东盟能源小册子第二卷：东盟核能发展

ASEANEnergy

BookletVolume2

NuclearEnergyDevelopmentinASEAN

DoweneednuclearenergyinASEAN?

DoweneednuclearenergyinASEAN?

EnergytransitioninASEAN

In2022,around34.3%and28.9%ofthegeneratedpowerintheASEANregionwasfromcoalandgas,respectively,whilerenewableenergyonlytookuparound33.29%.Theregionneedstoacceleratethedevelopmentofcleanerenergygenerationbyusingitsdiverseresourcepotential.

FossilvsRenewablesInstalledCapacityin2022

33.29%

Energytransitioninvolvesshiftingfromfossilfuelsandacceleratingthedevelopmentofrenewableenergy(RE).ThroughtheASEANPlanofActionforEnergyCooperation(APAEC)PhaseII,theregionaimstoachievea23%REshareoftotalprimaryenergysupplyby2025.Astheregioncontinuesitsjourneytowardssustainability,increasingtheregion’sshareofcleanerenergytechnologiesisabsolutelyfundamental.

66.71%

Whynuclearmattersinenergytransition?

FossilFuelsRenewableEnergy

Nuclearpower’sglobalimpactonemissionsreduction

TheAMShavepledgedstrongcommitmentstoreducingcarbonemission,asreflectedintheincreasingrenewableenergyshareof33.29%ininstalledcapacityin2022.WhileVariableRE(VRE)isverygoodforemissionsreductionbutposesstabilitychallengesduetoitsintermittency.Nuclearpowerhowever,provideslow-carbonelectricitywhilealsomaintainingsystemstability.NuclearenergyhasthelowestGHGemissionsperkWhofelectricityamongothertechnology,rangesfrom5.1–6.4gCO2eq/kWh(IAEA,2022).Accordingtothe7thASEANEnergyOutlook,theASEANregionisconsideringtheintroductionofabout5.2GWofnuclearpowercapacityby2050(ACE,2022)

CarbonEmissionsAvoided

(inGigatonnesofCO2Emission)

UnitedStatesEuropeanUnion

JapanSouthKoreaCanada

OtheradvancedeconomiesEMDEs

70

mm

Emphasisingitsvitalroleinachievingglobalclimategoalsandsustainableenergytransitions,theIEA’s2021reportonnuclearpowerhighlighted

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

1990199520002005201020152020

Year

theemissionreductionfromnuclearpowerutilisation,whichhasavoidedapproximatelyover65gigatonsofCO2emissionsince1971.Thedataemphasisethevitalroleofnuclearpowerinachievingglobalclimategoalsandsustainableenergytransitions.

ACE.AllrightsreservedNuclearEnergyDevelopmentinASEAN|01

BasedonInstalledCapacity

SmallModularReactors(SMRs)

▪Capacity:Upto300MW

▪Potentiallylowerupfrontinvestmentcosts

▪Modulardesignforeasiershipment,installation,andfasterconstruction.

Medium/Large-ScaleReactors

▪Capacity:400–1750MW

▪Providessubstantialbaseloadelectricity

▪Smallercarbonfootprintcomparedtootherbaseloadtechnologies

Whataretherecentdevelopmentsofnuclearpowertechnologies?

Therearetwomethodsinharnessingnuclearenergy,namelynuclearfusionandfission.Whilenuclearfusiontechnologyisstillinthedevelopmentphase,nuclearfissiontechnologyhasbeenwidelyusedforgeneratingelectricity.Nuclearfissiontechnologyisusuallyclassifiedonthebasisofcapacityandtypeofreactor

Thesearethenucleartechnologiesthatarecurrentlyoperationalorarestillunderdevelopment,withdiverserangeofdesignsusedinnuclearenergygeneration.

