初升高英语无忧衔接及新课预习（全国）衔接点18 阅读理解（原卷版）

衔接点18阅读理解（初高考点差异及衔接）初中要求会以“社会服务与人际沟通”“科学与技术”“人与自我”范畴。结合社会热点、模范人物的事迹、等素材考查对语篇理解能力和分析判断能力。阅读理解题通常可分类为“细节理解题”“主旨大意题”“词义猜测题”与“推理判断题”。不同的考查目的，会有不同的设题特点，可使用不同的解题技巧。高中要求阅读理解文本主要为说明文、应用文和记叙文。从题型数量来看,阅读理解第一节试题类型以细节理解题为主,设有6~10题;其次是推理判断题,设有3~6题;最后是主旨大意题(段落主旨和文章主旨)和推测词义题(猜测词义和代词指代),分别设有1~2题。同时,从各题型在各体裁文本的分布来看,A篇主要以细节理解题为主,大部分试题可以在某一个段落中直接找到与选项对应的词或句子。B篇、C篇和D篇文本难度提高,注重考查学生的高阶思维,以逻辑推理为主,具有良好的区分度,需要考生依据文本主旨大意和相关段落内容进行合理推断。【初中阅读理解考点聚焦】一．细节理解题方法一：排除干扰项法NowyourkidscantrythesedevicesatthesmarthomeshowinourcommunitysciencecenterfromAugust1sttoAugust14th…OpeningHours:1：00p．m.—9：00p．m.,fromTuesdaytoSunday,closedonMonday.()Whencanavisitorenterthesciencecenter?OnMondaymorning. B.OnSundaymorning.C.OnMondayafternoon. D.OnSundayafternoon.方法二：同义转换法Forsafety,youmustuseournewbasketsonly.Abasketalonecosts5yuan.Itholdsabout2kgofstrawberriesandabasketofstrawberriesispricedat50yuanintotal.()Thefarmprovidesnewbaskets________.tocutdownthecost B.toprotecttheenvironmentC.tokeepcustomerssafe D.tocarrymorestrawberries方法三：细节推敲法Prettycool,right?It'snotsurprisingthatpeopleinothercitieshavegotintouchwithLaura,hopingthatshecouldhelpdevelopsimilarprojectsfortheircommunities.()PeopleinothercitieswouldlikeLaurato________.findatruckdriver B.visittheircommunitiesC.giveawayfoodtothem D.helpdevelopprojectslikehers二．推理判断题方法一：针对文章段落内容的判断ForJerry,thiskindofadventureismostsatisfying.“Suchadventureshadmadeusseelifeinadifferentway.Now,beingthebestclimberisn'timportantforme.Whatmattersisdoingsomethinghelpfulwhileclimbingthemountains.Thereisstillmuchmorewecando，”Jerrysaidtoanewspaper.()Jerry'sandhisfriends'adventureshavechanged________．theirhobbies B.theirfriendshipC.theirunderstandingoflife D.theirlivingconditions方法二：针对文章来源的判断Weareknownforourdeliciousstrawberries.Weinviteyoutovisitthefarmandenjoyourfreshproductsandgreatfarmingexperiences.We'lltryourbesttocreateasafeopen­airenvironmentforourcustomers…()Theinstructionsaremostprobablyfrom________.afarmowner B.ateacherC.anewsreporter D.acustomer方法三：针对文章读者的判断Bullying(欺凌)canhappentoanyone.Agreatmanychildrenaroundtheworldarebulliedeveryyear,buttherearethingsthatcanbedonetohelp…Whatcanyoudo?Ifsomeoneisnotkindtoyou,tellanadultthatyouknowandlike.Forexample,talktoaparentorateacher.()Thispassageismainlywrittenfor________.teachers B.parentsC.children D.thepolice方法四：针对文章目的的判断Inourdailylife,robotsareoftenfoundtodoworkthatistoodangerous,boring,difficult,ordirty.Andweoftenseekidsplaywithtoyrobots.Butwhatexactlyisarobot?Therearesomeimportantcharacteristics(特征)thatarobotmusthave.Thesecharacteristicsmighthelpyoutodecidewhatisandwhatisnotarobot.()Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage?A.Tohelppeopleunderstandwhatarobotis. B.Totellwhatarobotcandoinourlife.C.Todescribethemovementofarobot. D.Tointroducethehistoryofrobots.三．