2019年全国硕士研究生招生考试《英语一》真题及解析

2019年全国硕士研究生招生考试《英语一》真题及解析材料题根据以下材料，回答1-20题Today,weliveinaworldwhereGPSsystems,digitalmaps,an（江南博哥）dothernavigationappsareallavailableonoursmartphones.1ofusjustwalkstraightintothewoodswithoutaphone.Butphones2onbatteries,andbatteriescandiefasterthanwerealize.3yougetlostwithoutaphoneoracompass,andyou4can'tfindnorth,afewtricksmayhelpyounavigate5tocivilization,oneofwhichistofollowtheland.Whenyoufindyourselfwell6atrail,butnotinacompletely7area,youhavetoanswertwoquestions:Which8isdownhill,inthisparticulararea?Andwhereisthenearestwatersource?Humansoverwhelminglyliveinvalleys,andonsuppliesoffreshwater.9,ifyouheaddownhill,andfollowanyH20youfind,youshould10seesignsofpeople.Ifyou'veexploredtheareabefore,keepaneyeoutforfamiliarsights-youmaybe11howquicklyidentifyingadistinctiverockortreecanrestoreyourbearings.Another12:Climbhighandlookforsignsofhumanhabitation.13,evenindenseforest,youshouldbeableto14gapsinthetreelineduetoroads,traintracks,andotherpathspeoplecarve15thewoods.Headtowardthese16tofindawayout.Atnightscanthehorizonfor17lightsources,suchasfiresandstreetlights,thenwalktowardtheglowoflightpollution.18,assumingyou'relostinanareahumanstendtofrequent,lookforthe19weleaveonthelandscape.Trailblazes,tiretracks,andotherfeaturescan20youtocivilization.查看材料1.【完形填空】第1题答案是_____.A.SomeB.MostC.FewD.All正确答案：C参考解析：此题考查词义辨析和上下文语境。首句为主题句：今天，我们生活在一个GPS定位系统，数字地图和其他导航应用程序都能在我们的智能手机中找到的世界里。空格所在句指出：我们中的________在没有电话的情况下直接走进树林。空格句前谈到我们生活在一个靠智能手机指引的世界里，所以句意为在没有手机的情况下我们很少有人走进树林。本句由without和few构成双重否定表肯定。根据句意应填入few“几乎没有人”，符合题意，故选c。查看材料2.【完形填空】第2题答案是A.put

B.take

C.run

D.come正确答案：C参考解析：此题考查固定搭配。runonbattery表示手机用电池发动，运行。其他选项：puton“穿上，使运转”，takeon“承担，呈现”，comeon“快点，开始”，代入文中，语义不通顺，故选c。查看材料3.【完形填空】第3题答案是_____.A.SinceB.If

C.ThoughD.Until正确答案：B参考解析：此题考查逻辑关系。空格所在句译文：_____你在没有手机和指南针的情况下迷路，______找不到北方，我们有一些技巧可以帮助你导航_____文明之地。联系上下文，此处为假设的情况，故填入if，符合题意，故选B。查看材料4.【完形填空】第4题答案是____.A.formallyB.relativelyC.graduallyD.literally正确答案：D参考解析：空格所在句译文：如果你在没有手机和指南针的情况下迷路，_____找不到北方，我们有一些技巧可以帮助你导航_______文明之地。此处literally表示“确实地，真正地”，代入原文，语义通顺，即确实找不到北方，故选D。代入其他选项后，不符合原文意思，故排除。查看材料5.【完形填空】第5题答案是____.A.back

B.next

C.around

D.away正确答案：A参考解析：空格所在句译文：如果你在没有手机和指南针的情况下迷路，确实找不到北方，我们有一些技巧可以帮助你_____导航文明之地。前文讲lost(迷路)，此处填入back(回到)文明之地，相互呼应，故选A。查看材料6.【完形填空】第6题答案是______.A.ontoB.off

C.across

D.along正确答案：B参考解析：此处考查词义辨析和词组搭配。空格所在句的译文为：当你____路径，但不是完全____的区域，你需要回答两个问题：在这个特殊区域，哪条_____是下坡?哪里有最近的水源?通过后半句的问题，能了解到前面是当你偏离轨道，迷失踪迹的时候。B项off意为“逃离，离开”符合语义要求，故选B。查看材料7.【完形填空】第7题答案是______.A.unattractiveB.uncrowdedC.unchangedD.unfamiliar正确答案：D参考解析：此处考查词义辨析。空格所在句的前一句说迷失踪迹，偏离轨道。空格所在后半句but开头，所填入的形容词需要和前面构成逻辑转折关系，虽然偏离轨道，但也不是完全不熟悉的路。只有D项unfamiliar“不熟悉的”，符合题意。A项意为“不吸引人的”，B项意为“宽敞的”，C项意为“未改变的”，均不符合题意，故排除。查看材料8.【完形填空】第8题答案是_____.A.site