CanadaDeuteriumUraniumReactors

Imagesource:nuclearfaq.ca

PressurizedWaterReactors

containmentstructure

reactor

turbine

generator

condensar

Imagesource:NRC

primarycircuitheatdumpcircuit

Gas-cooledReactors(GCRs)

Imagesource:Nukeworker

ReaktorBolshoy

MoshchnostyKanalny

BoilingWaterReactors

generat

or

turbine

condenser

Imagesource:NRC

primarycircuitsecondarycircuittertiarycircuit

(heatdump)

BasedonTypesofOperableReactors

Imagesource:Hackaday

vessel

ACE.AllrightsreservedNuclearEnergyDevelopmentinASEAN|02

Whatarethekeysuccessindevelopingnucleartechnology?

Learningfromadvancedcountriesthatusenucleartechnologyintheirenergymix,herearetheimportantmilestonesindevelopingnuclearpower.

Establishastrongpoliticalwilltowardsnuclearpowerandrelevantinstitutionsthroughresearch,regulatorymeasures,etc.

Establishrelatedpoliciesandlawstosupportnucleardevelopment

Establishderivativeenergypoliciesandregulationsfortheuseofnuclearpower

Buildnuclearpowerplants

China

France

Japan

EstablishmentofChinaInstituteofAtomicEnergyoftheChineseAcademyofScience(1950)

EstablishmentoftheNationalNuclearSafetyAdministration(1984)

GridintegrationoftheQinshanNuclearPowerPlant(1991)

EstablishmentofEnergyDevelopmentStrategyPlan,2014-2020in2014tocutrelianceoncoalandpromotecleanenergy(2014)

Fundednuclearresearchprogram

(1954)

DevelopmentofAtomicEnergyBasic

LawandEstablishmentofAtomicEnergyOrganisations(1955-1956)

OperationofTokaiNuclearPowerPlantasthefirstNPPinJapan(1966)

EstablishmentofEnergyPolicyLaw

(2002)tomoveawayfromfossilfuels

InclusionofnuclearpowergenerationinthelatestPDP

CreationofFrenchAlternativeEnergiesandAtomicEnergyCommistion(1945)

Developmentoftheinitialnuclearenergyplan(1952)andlaunchingofthefirstplutogenicreactor(1956)

The1973oilcrisisincreasedFrance’soilbillby400%withintwoyears

DevelopmentoftheMessmerPlanin1973(Constructionofover13NPPs)

Planstoincreasenuclearcapacityto70GWby2025asreflectedinthedraft14thFive-YearPlan(2021)

ACE.AllrightsreservedNuclearEnergyDevelopmentinASEAN|03

Howisthpofuclearey

devlomntinASEAN?

egtiooli

IOcter23signean

Sigeemtswitthe

EstablishedVINOMand

E

ofthe

cutiverdeNucleaerg

edinnte

164

ogram

022

As

andedippine

TENa

sion

M

meCoo

Oceof

fort24

TrigPustiReacto

ACEAllrightsreservedNuclearEnergyDevelopmentinASEAN|04

e

ro

g

r

e

s

s

n

n

e

r

g

e

p

e

The

p

ro

g

re

ss

o

f

nu

cl

ea

r

en

e

rg

y

de

v

el

op

m

ent

in

A

S

EA

N

h

as

b

e

en

c

h

ar

ac

te

ri

se

d

by

or

ga

ni

sa

ti

on

s

e

xi

st

in

g

re

a

ct

or

s

pl

ans

a

nd

r

u

la

ns

an

d

p

ci

es

a

m

on

g

m

e

m

be

r

co

u

nt

ries

,

,

.

M

YANMAR

CAM

BO

DIA

★

VIET

NA

M

ob

20

d

d

h

AT

n

MO

Uw

ith

R

uss

,

ia’s

RO

SA

TO

M

go

never

nm

agrent

o

enf

Russia

a

nd

Vi

etn

am

At

om

ic

ne

rgy

t

o

co

op

era

te

o

n

nu

cle

ar

Ch

ina

on

n

uclear

e

ne

rgy

Ag

en

cy.