词义猜测题方法一：语境推断法AlthoughJerryhadachievedgreatsuccess,hedidn'tfeelfulfilled.Heaskedhimself,“Isitenoughtoclimbthehighestmountains?AmIdoingsomethinghelpful?HowcanIturnmyadventuresintosomethingthatcanhelptheworld？”()Whatdoestheunderlinedword“fulfilled”inParagraph2mean?A.Satisfied. B.Lonely. C.Patient. D.Worried.方法二：定义法IntelligenceArobotneedssomekindof“smarts”.Aprogrammeristhepersonwhogivestherobotits“smarts”.Therobotwillhavetohaveacertainwaytoreceivetheprogramsothatitknowswhatitistodo.()TheChinesemeaningof“Intelligence”inthelastparagraphis________.A.能源 B.勤奋 C.智能 D.外观方法三：构词法However,from2012to2016,poaching(偷猎)andillegaltradeintheelephantsincreasedrapidly.Eighty­threeelephantswerelostin2015alone,andanotherfifty-oneelephantswerekilledin2016.“Ifthissituationgoeson,alltheGourmaelephantswillbekilledby2020，”saidamemberofMEP.()Whatdoestheword“illegal”inParagraph4meaninChinese?A.公平的 B.亏损的 C.非法的 D.合理的方法四：通过生活常识猜测词义Lisaletthehairdressertrimherhairabitbecauseitgrewtoolong.Whatdoestheword“trim”meaninChinese?方法五：通过列举事例猜测词义MynameisTom.Iwanttojoinaclubinmyschool.I'mnotfamous(著名的)now,butmaybelcanbefamoussomeday.Ican'tsingordanceoract,butIcandomanyotherthings.Icanplaythreekindsofinstruments:theguitar,theviolinandthedrums.thinkIcanbeinthemusicclub.MaybeIcanbeafamousmusician.liketoreadstorybooksand|canwritestories.MaybeIcanbeafamouswriterlikesportstoo,butlamnotgoodatsports.CanIjoinyou?What'sthemeaningoftheunderlinedword“instruments”inChinese?A.乐谱 B.乐器 C.乐章 D.琴四．主旨大意题第一步：定位主题句，弄懂文章中心思想。方法一：开门见山：主题句出现在文首，这种结构主要是为了开门见山，先提出主题，然后围绕主题用细节来解释、论证或发展主题思想。方法二：藏头露尾：主题句出现在文尾，这种结构往往是先阐述细节，然后归纳要点，得出结论，概括主题。方法三：卧虎藏龙：主题句隐含在全文中，没有明确的主题句。阅读这样的文章，要求学生根据文章的细节来分析、概括、推导出文章的主题。具体方法是：明确各个段落的内容以及它们之间的逻辑关系，寻找核心词和高频词，然后加以归纳形成主题。第二步：比对选项，排除干扰项。主旨大意题的正确选项需要具有概括性，不能以偏概全或是泛泛而谈；选择文章最佳标题，要注意标题需具有概括性、针对性和醒目性，标题要囊括文章的主要内容，指向文章的主要特点。WhenLaurasawherschooldininghallthrowawayfoodthatwasnoteatenatalleveryday,shecameupwithanidea.Shestartedaprojecttohelpherschooldininghalltogiveawayuneatenfoodtohomelessshelters(庇护所)inhercommunity.Inthepastthreeyears,thesameprojecthasspreadtootherschoolsandsomefastfoodrestaurantsthroughoutthecity.TheprojectiscalledFeed&Find,andhasalreadyfedthousandsofpeopleinhercity．Howdoesitwork?Throughanapp,Feed&Findmatcheslocalhomelessshelterswithschooldininghallsandrestaurantsthathaveuneatenfoodtoprovide…Still,thisprojectisacleverwaytohelpsolvetheproblemoffoodwasteandithelpsthoseinneed．()Whichcanbethebesttitleforthispassage?ADiningGuideApp B.AFoodSharingProjectC.ADrivingServiceApp