新教材2024高中英语Unit1ScienceandScientistsSectionIReadingandThinking同步测试新人教版选择性必修第二册

PAGESectionⅠReadingandThinking(1)阅读理解。第一节AThenationaloutpouringofgrief(哀思)atthedeathoftwolegendaryacademicians(院士),asifpeoplehadlostbelovedmembersoftheirownfamilies,offersmuchfoodforthought.At1:02p.m.onMay22nd,2024,liversurgeonWuMengchao,99,diedinShanghai.Hewasknownasthefounderofhepatobiliarysurgery(肝胆外科)inthecountryandwastheteacherofroughly80percentofthenation’sexpertsanddoctorsspecializinginliversurgerytoday.Wuoperatedonthousandsofpatients,andsavedatleast16,000lives.FiveminuteslaterinChangsha,Hunanprovince,agriculturalscientistYuanLongpingdiedattheageof91.Hewasknownas“thefatherofhybridrice”whohelpedliftthenationoutofhunger.Withtheirdedicationtoscienceandcommitmenttothepeople,thetwodevotedtheirlivestosavinglivesandimprovingpeople’slivelihoods.Togetherwithgenerationsoftheirstudents,theynotonlymadeabigdifferencetothelivesoftheChinesepeople,butalsomanylivinginotherdevelopingandleast-developedcountries.WuinsistedthatmedicalscienceishumanitywhileYuan’slifelongdreamwasalwaystoenabletheChinesepeopletofilltheirownbowlswithrice.WhatmakesWuandYuangreatisnotonlytheirachievements,butalsotheirsharedattachmenttothepeople.Thepublic’sspontaneous(自发的)outpouringofgriefattheirdeaths,whichhasbeenrareinthecountryfordecades,showshowmuchtheirdown-to-earthdedicationtoimprovingpeople’slivestouchedheartsthroughoutthecountry.YuanandWuarejusttworepresentativesofthelargenumbersofscientificworkersthathavedevotedtheirlivestotheirresearch,givingthecountry’speople-centereddevelopmentprinciplewithmorepracticalmeaning.Thecountryneedsmorescientiststoinheritandcarryforwardtheirspirit.Eventhoseinotherwalksoflifecandrawinspirationfromthetwoacademicians’commitmenttotheirdreams,careforthepeople,andunconcernaboutmaterialenjoyment,soastomakethebestofwhatlifegrantsforthemselvesandothers.1.WhichtwofieldsdotheWuMengchaoandYuanLongpingspecializein?A.Educationandagriculture.B.Medicineandsocialscience.C.Educationandsocialscience.D.Hepatobiliarysurgeryandagriculture.解析:细微环节理解题。依据其次段中“At1:02p.m.onMay22nd,2024,liversurgeonWuMengchao,99,diedinShanghai.Hewasknownasthefounderofhepatobiliarysurgeryinthecountry...”和“...agriculturalscientistYuanLongpingdiedattheageof91.Hewasknownas‘thefatherofhybridrice’whohelpedliftthenationoutofhunger.”可知,吴孟超和袁隆平分别专攻肝胆外科和农业两个领域。故选D。答案:D2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“dedication”inparagraph3mean?A.Devotion.B.Influence.C.Exploration. D.Respect.解析:词义揣测题。依据第三段中“Withtheirdedicationtoscienceandcommitmenttothepeople,thetwodevotedtheirlivestosavinglivesandimprovingpeople’slivelihoods.”可知,两人靠着对科学和对人民的奉献精神,为挽救生命、改善民生奉献了自己的一生。由此可知,画线词为“奉献、贡献”的意思。故选A。答案:A3.Whydidtheacademicians’deathgrievethewholenation?A.ThemodernInternethelpedtospreadthenews.B.WuandYuanwerewellknownoverthecountry.C.Peoplethoughtitnecessarytofollowthesorrowfultrend.D.Theymadegreatcontributionsandsharedselflesslovetothepeople.解析:细微环节理解题。依据第四段内容可知,使吴、袁宏大的不仅是他们的成就,还有他们对人民的爱。民众自发的哀思之情,几十年来全国少见。这表明他们为改善人民生活而脚踏实地的奉献精神深深打动了全国人民的心。由此可知,举国哀思是因为他们为改善人民生活做出了巨大贡献以及对人民无私的爱。故选D。答案:D4.Whichofthefollowingisasuitabletitleforthetext?A.AsorrowfuldayB.LettheirscientificspiritliveonC.TheintroductionofthetwoacademiciansD.Thegreatcontributionsoftwogreatscientists解析:标题归纳题。依据最终一段内容可知,袁和吴只是众多为科研献身的科学工作者中的两个代表。国家须要更多的科学家来继承和发扬他们的精神。