B.point

C.way

D.place正确答案：C参考解析：此处考查词义辨析。空格所在句句意：你需要回答两个问题，在这个特殊区域，哪个_____是下坡?哪里有最近的水源?空格处所填的词需要符合上下文语境。c项意为“道路”，即哪个是下坡路?符合语义要求。查看材料9.【完形填空】第9题答案是_____.A.So

B.Yet

C.Instead

D.Besides正确答案：A参考解析：此处考查词逻辑关系。空格所在句的前一句指出：生活在山谷的人，基本都靠淡水为生。后面也就是空格所在句：_____如果你下山，沿着水走，你_____会发现人类的迹象。很明显空格处所填的连词和前面构成因果逻辑关系，只有A项符合题意，故选A。查看材料10.【完形填空】第10题答案是______.A.immediatelyB.intentionallyC.unexpectedlyD.eventually正确答案：D参考解析：此处考查词义辨析。空格所在句句意：所以如果你下山，沿着你找到的水一直走，你_____会看到人类的迹象。空格处所需的副词需要符合本句语境并使句子通顺。D项eventually“最后，终于”，符合语义要求，故选D。A项意为“立刻”，B项意为“有意地”，c项意为“出乎意料地”，三个选项代入空格均不符合题意。查看材料11.【完形填空】第11题答案是______.A.surprisedB.annoyedC.frightenedD.confused正确答案：A参考解析：空格所在句提到：如果你之前去过这个地方，一定要注意熟悉的景象，你或许会_____识别出一块特征明显的岩石或树木能如此快速地帮助你恢复方位感。此句明显体现了积极褒义的感情色彩，根据这个线索，可直接选出A项为正确答案，即“你或许会惊讶于……”查看材料12.【完形填空】第12题答案是______.A.problemB.option

C.view

D.result正确答案：B参考解析：这里提到了一个关键词another，所以说明它所指代的内容在上文中提到过，且后面有冒号解释说明：爬到高处，寻找人类居住的迹象。说明这也是另一种方法，所以只有option最合适，故选B。查看材料13.【完形填空】第13题答案是______.A.AboveallB.IncontrastC.OnaverageD.Forexample正确答案：D参考解析：此处考查上下文逻辑。此处需要根据空格前后两句话之间的语义关系来选择。空格前提到“另一个办法就是来寻找有人类居住的迹象”是一种大致的方法，后面内容是具体分析，所以用表示举例分析的forexample最合适，故选D。查看材料14.【完形填空】第14题答案是_____.A.bridgeB.avoid

C.spot

D.separate正确答案：C参考解析：结合原文语境，“即使是在茂密的森林里，你也能够_____林木线的缝隙。”所以这里填上的动词需与缝隙搭配，只有spot“观察”，符合题意，故选C。查看材料15.【完形填空】第15题答案是_____.A.fromB.through

C.beyond

D.under正确答案：B参考解析：空格处需填入介词来和前面的动词carve及后面的名词woods构成顺畅的语义搭配。Carve_____thewoods：在森林中开辟道路，B项through用法最恰当，故选B。查看材料16.【完形填空】第16题答案是_____.A.postsB.links

C.shades

D.breaks正确答案：D参考解析：本题空格前有一个指示代词these，通过语义，“these_____”指代上文的“roads，traintracks，andotherpaths”，并有定语从句“peoplecarvethroughthewoods”修饰，从语义上看，breaks“岔路口”最合适，即朝着这些岔路口走，找到一条出路，故选D。查看材料17.【完形填空】第17题答案是______.A.artificialB.mysteriousC.hidden

D.limited正确答案：A参考解析：本题所在句子“scan…for_____lightsources”，与本段开头“lookforsignsofhumanhabitation”结构一致，语义相关，空格处所填的形容词和human意思相近，选择artificial“人造的”。除此之外，该空后所列举的两种光源的共同特点就是artificial“人工的，人造的”，故选A。查看材料18.【完形填空】第18题答案是____.A.FinallyB.ConsequentlyC.IncidentallyD.Generally正确答案：A参考解析：本空位于段首，并由逗号隔开，所以考查上下文逻辑。空后为条件状语从句“assumingyou”，与上文构成顺接递进关系，选项中，只有finally表顺接递进，故选A。查看材料19.【完形填空】第19题答案是_____.A.memoriesB.marks