D.AFoodSafetyProject分类训练一应用文Whenit'shotoutsideandwehavetogoout,surelywewanttokeepcool.Wecanputonhats,wearlightclothing,orstayatacoolplace.However,nothingcanbeatagoodfan.NowI'llshowyouhowtomakeagoodDIY(DoItYourself)paperfan.WhattopreparePleasepreparetwopiecesofpaper.Allpaperwillwork,butyourDIYfancanbeusedforalongtimewithquality(优质的)paper.Thengetglue,twosticks,etc.HowtomakeaDIYfanThefirststepistodrawpicturesonthepaper.Justdrawanythingyoulike.Thenextstepistofoldup(折叠)thepaper.Thengluethetwopiecesoffoldedpapertogether.Afterthat,paintthesticks.Thefinalstepistogluethesticksontothefoldedpaper.Andeverythingisdone.Ifyoulookatyourwatch,youwillbesurprised:ittakeslessthan15minutestomakeagoodpaperfan.Thenyoucanfolditupanddropitinyourbag.Whenyouareoutintheheatnexttime,justtakeitoutandenjoythegentlewind.1.Whichisthebestwaytokeepcoolaccordingtoparagraph1?A.Puttingonhats. B.Usingagoodfan.C.Wearinglightclothing. D.Stayingatacoolplace.2.Whyisqualitypaperagoodchoicetomakeafan?A.Itislight. B.Itiscolorful.C.Itlastslong. D.Itlooksbeautiful.3.Whatisthesecondstepofmakingapaperfan?A.Paintingthesticks. B.Drawingpicturesonthepaper.C.Foldingupthepaper. D.Gluingthesticksontothefoldedpaper.4.Fromthelastparagraph,wecantellthatmakingapaperfanis.

A.quick B.difficult C.boring D.strange5.Whatisthepurposeofthispassage?A.Tosellpaperfans. B.Toshowhowtosavetime.C.Toshareafunstory. D.Toteachhowtomakepaperfans.分类训练二记叙文Comeon,Amy.YoumustTRYHARDER.Amytoldherselfsilently.Shewasinherclass'sSecond-Day-of-SchoolGamewithherteammates,whomsheonlymetyesterday.Thiswasherfirstchancetomakenewfriends,andshewasnervous.SofarAmyhadn'tgivenanyusefulsuggestions—afterall,shewastotallynewtothistown.Luckily,nooneseemedtocareaboutit.Thisrelaxedheralot.SincetheBlueTeamleftthepark,theyhadworkedoutthefirsttwoclues(线索)andhadbeentothepostoffice.Nowtheywereinfrontofthecinema.Henrywasreadingaloudthethirdclue:Gotoourtownfounder'slastrestingplace.IknowTHISONE!Amythought,excited.“Tothecemetery(墓地),”Cindysaid.“No,wait!”Amysaid.“I'vereadaboutit.Thefounderwasburiednearthelibrary.”“Wow.I'vewalkedbyeveryday,”Tylersaid.“Neverknewthat!”“Goodjob!Thatwillsavevaluabletime,”CindysmiledatAmy.“Westillneedtohurry,”Tylerreminded,pointingtotheYellowTeamcomingnear.“Iknowashortcut!”Henrysuggested.“Followme!”Noonemoved.“No,seriously,”Henrysaid.“YouknowI'malwaysrunninglate.Iknoweveryshortcutintown.”Theothersfinallyagreed.Afewsharpturns,andtheywerethere!ThistimeAmyreadthecluealoud:Nowgototheplacewherethefootballisrunningaround!“Thefootballstadium!”Theycalledouttogetherandstartedtorun....Nowthey'dgotthefinalclue:Lookwhereyou'vebeen,andseewhereyouare.Useyourmapwiselyandyou'llbeastar!Lookingcloselyatthemap,everyonethoughthard.“Aha!Astar!”Cindysuddenlybrokethesilence.Shequicklytookoutapencil.Astheywatchedherdrawinglinesonthemap,everyoneunderstood.Theybeganrunningbacktowheretheystarted.Theywerecloserandcloser,andfinallycrossedthefinishline—justonestepbehindtheRedTeam!“So...close...”Tyermadeaface,andtheyalllaughedtogether.“Nicejob,newgirl,”CindygaveAmyahigh-five.“Thatwasreallyfun,”saidHenry.“Ihopewe'llbeonthesameteamsoon.”