其他各行各业的人都可以从两位院士对幻想的执着、对人民的关怀、对物质享受的淡泊中吸取灵感。该段表明白文章主旨,科学家乃至各行各业的人都要学习、继承和弘扬他们的精神。故选B。答案:BBEdmundHalleywasanEnglishscientistwholivedover200yearsago.Hestudiedtheobservationsofcomets(彗星)whichotherscientistshadmade.Theorbitofoneparticularcometwasaverydifficultmathematicalproblem.Hecouldnotfigureitout.Neithercouldotherscientistswhodealtwithsuchproblems.However,HalleyhadafriendnamedNewton,whowasabrilliantmathematician.Newtonthoughthehadalreadyworkedoutthatproblem,buthecouldnotfindthepapersonwhichhehaddoneit.HetoldHalleythattheorbitofacomethadtheshapeofanellipse(椭圆).NowHalleysettowork.Hefiguredouttheorbitsofsomeofthecometsthathadbeenobservedbyscientists.Hemadeasurprisingdiscovery.Thecometsthathadappearedintheyears1531,1607,and1682allhadthesameorbit.Yettheirappearancehadbeen75to76yearsapart.ThisseemedverystrangetoHalley.Thedifferentcometsfollowedthesameorbit.ThemoreHalleythoughtaboutit,themorehethoughtthattherehadnotbeenthreedifferentcomets,aspeoplethought.Hedecidedthattheyhadsimplyseenthesamecometthreetimes.Thecomethadgoneawayandhadcomebackagain.Itwasanastonishingidea!Halleyfeltcertainenoughtomakeapredictionofwhatwouldhappeninthefuture.Hedecidedthatthiscometwouldappearintheyear1758.Therewere53yearstogobeforeHalley’spredictioncouldbetested.In1758thecometappearedinthesky.Halleydidnotseeit,forhehaddiedsomeyearsbefore.EversincethenthatcomethasbeencalledHalley’scomet,inhishonour.5.HowdidHalleymakehisdiscovery?A.Bydoingexperiments.B.Bymeansofhisowncarefulobservation.C.Byusingtheworkofotherscientists.D.Bychance.解析:细微环节理解题。依据第一段中的“Hestudiedtheobservationsofcometswhichotherscientistshadmade.”可知,哈雷的发觉是他在探讨其他科学家们的视察中得出来的。故选C。答案:C6.WhendidHalleymakeasurprising,butcorrectprediction?A.In1704. B.In1705.C.In1706. D.In1707.解析:推理推断题。依据最终一段中的“Hedecidedthatthiscometwouldappearintheyear1758.Therewere53yearstogobeforeHalley’spredictioncouldbetested.”可知,他预言彗星出现的时间是1758年,而这个预言还要经过53年才能验证,由此可以推断出哈雷做出这个预言的时间是1705年。故选B。答案:B7.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.Halleyandotherscientists.B.Theorbitofacomet.C.NewtonandHalley.D.Halleyandhisdiscovery.解析:主旨大意题。依据全文内容可知,文章主要向我们讲解并描述了科学家哈雷以及他发觉哈雷彗星的故事。故选D。答案:DCHereisanastonishingandsignificantfact:Mentalworkalonecan’tmakeustired.Itsoundsabsurd.Butafewyearsago,scientiststriedtofindouthowlongthehumanbraincouldlabourwithoutreachingastageoffatigue(疲惫).Totheamazementofthesescientists,theydiscoveredthatbloodpassingthroughthebrain,whenitisactive,showsnofatigueatall!Ifwetookadropofbloodfromadaylabourer,wewouldfinditfulloffatiguetoxins(毒素)andfatigueproducts.ButifwetookbloodfromthebrainofanAlbertEinstein,itwouldshownofatiguetoxinsattheendoftheday.Sofarasthebrainisconcerned,itcanworkaswellandswiftlyattheendofeightoreventwelvehoursofeffortasatthebeginning.Thebrainistotallytireless.Sowhatmakesustired?Somescientistsdeclarethatmostofourfatiguecomesfromourmentalandemotionalattitudes.OneofEngland’smostoutstandingscientists,J.A.Hadfield,says,“Thegreaterpartofthefatiguefromwhichwesufferisofmentalorigin.Infact,fatigueofpurelyphysicaloriginisrare.”Dr.Brill,afamousAmericanscientist,goesevenfurther.Hedeclares,“Onehundredpercentofthefatigueofasittingworkeringoodhealthisduetoemotionalproblems.”Whatkindsofemotionsmakesittingworkerstired?Joy?Satisfaction?No!Afeelingofbeingbored,anger,anxiety,tenseness,worry,afeelingofnotbeingappreciated—thosearetheemotionsthattiresittingworkers.Hardworkbyitselfseldomcausesfatigue.Wegettiredbecauseouremotionsproducenervousnessinthebody.8.Whatsurprisedthescientistsafewyearsago?A.Fatiguetoxinscouldhardlybefoundinalabourer’sblood.B.AlbertEinsteindidn’tfeelwornoutafteraday’swork.C.Amentalworker’sbloodwasfilledwithfatiguetoxins.D.Thebraincouldworkformanyhourswithoutfatiguetoxins.