D

ev

elo

ped

D

a

Lat

i

nfr

ast

ruc

ture

a

ss

ess

me

nt

co

ope

rat

ion

.

re

sea

rch

re

actor

in

196

3

and

and

en

ha

nce

me

nt.

su

spend

N

inh

T

hu

an

si

nce

★

PHIL

IPP

INES

20ec

16on

om

duic

e

con

todit

ion

cP

oulan

ntryned

to

de

ve

lop

sm

.

all

-sc

ale

LAO

PDR

In

the

P

hili

ppine

Ene

rgy

P

lan

nu

cle

ar

re

act

or

po

st

2030

Sig

ned

s

ev

era

l

MO

Us

and

20

23

-2

050,

the

cou

ntr

ys

ets

(P

DP8

2

02

1–

2

030,

with

a

agr

eements

w

ith

Ru

ssia

’s

1,2

the

n

00

uclear

MW

b

ca

2

pac

032

ity

tar4

00MW

get

at

vi

sion

to

wa

rds

20

45

).

RO

SAT

OM

.

by

203

5

y

a

nd

,2a

,t

le

ast

4,5

00

MW

by

2

050.

SIN

GAP

ORE

IN

DO

NES

IA

Ac

tivi

ties

an

d

und

ert

aki

ngs

in

BA

TAA

N

N

UCL

EAR

P

OW

ER

P

LA

N

T

(1

98

4)

suind

ppoica

rt

ted

i

n

sethe

ta

P

rge

hili

ts

pp

are

ine

C

ons

ide

ring

nu

clea

r

as

a

E

O

2

Esta

bli

she

d

BA

nuc

PE

lea

rr

egu

lat

orynd

Nu

cle

ar

E

ne

rgy

Pr

ogr

am

long

-

ter

m

opti

on05

for0

ne

t-z

ero

the

mP

hil

at

by

xe

r

En

rPr

s

ignI

r-A

nc

,

ageres

ncyear

,

ch

ag

enc

y,

BRI

N.

In

the

Ro

ad

map

20

23

-

20

50.

emis

sb

y2

.

Co

mm

itt

ee

(NEP

-IAC)

s

ha

llr

yec

om

me

nd

t

he

us

gee

an

yd

pro

ces

so

fe

sta

bli

shing

NE

PIO

Fu

rther,

the

P

hilip

pin

es

via

bili

ty

of

the

m

oth

ba

lled

621

W

B

ataan

N

uc

lea

r

t

o

pre

par

e

for

NPPs

Ag

lik

ewi

ree

se

nt

s

fo

ign

r

ed

rat

the

ion

THA

ILA

ND

Power

P

lan

t(

BN

PP)

.

dev

elo

pm

ent

for

its

f

irst

Co

nc

ern

ing

Pe

ac

efu

pelU

ses

of

nuc

lea

rre

ac

tor

by

20

35

Nu

cle

ar

En

erg

y

or

the

1

23

Fo

cu

sed

on

re

se

arch

r

eac

tor,

Cu

rre

ntly,

t

he

De

pa

rtment

o

fE

ne

rgy

(DOE)

i

sf

aci

lita

tin

g

Ag

ree

me

nt

wi

th

the

Unit

ed

Tr

iga

M

ark

II

Ia

nd

p

lan

ned

the

f

ina

liz

ation

of

the

pro

po

sed

Me

m

ora

nd

um

o

f

St

ates

whic02

h

was

20

put

i

nto

nuwi

cleth

ar

T

pow

hai

er

lan

pla

d's

nts

by

ffi

20

36,

Un

de

rst

anding

(

MOU)

o

n

the

F

ea

sibi

lity

S

tudy

of

th

e

M

ALA

YSI

A

ce

las

J

uly

.