“Me,too,”Amyagreed,smiling.1.WhatdoesthebeginningofthestorytellusaboutAmy?A.Shedidn'twanttoplaythegame. B.Shewasanewstudentinherclass.C.ShewasamemberoftheRedTeam. D.Shedidn'tunderstandthegamerules.2.WhydidtheteamletHenryleadthewayatlast?A.Heranfastestintheteam. B.Theydidn'tknowtheway.C.Theytrustedhisrichexperience. D.Hewasbestatplayingthegame.3.Wherewasthefinishlineofthegame?A.Inthepark. B.Nexttothepostoffice.C.Infrontofthecinema. D.Outsidethelibrary.4.WhydidAmysmileattheendofthestory?A.Herteamcameinfirst. B.Shewasacceptedasafriend.C.Shenolongerfeltnervous. D.Therewouldbeagamesoon.分类训练三说明文Someanimalscaneasilyfindtheirwayhomeafteralongjourney.Howdotheymakeit?Scientificresearchshowsthattheyarebornwithcertainunusualabilitiesfordirection.Acertainkindofant,forexample,cancounttheirstepstoavoidgettinglost.Theycangoasfaras110metresandbringfoodhome.Theseantsliveintheopendesert(沙漠),sotheyhavenothingtoguidethemalongtheway.It'slikesomeonewalkingsixkilometresthroughadarkforest.Somefishhaveanunbelievablesenseofsmell.Theycansmellevenasingledropoftheirhomewaterinalargeseaarea.Someseabirdshaveasimilarability.Theyareabletomakeasmellmapoftheirflyingarea.Someanimalscansensetheearth'smagneticfield(磁场),whilehumanscan't.Thismagneticfieldguidesacertainkindoffishwhentheyswimalongwaytoaplaceandthenback.Howcanthiskindoffishdothat?Itisstillamystery.Scientistshavenogoodanswersyet.However,animalswithsuchunusualabilitiesstillhavedifficultydealingwithenvironmentalchangescausedbyhumanactivities.Forexample,manybirdsdependonstarsfordirection,buttheygetlosteasilyatnightwhencitylightsarekeptonallnight.Tosolvethisproblem,wecansimplyturnoffsomelightsatnight.Clearly,onesmallactofhumansmaymeanalottoanimals.1.Whereisthispassagemostprobablyfrom?A.Astorybook. B.Anartmagazine.C.Aguidebook. D.Asciencemagazine.2.Howcanacertainkindofantfindtheirway?A.Byimaginingtheway. B.Bycountingtheirsteps.C.Bybringingfoodtogether. D.Bywalkingthroughaforest.3.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“mystery”inparagraph4probablymean?A.Secret. B.Choice. C.Reason. D.Feeling.4.Whatarepeopleadvisedtodoaccordingtothelastparagraph?A.Tohelpanimals. B.Totravelatnight.C.Tokeepcitylightson. D.Todevelopunusualabilities.5.Whichcanbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.Birds'SenseofLight B.Fish'sSenseofSmellC.Animals'SenseofDirection D.Animals'SenseofMagneticField【高中阅读理解考点聚焦】考纲解读阅读理解文本主要为说明文、应用文和记叙文。从题型数量来看,阅读理解第一节试题类型以细节理解题为主,设有6~10题;其次是推理判断题,设有3~6题;最后是主旨大意题(段落主旨和文章主旨)和推测词义题(猜测词义和代词指代),分别设有1~2题。同时,从各题型在各体裁文本的分布来看,A篇主要以细节理解题为主,大部分试题可以在某一个段落中直接找到与选项对应的词或句子。B篇、C篇和D篇文本难度提高,注重考查学生的高阶思维,以逻辑推理为主,具有良好的区分度,需要考生依据文本主旨大意和相关段落内容进行合理推断。考点清单a注重观察和研究阅读文本的特点,合理推断试题答案各体裁文章特点不一,考生要注意观察各体裁文本的不同特点,在此基础上对试题答案进行推断。例如应用文的写作目的多出现在文章开头,偶尔也会出现在文章结尾;科普说明文的第一段多说明文章主旨——研究发现;议论文的每段第一句话多为主题句,其他句子多为细节句。b培养良好的阅读习惯,确保阅读理解的有效性每篇文章的3~4个试题均围绕文章主旨设计,所以不管文章是否有主旨大意题,考生都要善于归纳总结,分析每篇文章的主旨大意和篇章结构。另外,对细节理解题和推理判断题的选项进行个性化标记,例如画下划线、画圈等,便于匹配题干和文本相关的句子或段落,通过对四个选项的对比分析找到答案。同时,C篇和D篇词汇量较大,含有较多的长难句,考生要能快速识别关键信息,培养化繁为简的能力,画出长难句的主干成分,简化复合句,快速准确地理解文本信息,准确解答试题。