C.notes

D.belongings正确答案：B参考解析：空格后的定语从句“weleaveonthelandscape”，由语义得知此处应填“标记”，即假设你迷失在一个人类常去的地方，寻找我们在风景中留下的标记，故选B。查看材料20.【完形填空】第20题答案是______.A.restrictB.adopt

C.lead

D.expose正确答案：C参考解析：本空主要考查语义搭配，所填动词需要与主语“Trailblazes，tiretracksandotherfeatures”，宾语“you”，以及不定式“tocivilization”之间构成完整语义，所以此处填lead“引导”最合适，即引导你回归文明之地，故选C。材料题根据以下材料，回答21-25题FinancialregulatorsinBritainhaveimposedaratherunusualruleonthebossesofbigbanks.Startingnextyear,anyguaranteedbonusoftopexecutivescouldbedelayed10yearsiftheirbanksareunderinvestigationforwrongdoing.Themainpurposeofthis"clawback"ruleistoholdbankersaccountableforharmfulrisk-takingandtorestorepublictrustinfinancialinstitutions.Yetofficialsalsohopeforamuchlargerbenefit:morelong-termdecision-makingnotonlybybanksbutbyallcorporations,tobuildastrongereconomyforfuturegenerations."Short-termism"orthedesireforquickprofits,hasworsenedinpubliclytradedcompanies,saystheBankofEngland'stopeconomist,AndrewHaldane.Hequotesagiantofclassicaleconomics,AlfredMarshall,indescribingthisfinancialimpatienceasactinglike"childrenwhopicktheplumsoutoftheirpuddingtoeatthematonce"ratherthanputtingthemasidetobeeatenlast.TheaveragetimeforholdingastockinboththeUnitedStatesandBritain,henotes,hasdroppedfromsevenyearstosevenmonthsinrecentdecades.Transientinvestors,whodemandhighquarterlyprofitsfromcompanies,canhinderafirm'seffortstoinvestinlong-termresearchortobuildupcustomerloyalty.Thishasbeendubbed"quarterlycapitalism."Inaddition,newdigitaltechnologieshaveallowedmorerapidtradingofequities,quickeruseofinformation,andthusshorterattentionspansinfinancialmarkets."Thereseemstobeapredominanceofshort-termthinkingattheexpenseoflong-terminvesting,"saidCommissionerDanielGallagheroftheUSSecuritiesandExchangeCommissioninaspeechthisweek.IntheUS,theSarbanes-OxleyActof2002haspushedmostpubliccompaniestodeferperformancebonusesforseniorexecutivesbyaboutayear,slightlyhelpingreduce"short-termism."InitslatestsurveyofCEOpay,TheWallStreetJournalfindsthat"asubstantialpart"ofexecutivepayisnowtiedtoperformance.Muchmorecouldbedonetoencourage"long-termism,"suchaschangesinthetaxcodeandquickerdisclosureofstockacquisitions.InFrance,shareholderswhoholdontoacompanyinvestmentforatleasttwoyearscansometimesearnmorevotingrightsinacompany.Withincompanies,therightcompensationdesigncanprovideincentivesforexecutivestothinkbeyondtheirowntimeatthecompanyandonbehalfofallstakeholders.Britain'snewruleisaremindertobankersthatsocietyhasaninterestintheirperformance,notjustfortheshorttermbutforthelongterm.查看材料21.【阅读理解PartA】AccordingtoParagraph1,onemotiveinimposingthenewruleisto______.A.enhancebankers'senseofresponsibility.B.helpcorporationsachievelargerprofits.C.buildanewsystemoffinancialregulation.D.guaranteethebonusesoftopexecutives.正确答案：A参考解析：细节题。根据题干关键词“paragraph1”和“onemotiveinimposingthenewrule”可定位在文章第一段第三句“Themainpurposeofthis‘clawback’ruleistoholdbankersaccountableforharmfulrisk-takingandtorestorepublictrustinfinancialinstitution．”，由此可知这个规则的主要目的是让银行家为不良风险负责以及修复公众对金融机构的信任。对比四个选项，只有A项enhancebanks’senseofresponsibility“增加银行的责任感”与原文表述一致，故为正确答案。查看材料22.【阅读理解PartA】AlfredMarshallisquotedtoindicate_____.A.theconditionsforgeneratingquickprofits.B.governments'impatienceindecision-making.C.thesolidstructureofpubliclytradedcompanies.D."short-termism"ineconomicactivities.正确答案：D参考解析：根据题干中的AlfredMarshall可定位在文章第二段最后一句“…AlfredMarshall，indescribingthisfinancialimpatienceasactinglike…”，其中的“thisfinancialimpatience”指上文提到的“short-termism”，也就是AlfredMarshall描述“短期主义”的行为就像……，由此可知，D项“short-termism”ineconomicactivities“经济活动中的‘短期主义”’为正确答案。其他选项在原文均未提及，故排除。查看材料23.【阅读理解PartA】Itisarguedthattheinfluenceoftransientinvestmentonpubliccompaniescanbe_____.A.indirect.B.adverse.C.minimal.D.temporary.正确答案：B参考解析：由题干中的关键词“transientinvestment”定位到文章第三段第二句“Transientinvestors，whodemandhighquarterlyprofitsfromcompanies，canhinderafirm’seffortstoinvestinlong-termresearchortobuildupcustomerloyalty．”，由此可知，短期投资会对公司的长期规划设阻，并影响客户的忠诚度。B项adverse“不利的”对应原文“hinder”，故为正确选项。ACD项在原文并未提及，故排除。查看材料24.【阅读理解PartA】TheUSandFranceexamplesareusedtoillustrate_____.A.theobstaclestopreventing"short-termism".B.thesignificanceoflong-termthinking.C.theapproachestopromoting"long-termism".D.theprevalenceofshort-termthinking.正确答案：C参考解析：根据题干定位到文章第五、第六段，第五段为美国的例子，主要讲述美国延迟发放才上任一年左右的高管绩效津贴，继而促进缓解“短期主义”盛行的现状。第六段为法国的例子，主要讲述法国持股两年以上者拥有更多的选票权。