解析:细微环节理解题。依据第一段首句“Hereisanastonishingandsignificantfact:Mentalworkalonecan’tmakeustired.”可知,单纯的脑力劳动时间长了不会让人感觉到累。故选D。答案:D9.Accordingtotheauthor,whichofthefollowingcanmakesittingworkerstired?A.Challengingmentalwork.B.Endlesstasks.C.Unpleasantemotions.D.Physicallabour.解析:细微环节理解题。依据最终一段中的“Afeelingofbeingbored,anger,anxiety,tenseness,worry,afeelingofnotbeingappreciated—thosearetheemotionsthattiresittingworkers.”可知,让坐着工作的人感到疲惫的是厌烦、生气、焦虑、惊慌、忧虑以及不被观赏等情感。故选C。答案:C10.What’stheauthor’sattitudetowardsthescientists’ideas?A.Hedoubtsthem.B.Heagreeswiththem.C.Hearguesagainstthem.D.Hehesitatestoacceptthem.解析:推理推断题。依据第一段首句“Hereisanastonishingandsignificantfact:Mentalworkalonecan’tmakeustired.”可知,作者认为这一发觉意义重大,由此可以看出作者是赞同这个观点的。故选B。答案:B其次节依据短文内容,从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。Doyouwanttobeascientist?Ifyou’dliketobeone,youshouldlaythefoundation(基础)forthetaskahead.11.________Takethenecessaryclassesinhighschool.You’llneedtodowellinmathematics.12.________Youcanalsoconsidergoingtoasciencecampduringhighschool.Thereyou’lldomoreintensiveprojectsthanyoudoinyourregularscienceclassesinschool.Startoutwiththebasicsincollege.You’llneedtotakebasiccoursesinbiology,chemistryandphysicstoequipyourselfwiththebasicsofeachscience,aswellasthescientificmethodofobservingandexperimenting.Skillsinoneortwoforeignlanguagesmaybehelpfulaswell,inordertoreadolderscientificpapersthatarewritteninforeignlanguages.13.________14.________Afteryou’vegottenyourfeetwetandyou’refamiliarwiththedirectionsthisworkcouldtakeyou,chooseamajorinamorespecificbranchofscience.Developyourwritingskills.You’llalsoneedtowritewellasascientist,bothtogetmoneyforyourresearchandtopublishyourresultsinscientificmagazines.15.________Alwaysbereadingscientificjournalsandkeepupwiththefield.You’llbeinthosejournalsyourself,intime.Lookovertheirworkforstructureandthebasicsofagoodscientificpaper.A.Getahighereducation.B.Bepatient,andthinkcreatively.C.There’saguideforthepreparationwork.D.Chooseamajorinafieldthatinterestsyou.E.Scientistsinthephysicalsciencesuseagreatdealofmathematics.F.ThemosthelpfullanguagestolearnincludeFrench,GermanandRussian.G.ClassesinEnglishinhighschoolandtechnicalwritingincollegewillhelpyouimproveyourskills.11.解析:依据第一段中的“Ifyou’dliketobeone,youshouldlaythefoundationforthetaskahead.”并结合下文给出的建议可知,本句承上启下,应为说明有一个关于打算工作的指南。故选C。答案:C12.解析:依据空前一句“You’llneedtodowellinmathematics.”可知,此处是讲数学的重要性,本空说明要学好数学的缘由是科学家要用大量的数学学问。故选E。答案:E13.解析:依据空前一句“Skillsinoneortwoforeignlanguagesmaybehelpfulaswell,inordertoreadolderscientificpapersthatarewritteninforeignlanguages.”可知,此处主要讲应学习一到两门外语,故本空应为列举应学习哪些语言。故选F。答案:F14.解析:依据文章结构可知,空处是本段的主旨句,结合下文内容“Afteryou’vegottenyourfeetwetandyou’refamiliarwiththedirectionsthisworkcouldtakeyou,chooseamajorinamorespecificbranchofscience.”可知,这里讲的是选专业的问题。故选D。答案:D15.解析:依据本段主旨句“Developyourwritingskills.”可知,本段主要讲的是培育写作技巧,G项中的technicalwriting与本段主旨相符。故选G。答案:GReadingandThinking(2)[基础测评]Ⅰ.单句语法填空。1.Thevaccinewasusedtoprotectthewholepopulationagainst________(infect).