c选用恰当的阅读理解做题方法,提高阅读理解解题的准确率阅读理解第一节有两种解题方法,各有利弊,考生可依据个人习惯和认知特点选择使用。第一种方法:浏览问题——有目的地阅读文本——解答问题,这种方法阅读速度较快,但是准确率较低。第二种方法:快速浏览文本——浏览问题——再读文本——解答问题,这种方法解题时准确率较高,但是解题速度较第一种缓慢。d依据个人水平,确定四篇文章的做题顺序和数量考生要依据个人英语水平和认知特点确定阅读理解第一节四篇文章的做题顺序,可以按照四篇阅读理解的排列顺序做题,即ABCD。但是如果熟悉C篇和D篇的知识背景,也可以优先做C篇和D篇。同时考生也要根据个人英语水平,敢于“取舍”。基础薄弱的学生可选取2~3篇文章重点突击,确保准确率,对于难度较大的文章要敢于取舍。一PrinceWilliam,secondinlinetotheBritishthrone,gavehisfirstTEDTalkonSaturdaytolaunchhisEarthshotPrize,acompetitionthatwillawardfive£1millionprizemoneyeveryyearforthenextdecadetothosewhocancomeupwithsolutionstoenvironmentalproblems.Anyperson,groupororganizationaroundtheworldisqualified,andanysuggestioniswelcome,solongasitisapplicableglobally.Itcouldbeanewtechnology,anewapproach,anewgovernmentalpolicyoranyotherideastowardfiveenvironmentalgoals-fixingtheclimate,purifyingtheair,protectingnature,cleaningoceansandhandlingwaste."Earthshot"wasinspiredbyJohnF.Kennedy's"Moonshot,"anambitious1961missiontogetamanonthemoonwithinadecade.ThepurposeoftheprizeispartlytoarouseexcitementandofferwhatPrinceWilliamcalled“abitofcatalyst,abitofhope,abitofpositivity"atatimewhentheworldneeds.Themoneywillcomefromdonorsaroundtheworld.Theprizecommitteeincludesmanycelebrities.PrinceWilliamhasenvironmentalactivisminhisblueblood.Bothhisgrandfather,andhisfatherPrinceCharleswereactiveenvironmentalists.PrinceWilliamacknowledgedhisheritagebysayinghehadalwayslistened,learnedandbelievedwhattheyweresayingabouttheenvironment.Besidesspeakingwisewords,healsoputsforwardagoodprize.OveramillionpoundsissignificantlymorethanaNobelPrizeandshouldinspiresomeseriousandcreativethinkingaboutthedifficultiesofPlanetEarth.UnliketheNobelPrizemoney,theEarthshotmoneyissupposedtobespentonthewinningproject.“Ifweachievethesegoals,by2030ourliveswon'tbeworse,andwewon'thavetosacrificeeverythingweenjoy.Instead,thewaywelivewillbehealthier,cleaner,smarter,andbetterforallofus,"hesaid.1.WhatcanbelearnedaboutTheEarthshotPrize?A.ItwillbeawardedtoBritons. B.Itaimstosolvesocialproblems.C.Itisnamedafteramoonmission. D.Itoffers£50millionintotal.2.Apersoncanwintheprizefor_________.A.amethodtomonitorsealevels BanewtechnologytoforecasttheweatherC.anewapproachtorecyclingthewaste D.alocalgovernmentpolicytobanfishing3.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"catalyst"inparagraph3mean?A.Encouragement. B.Alarm. C.Challenge. D.Surprise.4.Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph?A.EarthshotPrizeequalsNobelPrize.B.PlanetEarthwillbecleanedby2030.C.PrinceWilliamonlytalksthetalk.D.PrinceWilliamisinfluencedbyhisfamily.二“Thepastisadifferentcountry,theydothingsdifferentlythere,”L.P.Hartleywroteinoneofhisbest-knownnovels,TheGo-Between.TotheBritishnovelist,thepastwasirrelevant.AndoneofmyAsianstudentsoncetoldme“Ihavenointerestinthepast.I’monlyinterestedinthepresentandthefuture.”Ihavetodisagree.