onlineansweringquestions,electroniccoursewareandclassroomteachingvideostowatchavarietyofactivities,studentscanatanytimetothelabandteachersfacetofacecommunicationanddiscussion,makethephysicsexperimentteachingwereextendedintimeandspace.5成绩评价手段创新：建立了适合研究性教学方式的全过程、立体化物理实验课程考核办法5achievementevaluationmeansinnovation:thewholeprocessofresearch-orientedteachingmodehasbeenestablished,three-dimensionalphysicsexperimentcourseevaluationmethods改革过去“单一试卷+实验报告”的考核方式，建立适合研究性教学方式的“全过程-立体化”考核办法。注重对整个学习过程中学生学习情况的评定，实验报告批改注重数据处理、讨论分析，增加该部分分数比重，期末考试采取多样形式，如口头报告、笔试+口头报告、笔试+实验操作、新实验考核等。强调能力，主要考核学生发现问题、解决问题的能力、科研思维的能力；强调创新，考查学生在实验过程中的发散性思维；强调新思路、新观点、新方法。Reformof"singletest+testreport"wayofexamination,establishsuitableforresearch-orientedteachingmodeof"three-dimensional"process-assessmentmethod.Attentiontothewholelearningprocessofmiddleschoolstudentslearningsituationassessment,labreportsfocusoncorrectingdataprocessinganalysis,discussion,increasetheproportionofthepartialfraction,thefinalexamtotakevariousforms,suchasoralpresentations,writtenexamination,oralpresentations,writtentestandexperimentoperation,anewexperimentalexamination,etc.Emphasizestheability,themainassessmentofstudentsfindandsolveproblemability,scientificthinkingability;Emphasisoninnovation,testofdivergentthinkingofstudentsintheexperimentalprocess;Emphasisonnewideas,newideas,newmethods.6研究性教学的效果6oftheresearch-orientedteachingeffect经过多年的研究性教学实践，在教学中取得明显效果，学生的学科知识水平、对实验的积极性、自主学习能力、科学研究的意识显著提高，每年受益学生约3000多人。在连续几年的北京市物理实验竞赛中成绩显著，获奖等级、人数逐步提高，取得2009年二等奖1项，2010年一等奖1项、二等奖1项、三等奖3项，2011年一等奖2项、三等奖2项的好成绩，学生在国内