第六段首句承前启后讲到“Muchmorecouldbedonetoencourage'longtermism'"，即促进“长期主义”还有很多做法。C项theapproachestopromotinglong-termism“促进‘长期主义’的方法”，与原文一致，故为正确答案。查看材料25.【阅读理解PartA】Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?A.FailureofQuarterlyCapitalismB.PatienceasaCorporateVirtueC.DecisivenessRequiredofTopExecutivesD.FrustrationofRisk-takingBankers正确答案：B参考解析：主旨大意题。综观全文，文章围绕西方国家的金融企业的“短期主义”投资和“长期主义”投资展开。第一段由金融管理者制订一项限制高管津贴措施引出全文中心话题，促进金融投资的“长期主义”规划；第二段介绍了目前英国银行高管中“短期主义”投资愈发盛行；第三段指出“短期主义”投资的弊端；第四段主要介绍美国现阶段仍然通过技术手段使得“短期主义”投资愈发盛行；第五、第六段点明美法两国为促进“短期主义”投资所采取的措施；文章尾段再次呼应首段，点明英国新政提醒银行家们注重“长期主义”投资。B项Patience对应文章中反复出现的short-termism和long．termism，Corporate本身在文章就多次出现，所以为最佳标题。背景材料材料题根据以下材料，回答26-30题Gradeinflation—thegradualincreaseinaverageGPAs(grade-pointaverages)overthepastfewdecades—isoftenconsideredaproductofaconsumererainhighereducation,inwhichstudentsaretreatedlikecustomerstobepleased.Butanother,relatedforce—apolicyoftenburieddeepincoursecatalogscalled"gradeforgiveness"-ishelpingraiseGPAs.Gradeforgivenessallowsstudentstoretakeacourseinwhichtheyreceivedalowgrade,andthemostrecentgradeorthehighestgradeistheonlyonethatcountsincalculatingastudent'soverallGPA.Theuseofthislittle-knownpracticehasacceleratedinrecentyears,ascollegescontinuetodotheirutmosttokeepstudentsinschool(andpayingtuition)andimprovetheirgraduationrates.Whenthispracticefirststarteddecadesago,itwasusuallylimitedtofreshmen,togivethemasecondchancetotakeaclassintheirfirstyeariftheystruggledintheirtransitiontocollege-levelcourses.Butnowmostcolleges,saveformanyselectivecampuses,allowallundergraduates,andevengraduatestudents,togettheirlowgradesforgiven.Collegeofficialstendtoemphasizethatthegoalofgradeforgivenessislessaboutthegradeitselfandmoreaboutencouragingstudentstoretakecoursescriticaltotheirdegreeprogramandgraduationwithoutincurringabigpenalty."Ultimately,"saidJackMine,OhioStateUniversity'sregistrar,"weseestudentsachievemoresuccessbecausetheyretakeacourseanddobetterinsubsequentcoursesormasterthecontentthatallowsthemtograduateontime."Thatsaid,thereisawayinwhichgradeforgivenesssatisfiescolleges'ownneedsaswell.Forpublicinstitutions'statefundsaresometimestiedpartlytotheirsuccessonmetricssuchasgraduationratesandstudentretention—sobettergradescan,byboostingfigureslikethose,meanmoremoney.AndanythingthatraisesGPAswilllikelymakestudents—who,attheendofthedayarepayingthebill-feelthey'vegottenabettervaluefortheirtuitiondollars,whichisanotherbigconcernforcolleges.Indeed,gradeforgivenessisjustanotherwaythatuniversitiesarerespondingtoconsumers'expectationsforhighereducation.Sincestudentsandparentsexpectacollegedegreetoleadtoajob,itisinthebestinterestofaschooltoturnoutgraduateswhoareasqualifiedaspossible—oratleastappeartobe.Onthis,students'andcolleges'incentivesseemtobealigned.查看材料26.【阅读理解PartA】Whatiscommonlyregardedasthecauseofgradeinflation?A.Thechangeofcoursecatalogs.B.Students'indifferencetoGPAs.C.Colleges'neglectofGPAs.D.Theinfluenceofconsumerculture.正确答案：D参考解析：根据题干关键词定位到文章第一段第一句，句子主干“Gradeinflation…isoftenconsideredaproductofaconsumererainhighereducation…”可知高校分数膨胀问题通常被认为是消费者至上时代的产物。选项Theinfluenceofconsumerculture“消费者至上文化的影响”正是该句原因的同义表达，故选D。查看材料27.【阅读理解PartA】Whatwastheoriginalpurposeofgradeforgiveness?A.Tohelpfreshmenadapttocollegelearning.B.Tomaintaincolleges'graduationrates.C.Topreparegraduatesforachallengingfuture.D.Toincreaseuniversities'incomefromtuition.正确答案：A参考解析：根据题干要求定位到文章第三段第二句。该句中的thispractice对应题干中的gradeforgiveness，firststarted对应题干中的original，而以不定式短语“…togivethemasecondchancetotakeaclassintheirfirstyeariftheystruggledintheirtransitiontocollege-levelcourses．”为目的，即……给他们第二次机会去上课，对应题干中的purpose，故正确答案为A项Tohelpfreshmenadapttocollegelearning“帮助大一新生适应大学学习”。查看材料28.【阅读理解PartA】AccordingtoParagraph5,gradeforgivenessenablescollegesto______.A.obtainmorefinancialsupport.B.boosttheirstudentenrollments.C.improvetheirteachingquality.D.meetlocalgovernments'needs.正确答案：A参考解析：根据题干关键词可定位到文章第五段第一句。通过第一句话可以看出“gradeforgiveness”满足了大学自己的需要，而具体的需要在第二句体现。因此，本题真正的答案出于第二句“Forpublicinstitutions’statefundsaresometimestiedpartlytotheirsuccessonmetricssuchasgraduationratesandstudentretention——sobettergradescan,byboostingfigureslikethose,meanmoremoney．”，即对于大学来讲，国家的基金有时候是跟一些因素有关的。比如，毕业率和学生在学率，因此好的分数意味着钱。由此可知“gradeforgiveness”使大学能够获得更多的国家的基金，这与A项obtainmorefinancialsupport“获得更多的经济支持”匹配，故选A。