“Thepast”isaveryinterestingcountry,andthemoreweknowaboutit,themorewewillbeabletounderstandthepresentandthus,prepareourselvesforthefuture.Anidealplace,asIseeit,thatcanallowustolookbackonthepastisthemuseum.Iprefertovisitmuseumsasifyouaresittinginthesameroomwithsomeofthegreatestmeninhistory.Whilenomuseumscanclaimtoofferacompletepictureofhumanhistory,thelessonswecanlearnfromtheeventsandwondersofthepastareofgreatvalue.Thankstomoderntechnology,museumsarebeingtransformedfromplacesoflookingandlearningtospacesofparticipationandinteraction.Alargenumberofimmersive(沉浸式)multi-mediadisplays,whichallowvisitorstoengagewithitsexhibitsduringtheirvisit,playabigpartattheShanghaiNaturalHistoryMuseum.Theriseintechnologyhasalsomademuseumsmoreaccessiblethanever.SincetheoutbreakofCOVID-19,traditionalmuseumshavestartedtothinkoutsideoftheboxinordertocreatenewwaysforvisitorstoexperiencetheircollectionsonline.Itisdefinitelygoodnewsforthosewhoarefascinatedbymuseumsbutarestrugglingtoactuallygothere.However,youshouldn’texpecttogetthesameexperiencethatanin-personvisitwouldprovide,atleast,thatis,fornow.InternationalMuseumDayisobservedonMay18everyyear.Thisisaquickreminderthatyoushouldalwayssparesometimetovisitmuseumsandappreciatethe“must-see‘em’”thingsthatareanimportantpartoftheculturalheritageofhumankind.1.Whatdoesthewriterthinkof“thepast”?A.Different. B.Unrelated. C.Significant. D.Understandable.2.Whyisthemuseumanidealplacetolookbackonthepast?A.It’swherethegreatmindsoncesat.B.It’swheretolearnandreflect.C.It’swheretolearnaboutpreviousevents.D.It’swheretoappreciateancientwonders.3.Whatdoes“outsideoftheboxway”inparagraph4referto?A.Allowingmorein-personvisits. B.Showingacompletepictureofhistory.C.Addingmulti-mediadisplays. D.Offeringonlineexhibits.4.Whichcouldbethebesttitleforthetext?A.TechnologyRevivesMuseums B.ObserveInternationalMuseumDayC.MuseumsAre“Must-see‘ems’” D.VisitMuseumsIn-personorOnline三Millionsoftonsofelectronicwaste,knownase-waste,isproducedeveryear.In2016,theworld’spopulationmake49milliontonsofelectronicwaste.Ithasbeencalculatedthattherewillbemorethan60milliontonsby2021.Theamountofelectronicwasteisgrowingsorapidlythatithasbecomeaglobalproblemthatneedstobeaddressed.Whatiscausingtheupsurge(激增)ine-waste?Technologyisbecomingmoreandmorewidespreadcoveringalmosteveryaspectofourlives.Meanwhile,thelifespanofdevicesisgettingshorter—manyproductswillbethrownawayoncetheirbatteries(电池)die,tobereplacedbynewdevices.Companiesupdatethedesignorsoftwaresoquicklyanditisusuallycheaperandeasiertobuyanewproductthantorepairanoldone.Sincepricesarefalling,electronicdevicesareindemandaroundtheworld.Asmorepeoplebuyelectronicequipment,manufacturers(制造商)arebeginningtofaceshortagesoftherawmaterialneededtomaketheirproducts,sorecyclingandreusingmaterialsfromdiscarded(废弃的)productsandwastemakeseconomicandenvironmentalsense.Recyclinge-wasteispracticedbothformallyandinformally.Formale-wasterecyclingusuallyinvolvestakingaparttheelectronics,separatingandsortingthroughthematerialsandcleaningthem.Companiesmustobeyhealthandsafetyrulestoreducethehealthandenvironmentalharmofhandlinge-wastebyusingpollution-controltechnologies.Allthismakesformalrecyclingexpensive.Withtheamountofe-wastegrowingaroundtheworld,recyclingalonewillnotbeenoughtohandletheproblem.Inordertoreducee-waste,manufacturersneedtodesignelectronicsthataresafer,andmoredurable(耐用的)repairable.Asacustomer,you’dbettergetouroldproductrepairedifpossibleandbuyanewdeviceonlywhenyoureallyneed.1.Theunderlinedword“addressed”inparagraph1canbereplacedby_________.A.reduced B.changedC.controlled D.solved2.Whatisparagraph2mainlybout?A.Theproblemscausedbytheupsurgeine-waste.B.Thereasonsfore-waste’ssharpincreasing.C.Thebadeffectofupdatingdevices.D.Thecausesofdevices’pricedropping.3.Whatmakesrecyclinge-wastemeaningfulaccordingtothetext?A.Improvingthequalityofe-devices.B.Loweringthecostsoftechnologyinnovation.C.Relievingcompanies’lackingrawmaterials.D.Increasingthevarietyofelectronicproducts.4.Whatdoestheauthorwanttoconveyinthelastparagraph?A.Recyclingistheonlywaytoreducee-waste.B.Companiesshouldbemainlyresponsibleforreducinge-waste.C.Repairingadeviceisbetterthanbuyinganewone.D.Everyoneshouldtakeactiontoreducee-waste.四Researcherssaythattheyhaveunderstoodthemeaningofgesturesthatwildmonkeysusetocommunicate.Theysaythatwildmonkeyscancommunicate19specificmessagestooneanotherwitha“vocabulary”of66gestures.ThescientistsdiscoveredthisbyfollowingandfilminggroupsofmonkeysinUganda,andexaminingmorethan5,000hoursofrecordingsofthesemeaningfulexchanges.DrCatherineHobaiter,wholedtheresearch,saidthatthiswastheonlyformofintentional(有意识的)communicationtohavebeenrecordedintheanimalkingdom.Onlyhumansandmonkeys,shesaid,haveasystemofcommunicationwithwhichtheysentamessagetoanothergroupmemberonpurpose.Althoughpreviousresearchhasshownthatotheranimalscanunderstandcomplex(复杂的)informationfromtheirpartners’call,theydonotappeartousetheirvoicesintentionallytocommunicatemessages.Thiswasasignificantdifferencebetweencallsandgestures,DrHobaitersaid.“Theyaretheonlythingthatlookslikehumanlanguageinthatrespect,”sheadded.Inonecase,amotherpresentsherfoottohercryingbaby,meaning“Climbonme.”Thelittlemonkeyimmediatelyjumpsontoitsmother’sbackandtheytravelofftogether.”Theimportantmessagefromthisstudyisthatthereisanotherspeciesouttherethatcancommunicateinameaningfulway,sothat’snotuniquetohumans.”saidDr.Hobaiter.Dr.SusanneShultz,abiologistfromtheUniversityofManchester,saidthestudywaspraiseworthyinseekingtoenrichourknowledgeoftheevolutionofhumanlanguage.But,sheadded,theresultswere“alittledisappointing”.“Thelimited‘vocabulary’ofthegesturessuggestseitherthatthemonkeyshavelittletocommunicate,orwearestillmissingalotoftheinformationbiddenintheirgesturesandresponses.”shesaid.