2.Nothisteachersbutthestudenthimselfisto________(blame)forhisfailureintheexam.

3.Policestatisticsshowthatviolentcrimeis________thedecrease.

4.TheinformationfromtherobotsonMarshasgivenascientific________(prove)whetherwaterexiststhere.

5.Theboywascuriousabouthowthewastepaperwastransformed________modelkites.

6.Thefirehad________(severe)damagedthewarehousebeforethefirefightersarrived.

7.Hewassuspected________givingawaygovernmentsecretstotheenemy.

8.Allthedoorsarefreeof________(handle)andcanopenautomatically.

9.Ihelpedhim________(pure)outoffriendship.

10.Theforestfireislikely________(lose)controlifnoeffectivemeasurescanbetaken.

答案：1.infection2.blame3.on4.proof5.into6.severely7.of8.handles9.purely10.toloseⅡ.用方框中所给短语的正确形式填空。subscribeto,attendto,ingeneral,usedto,betoblame,sothat,intime,thanksto,diefrom,bedeterminedto1.Sometimesparents_____________fortheirchildren’sbadbehaviouratschool.2.Manywildanimalsincludingbirdshave_____________theforestfireinAustralia.3.Thesuspect_____________thefactthathehadenteredthevictim’sroom.4._____________,alearnedmanmakesfewermistakesinlifethanamanwithoutknowledge.5.Manygraduatesdonatedtheirusedbooks_____________morestudentscanbenefitfromtheirkindbehaviour.6.Doctorsfromacrossthecountryare_____________thepatientsattheriskofgettinginfected.7.Encouragedbythestoryofthegreatscientist,Linda_____________carryonhereducation.8.Thecauseofthepowerfailurewasfoundout_____________afteraone-hourexamination.9._____________yourtimelywarning,weavoidedwastingalotoftimeincarryingouttheproject.10.Myfamily_____________liveinthecitybutnowwehavemovedtothecountryside.答案：1.aretoblame2.diedfrom3.subscribedto4.Ingeneral5.sothat6.attendingto7.isdeterminedto8.intime9.Thanksto10.usedtoⅢ.语法填空。InthetimesofQueenVictoriapeoplewereexposedtocholera,adeadlydisease.Neitheritscausenoritscure1.________(know).Oncetherewas2.________outbreak,somanythousandsofterrifiedpeopledied.JohnSnow,awell-knowndoctorwhoonceattended3.________thequeen,wasdetermined4.________(solve)theproblem.Oneofthe5.________(theory)saidthatcholerawascausedbygermsinfoodorwater.Hesubscribedtoit6.________heneededproof.Hemadeamap,7.________(mark)theexactplaceswherethevictimshadlived.Asaresult,hecouldannouncethe8.________(true)thatwhatwastoblameforitwasthewaterfromthepump.Later,throughinvestigation,hefoundpeoplewere9.________(little)likelytogetcholeraiftheydrankpureorboiledwater.ThankstoJohnSnow,“KingCholera”wasdefeated10.________thewayscientistsstudydiseaseswasalsotransformed.