查看材料29.【阅读理解PartA】Whatdoesthephrase"tobealigned"(Para.6)mostprobablymean?A.Tocounterbalanceeachother.B.Tocomplementeachother.C.Tobeidenticalwitheachother.D.Tobecontradictorytoeachother.正确答案：C参考解析：根据题目定位到文章第六段最后一句“Onthis,students’andcolleges’incentivesseemtobealigned．”，解决本题的关键是this指代的内容，根据上文“Sincestudentsandparentsexpectacollegedegreetoleadtoajob，itisinthebestinterestofaschooltoturnoutgraduateswhoareasqualifiedaspossible—oratleastappeartobe．”可知由于学生和家长都希望通过大学学历找工作，因此符合学校最佳利益的便是尽可能地证明学生的能力——或者说至少看起来如此，即学生和学校有着共同的利益目标，所以正确答案选C。查看材料30.【阅读理解PartA】Theauthorexaminesthepracticeofgradeforgivenessby______.A.assessingitsfeasibility.B.analyzingthecausesbehindit.C.comparingdifferentviewsonit..D.listingitslong-runeffects.正确答案：B参考解析：由题干可知，表面上问作者通过什么论述方式来探讨gradeforgiveness的实践操作，实际是考全文的主旨写作手法，方法即是串读每段段落的大意句，把握作者的论述角度。文章的每段都突出了gradeforgiveness能够满足大学自身的需求，这也是分析了gradeforgiveness的原因。因此，该题答案是B项analyzingthecausesbehindit。材料题根据以下材料，回答31-35题ThisyearmarksexactlytwocenturiessincethepublicationofFrankenstein;or,TheModernPrometheus,byMaryShelley.Evenbeforetheinventionoftheelectriclightbulb,theauthorproducedaremarkableworkofspeculativefictionthatwouldforeshadowmanyethicalquestionstoberaisedbytechnologiesyettocome.Todaytherapidgrowthofartificialintelligence(AI)raisesfundamentalquestions:"Whatisintelligence,identity,orconsciousness?Whatmakeshumanshumans?"Whatisbeingcalledartificialgeneralintelligence,machinesthatwouldimitatethewayhumansthink,continuestoevadescientists.Yethumansremainfascinatedbytheideaofrobotsthatwouldlook,move,andrespondlikehumans,similartothoserecentlydepictedonpopularsci-fiTVseriessuchas"Westworld"and"Humans."Justhowpeoplethinkisstillfartoocomplextobeunderstood,letalonereproduced,saysDavidEagleman,aStanfordUniversityneuroscientist."Wearejustinasituationwheretherearenogoodtheoriesexplainingwhatconsciousnessactuallyisandhowyoucouldeverbuildamachinetogetthere."Butthatdoesn'tmeancrucialethicalissuesinvolvingAIaren'tathand.Thecominguseofautonomousvehicles,forexample,posesthornyethicalquestions.Humandriverssometimesmustmakesplit-seconddecisions.Theirreactionsmaybeacomplexcombinationofinstantreflexes,inputfrompastdrivingexperiences,andwhattheireyesandearstelltheminthatmoment.AI"vision"todayisnotnearlyassophisticatedasthatofhumans.Andtoanticipateeveryimaginabledrivingsituationisadifficultprogrammingproblem.Wheneverdecisionsarebasedonmassesofdata,"youquicklygetintoalotofethicalquestions,"notesTanKiatHow,chiefexecutiveofaSingapore-basedagencythatishelpingthegovernmentdevelopavoluntarycodefortheethicaluseofAI.AlongwithSingapore,othergovernmentsandmega-corporationsarebeginningtoestablishtheirownguidelines.Britainissettingupadataethicscenter.IndiareleaseditsAIethicsstrategythisspring.OnJune7Googlepledgednotto"designordeployAI"thatwouldcause"overallharm,"ortodevelopAI-directedweaponsoruseAIforsurveillancethatwouldviolateinternationalnorms.ItalsopledgednottodeployAIwhoseusewouldviolateinternationallawsorhumanrights.Whilethestatementisvague,itrepresentsonestartingpoint.SodoestheideathatdecisionsmadebyAIsystemsshouldbeexplainable,transparent,andfair.Toputitanotherway:Howcanwemakesurethatthethinkingofintelligentmachinesreflectshumanity'shighestvalues?OnlythenwilltheybeusefulservantsandnotFrankenstein'sout-of-controlmonster.