“Inaddition,themeaningsseemtonotgobeyondwhatotheranimalscommunicatewiththeirnonverballanguages,So,itseemsthatdifferencestillremainsbetweenhumanlanguageandmonkeys’nonverbalcommunication.”1.AccordingtoDrHobaiter,onlymonkeys’andhumanscan______.A.memorizespecificwordsB.understandcomplexinformationC.usevoicestocommunicateD.communicatemessagesonpurpose2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“They”inparagraph3referto?A.Calls B.Gestures. C.Messages. D.Voices.3.WhatdidDrShultzthinkofthestudy?A.Itwaswelldesignedbutpoorlycarriedout.B.Itwasagoodtrybutthefindingswerelimited.C.Theevidencewasreliablebuttheconclusionisn’tnew.D.Theresultwasdisappointingandthemethodswerewrong.4.Whatisthemainideaofthetext?A.Thecommunicationskillsusedbyanimals.B.Thesmartestspeciesintheanimalkingdom.C.Astudyonmonkeys’communicationgestures.D.Abreakthroughinstudyingmonkeys’behaviors.一．应用文Letter1Yourarticle(November)mentionedadoctor'svisitfor“heatandcompression”treatment.Iboughtaninexpensivemicrowaveablemoist⁃heateyecompressonlineanduseitforseveralminutesatbedtimetohelpopentheoilglands.Plus,thewarmthandritualhelpmerelaxandfallasleep.Nomoremessywashclothcompressesforme!—JulieEvansMinneapolis,MinnesotaLetter2TheQualityInninKodak,Tennessee,turningintoashelterduringahistoricwinterstormshowedsomuchkindnessthatIreadthestorytwice(November).ForSeanPateltoopenhishoteltolocalsinneedduringthestormandpoweroutage,atChristmastimeandforjust$25(thelowestpricethecorporateregulationswouldallow),waspriceless.ThetownisabetterplacebecauseofPatelandhisstaff.—AnnetteWolfeShelton,ConnecticutLetter3Yousuggestedusingtoothpickstoraiseapotlidandpreventthepotfromboilingover(October).Ipreventboiloversbyjustlayingawoodenspoonovertheopenpot.Thespoonwillpopmostofthebubblesoncontact—hasn'tfailedmeyet!—PamSnellgroveLaGrange,GeorgiaLetter4Thestoryaboutasnorkeler,CarterViss,wholosthisarmaftergettinghitbyaspeedboat(October)andthenforgavethedriver,wasamongthemostcompellingI'veeverread.Herewasastoryofhealthandloss,seaandshore,healingandthehopetogetoutofdarknessintolight.Simplymarvelous!—LeanderJonesNorthport,Alabama1.WhichofthefollowinghighlightsLetter1?A.Wefoundafix. B.Dealingwithaneyeproblem.C.Runoverbyaspeedboat. D.Youhavetoreadittwice.2.Whoforgavethedriverafteranaccident?A.AnnetteWolfe. B.PamSnellgrove.C.CarterViss. D.LeanderJones.3.Whatdothesefourlettershaveincommon?A.Theyarenotesaboutpastissues. B.Theygiveadviceonhowtoread.C.Theyareremarksonhumanvirtues. D.Theyofferinformationabouthealth.二ThingstoDowithKidsinSanFranciscoExploratoriumTheExploratoriumisa21st⁃centurylearninglab.Ittakesthebestpartofahands⁃onchildren'smuseumandmixesitwithrealscience,exploration,andadventure.Itisafunandinterestingplaceforchildrenandadultsalike.IwouldnotrecommendtheExploratoriumforchildrenunderage5.PalaceofFineArtsThePalaceofFineArtsisagreatplacetovisitwhenthewe