答案：1.wasknown2.an3.to4.tosolve5.theories6.but7.marking8.truth9.less10.and[提升测评]Ⅳ.阅读理解。RobertJarvik,bornonMay11,1946inMichiganandraisedinStamford,isamedicalscientistandresearcher,whoplayedanimportantroleintheinventionoftheartificialheart.Hewasinterestedinmedicinefromayoungage.Hewatchedhisfatherperformoperationsandgainedapatent(专利权)foramachineappliedinthemedicaloperationbeforehegraduatedfromhighschool.JarvikattendedSyracuseUniversityandconsideredacareerinart.Whenhisfatherdevelopedheartdiseasesuddenly,hedecidedthentoworkonamedicalcareer.Heappliedtomedicalschools,butwasnotadmittedtoanyschoolsintheUS.Beforelong,hewasadmittedtothemedicalschoolinItalyandstayedtherefortwoyears.HereturnedtogetadegreeinmedicinefromNewYorkUniversityin1971.Afterworkingforaperiodoftime,Jarvikgotajobintheorgantransplant(器官移植)programmeattheUniversityofUtahin1972.Heworkedwiththedirectoroftheprogramme,WillemKolff,whoinventedthekidneydialysis(肾透析)machine.BythetimeJarvikcametotheUniversityofUtah,theorganprogrammehadalreadydevelopedtheprimaryartificialheart.Heimproveditbycreatingadiaphragm(横膈膜),whichsolvedmanyissueswiththeheart.Eventually,hecreatedthefirstartificialheartin1981,theJarvik-7,tobeplacedinahumanpatient,whichwasconsideredoneofthemostimportantinventionsinhumanhistory.BarneyClark,aretireddentistsufferingfromseriousheartdisease,receivedtheJarvik-7transplantonDecember2,1982.Helivedfor112daysaftertheoperation,butthetransplantwasconsideredasuccess.1.Howdoestheauthordevelopthetext?A.Bycomparingopinionsfromdifferentfields.B.Byfollowingthenaturaltimeorder.C.Bydiscussingresearchexperiments.D.Bypresentingsomeresearchresults.解析:细微环节理解题。本文是一篇人物传记,主要介绍美国闻名的医学科学家罗伯特·贾维克在独创人造心脏方面做出的巨大贡献。通读全文可知,作者依据时间先后依次对罗伯特·贾维克进行了介绍。故选B。答案:B2.WhatdoyouknowaboutRobertJarvikfromthetext?A.Hewasgoodatobservationandmadeaninventionwhenhewasyoung.B.Hewasbornandraisedinthesameplacewherehisparentsworked.C.Hebegantohelphisfatherfromayoungagewhenheperformedoperations.D.HewasadmittedtoanAmericanmedicalschoolsoonafterhegraduatedfromcollege.解析:推理推断题。依据第一段最终一句“Hewatchedhisfatherperformoperationsandgainedapatentforamachineappliedinthemedicaloperationbeforehegraduatedfromhighschool.”可知,罗伯特·贾维克看他爸爸做手术并在中学毕业前获得一项专利,由此可以推断他擅长视察并做出了独创。故选A。答案:A3.WhatisthegreatestachievementforRobertJarvikasamedicalscientist?A.Hecreatedthefirstartificialheartin1981.B.Heinventedthekidneydialysismachine.C.Hedidthefirsthearttransplantoperation.D.Hecreatedadiaphragmtofitinsideaheart.解析:细微环节理解题。依据第四段最终一句“Eventually,hecreatedthefirstartificialheartin1981,theJarvik-7,tobeplacedinahumanpatient,whichwasconsideredoneofthemostimportantinventionsinhumanhistory.”可知,罗伯特·贾维克创建了人类历史上第一个人造心脏,这是他作为医学科学家的一个最宏大的成就。故选A。答案:AⅤ.完形填空。Doyouthinkyouhavewhatittakestobeasuccessfulscientist?Asuccessfulscientistisgenerallyagoodobserver.Hemakesfull1ofthefactsheobserves.Hedoesn’tacceptideaswhicharenot2onobviousfacts,andthereforerefusestoacceptauthorityastheonlyreasonfortruth.Healwayschecksideas3andmakesexperimentstoprovethem.

Theriseofmodernsciencemayperhapsbeconsideredto4asfarbackasthetimeofRogerBacon,thewonderfulphilosopherofOxford,wholivedbetweentheyears1214and1292.HewasprobablythefirstintheMiddleAgesto5thatweshouldlearnsciencebyobservingand6onthethingsaroundus,andhehimself7manyimportanttruths.

Galileo(1564-1642),8,wholivedmorethan300yearslater,wasthegreatestofseveralgreatmeninItaly,France,GermanyandEngland,whobegantoshowhowmanyimportant9couldbediscoveredbyobservationbydegrees.BeforeGalileo,learnedmenbelievedthatlargebodiesfellmorerapidlytowardstheearththansmallones,10Aristotlesaidso.ButGalileo,goingtothe11oftheLeaningTowerofPisa,letfalltwounequalmetalballsandprovedAristotlewaswrong.ItisGalileo’sspiritofgoingdirecttonature,andprovingour12andtheoriesbyexperiment,thathas13allthediscoveriesofmodernscience.

What14thosepeoplegoodscientists?FromtheexampleofGalileo,weknowclearlythat15scientistsarethosewhoseobservationshaveproducedbetterresults.

1.A.use B.senseC.speed D.trust解析:use运用;sense意识;speed速度;trust信任。依据语境可知