查看材料31.【阅读理解PartA】MaryShelley'snovelFrankensteinismentionedbecauseit______.A.fascinatesAIscientistsallovertheworld.B.hasremainedpopularforaslongas200years.C.involvessomeconcernsraisedbyAItoday.D.hassparkedseriousethicalcontroversies.正确答案：C参考解析：根据题干关键词定位到文章第一段最后一句话“Evenbeforetheinventionoftheelectriclightbulb，theauthorproducedaremarkableworkofspeculativefictionthatwouldforeshadowmanyethicalquestionstoberaisedbytechnologiesyettocome．”，即甚至在电灯发明之前，作者创作了这部举世瞩目的推测性小说，这部小说预示了很多即将到来的技术所带来的很多道德伦理方面的问题。由此可知C项“涉及了一些今天Al人工智能带来的担忧”为正确答案，其中，involves对应foreshadow，someconcerns对应manyethicalquestions。其余选项在原文均无依据，故排除。查看材料32.【阅读理解PartA】InDavidEagleman'sopinion,ourcurrentknowledgeofconsciousness______.A.helpsexplainartificialintelligence.B.canbemisleadingtorobotmaking.C.inspirespopularsci-fiTVseries.D.istoolimitedforustoreproduceit.正确答案：D参考解析：细节题。根据题干信息DavidEagleman找到定位点第四段第二句“‘Wearejustinasituationwheretherearenogoodtheoriesexplainingwhatconsciousnessactuallyisandhowyoucouldeverbuildamachinetogetthere．”’，即我们仍然处在没有确凿的理论解释“意识”是什么，而且也不能发明机器实现这一点。从这句话就能选择D项istoolimitedforUStoreproduceit“对于我们来说我们能力太有限以致于不能去复制它”。查看材料33.【阅读理解PartA】Thesolutiontotheethicalissuesbroughtbyautonomousvehicles______.A.canhardlyeverbefound.B.isstillbeyondourcapacity.C.causeslittlepublicconcern.D.hasarousedmuchcuriosity.正确答案：B参考解析：根据题干可定位到文章第五段第二句。该句出现forexample，可知autonomousvehicle是具体例子。文中的例子是为了证明论点，应往前看，即证明第一句的观点：涉及人工智能的伦理问题在我们身边，说明问题依然存在。B项与题干结合，含义为：找出由自动驾驶车带来的人工智能伦理问题的解决方法超出了我们的能力，与文章含义一致。A项过于绝对，CD项原文未提及，故选B。查看材料34.【阅读理解PartA】Theauthor'sattitudetowardGoogle'spledgesisoneof______.A.affirmation.B.skepticism.C.contempt.D.respect.正确答案：A参考解析：根据题干可定位到文章第七、第八段。但第七段都是在讲Google’spledge，继续看第八段，开头while，表转折，whilethestatementisvague，与vague意思相反的即是作者的观点。vague“模糊的、暧昧的”，是负向情感的词语，相反方向应是正向情感。BC项都是负向情感，D项虽是正向情感，但程度太深，所以选A。查看材料35.【阅读理解PartA】Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?A.AI'sFuture:IntheHandsofTechGiantsB.Frankenstein,theNovelPredictingtheAgeofAIC.TheConscienceofAI:ComplexButInevitableD.AIShallBeKillersOnceOutofControl正确答案：C参考解析：本文首段通过引用MaryShelley的书引出本文要探讨的话题，即新技术所引发的道德问题。第二段更是明确指出AI引起了一些问题。第三段和第四段是对第二段的详细论述，表明我们并不能确定智能化的程度，以及因为所处环境的复杂无法定义人类自我意识。而在第五段转折之后明确指出Al所涉及的道德问题已经触手可及了。全篇复现了Al和conscience这两个关键词，因此正确答案为C项“人工智能的道德问题：复杂但是不可避免”。背景材料材料题根据以下材料，回答36-40题StateswillbeabletoforcemorepeopletopaysalestaxwhentheymakeonlinepurchasesunderaSupremeCourtdecisionThursdaythatwillleaveshopperswithlighterwalletsbutisabigfinancialwinforstates.TheSupremeCourt'sopinionThursdayoverruledapairofdecades-olddecisionsthatstatessaidcostthembillionsofdollarsinlostrevenueannually.Thedecisionsmadeitmoredifficultforstatestocollectsalestaxoncertainonlinepurchases.Thecasesthecourtoverturnedsaidthatifabusinesswasshippingacustomer'spurchasetoastatewherethebusinessdidn'thaveaphysicalpresencesuchasawarehouseoroffice,thebusinessdidn'thavetocollectsalestaxforthestate.Customersweregenerallyresponsibleforpayingthesalestaxtothestatethemselvesiftheyweren'tchargedit,butmostdidn'trealizetheyoweditandfewpaid.JusticeAnthonyKennedywrotethatthepreviousdecisionswereflawed."Eachyearthephysicalpresencerulebecomesfurtherremovedfromeconomicrealityandresultsinsignificantrevenuelossestothestates,"hewroteinanopinionjoinedbyfourotherjustices.Kennedywrotethattherule"limitedstates'abilitytoseeklong-termprosperityandhaspreventedmarketparticipantsfromcompetingonanevenplayingfield."Therulingisavictoryforbigchainswithapresenceinmanystates,sincetheyusuallycollectsalestaxononlinepurchasesalready.Now,rivalswillbechargingsalestaxwheretheyhadn'tbefore.Bigchainshavebeencollectingsalestaxnationwidebecausetheytypicallyhavephysicalstoresinwhateverstateapurchaseisbeingshippedto.A,withitsnetworkofwarehouses,alsocollectssalestaxineverystatethatchargesit,thoughthird-partysellerswhousethesitedon'thaveto.Untilnow,manysellersthathaveaphysicalpresenceinonlyasinglestateorafewstateshavebeenabletoavoidchargingsalestaxeswhentheyshiptoaddressesoutsidethosestates.SellersthatuseeBayandEtsy,whichprovideplatformsforsmallersellers,alsohaven'tbeencollectingsalestaxnationwide.UndertherulingThursday,statescanpasslawsrequiringout-of-statesellerstocollectthestate'ssalestaxfromcustomersandsendittothestate.Retailtradegroupspraisedtheruling,sayingitlevelstheplayingfieldforlocalandonlinebusinesses.Thelosers,saidretailanalystNeilSaunders,areonline-onlyretailers,especiallysmallerones.Thoseretailersmayfaceheadachescomplyingwithvariousstatesalestaxlaws.TheSmallBusinessandEntrepreneurshipCounciladvocacygroupsaidinastatement,"Smallbusinessesandinternetentrepreneursarenotwellservedatallbythisdecision."查看材料36.【阅读理解PartA】TheSupremeCourtdecisionThursdaywill______.A.betterbusinesses'revolutionswithstates.B.putmostonlinebusinessesinadilemma.C.makemoreonlineshopperspaysalestax.D.forcesomestatestocutsalestax.正确答案：C参考解析：根据题干关键词定位到文章第一段第一句“StateswillbeabletoforcemorepeopletopaysalestaxwhentheymakeonlinepurchasesunderaSupremeCourtdecisionThursdaythatwillleaveshopperswithlighterwalletsbutisabigfinancialwinforstates．”，由此可知最高法院的裁决可能让州政府去强制消费者在网上购物时要上交销售税，直接得出c项makemoreonlineshopperspaysalestax“让更多的在线购物者支付销售税”。查看材料37.【阅读理解PartA】ItcanbelearnedfromParagraphs2and3thattheoverruleddecisions______.A.haveledtothedominanceofe-commerce.B.havecostconsumersalotovertheyears.C.werewidelycriticizedbyonlinepurchasers.D.wereconsideredunfavorablebystates.正确答案：D参考解析：根据题干定位到文章第二段“…thatstatessaidcostthembillionsofdollarsinlostrevenueannually．Thedecisionsmadeitmoredifficultforstatestocollectsalestaxoncertainonlinepurchases．”，由此可知，州政府抱怨之前的政策导致每年税收损失惨重，原政策让州政府很难收取网上购物的营业税。综合可知，D项wereconsideredunfavorablebystate“州政府认为原政策对州不利”为正确答案。查看材料38.【阅读理解PartA】AccordingtoJusticeAnthonyKennedy,thephysicalpresencerulehas______.A.hinderedeconomicdevelopment.B.broughtprosperitytothecountry.C.harmedfairmarketcompetition.D.boostedgrowthinstates'revenue.正确答案：C参考解析：根据题干定位到文章第四段第二句“‘EachyearthephysicalpresencerulebecomesfurtherremovedfromeconomicrealityandresultsinsignificantrevenuelossestotheStates’…”，由此可知实体店规定导致州政府税收亏损严重，由第三句“…therule‘limitedstates’abilitytoseeklong-termprosperityandhaspreventedmarketparticipantsfromcompetingonanevenplayingfield．”’可知该规定限制了州政府寻求长期繁荣的能力，并妨碍了所有市场参与者公平竞争，从而得出C项harmedfairmarketcompetition“破坏了市场公平竞争”。查看材料39.【阅读理解PartA】WhoaremostlikelytowelcometheSupremeCourtruling?A.Internet

entrepreneurs.B.Big-chainowners.C.Third-partysellers.D.Smallretailers.正确答案：B参考解析：根据题干细节“mostlikelytowelcometheSupremeCourtruling”定位到文章第五段第一句“Therulingisavictoryforbigchains…”，由此可知这项裁决对于大型连锁公司来说是个胜利，从而得出B项Big-chainowners“大型连锁公司”。查看材料40.【阅读理解PartA】IndealingwiththeSupremeCourtdecisionThursday,theauthor______.A.givesafactualaccountofitanddiscussesitsconsequences.B.describesthelongandcomplicatedprocessofitsmaking.C.presentsitsmainpointswithconflictingviewsonthem.D.citessomecasesrelatedtoitandanalyzestheirimplications.正确答案：A参考解析：整篇文章首段直接点明最高法院通过新的裁决，征收在线营业税。然后第二、第三、第四段列出一些与此有关的案例，第五、第六、第七段论其对行业内各界的影响。由此得知A项giveafactualaccountofitanddiscussitsconsequences“给出了事实说明并讨论其影响”为正确答案。文章中并未提及最高法院裁决得制定过程，故排除B项。文章第五段至第七段虽然提到，新裁决之下有“赢家”，也有“输家”，但这只能说明新裁决并不是对所有组织都有利，而且文章也只是在末尾提到了小企业和互联网企业并未从新裁决中获得益处，并没有花大篇幅强调这一矛盾，故排除c项“用相互矛盾的观点陈述其要点”。文章在阐述新裁决的相关影响时，简单列举了一些案例，但并未就案例本身所造成的影响进行分析，故排除D项“列举了一些与此相关的案例，并分析了它们的影响”。材料题根据以下材料，回答41-45题A．Thesetoolscanhelpyouwineveryargument—notintheunhelpfulsenseofbeatingyouropponentsbutinthebettersenseoflearningab