At

om

for

P

eac

ea

sr

eg

ulat

ory

BN

PP

R

eha

bil

ita

tion

w

ith

the

Ko

rea

H

yd

ro

and

N

uc

lea

r

ag

en

cy

and

T

hail

and

N

ucl

ear

Power

C

o.

Ltd

.(KH

NP

).”

Foc

use

d

on

res

ea

rch

re

RT

act

P)

or

In

stit

ute

of

Te

ch

nol

ogy

a

sa

with

a

a

pa

N

ati

ona

l

r(

Nu

cle

ar

re

sea

rch

ag

en

cy.

Tec

hn

ology

Poli

cy

2021

-

2030

.

WhatchallengesdoesASEANfaceindevelopingnuclearpowerplants?

Thefourmainchallengesrelatetoinfrastructure,finance,technicalquestions,andsocietalconcerns

Infrastucture&Technical

▪SomeASEANMemberStates(AMS)straddlethetectonicbeltofvolcanoesknownasthe

“PacificRingofFire”

.Nuclearwastemanagement

requiresadvancedtechnologiesandlong-termplanningtoensureenvironmentalandpublicsafety.

▪Establishmentandenhancementofsafetyinfrastructure.

Policy&Regulation

.“NuclearPhase-out”policiesinadvancedcountrieswithnuclearintheenergymix,post-Fukushimaincident

▪Theelectricitypoliciesare

non-inclusivetonuclearpower

.Strictregulationsand

customarytoensurecompliancewithinternationalsafetystandards(IAEA,2022)

Financial

.Highupfrontcost,highfuelprice(especiallyforimportingcountries)

.Limitedaccesstofinancingorfinancingschemesandgainingtraction/attractivenessofnuclearprojectsfromafinancialinstitutionalpointofview.

Social

.Nuclearliteracytoovercomepublicperceptioninnuclearenergy'ssafetyandreliability

.Limitedhumanresource

capabilitiesonnuclear

ACE.AllrightsreservedNuclearEnergyDevelopmentinASEAN|05

W

opoggrggy

d

he

p

at

loy

a

re

n

tu

hc

e

lear

e

n

ae

n

b

lee

rgy

r

s

a

in

n

dA

dS

riE

vA

e

rN

s?

n

e

e

d

e

d

t

o

In

A

S

EA

N

t

he

s

y

ne

rg

y

b

et

w

ee

n

e

nv

ir

on

m

ental

co

m

m

it

m

en

ts

sp

ace

e

ffi

ci

e

nc

y,

re

g

ul

at

or

y

in

fr

as

tr

uc

tu

re

d

ev

el

m

,

e

nt

nd

te

ch

n

ol

ic

al

p

ro

ess

a

re

p

ro

p

ell

in

th

e

,

ad

o

pt

io

n

of

n

uc

le

ar

e

n

er

s

ol

ut

io

ns

,a

.

C

Net(N

C

Thne

pa

De(N

nu

DCs)

ou

e

t-zrt

teDC

cle

-Zero

nt

AMero

rms),

ar

rie

S

of

ine

en

s'E

arem

d

drierg

Comi

e

issth

viny.

ionseir

mss

mo

g

mio

vin

Co

i

itmns

(N

g

Nntr

nte

e

toZE

atiibu

res

nt

wa)

onatio

t

to

rdsas

llyns

in

CO

2

C

O2

SmFo

Nu

ph

theenrea

les

tive

ergctor

aot

cle

ysi

sl

c

llPpr

ar

cal

surys

an

lea

hyint

p

f

fac

our

d

ne

ower

si

oo

e

rceequco

ne

ca

tp

les.ire

mprgy

rint,

l

of

ssAs

areo

dtopti

fer

tsin

s

sa

imhangleign

ons

pa

nuificalt

.

sm

ctiothcleanern

all

ng

erartlya-

O2

EsReRe

Haes

enre

gren

ergygul

taseg

lftab

owerg

atory

bliarula

lis

ingy

shchto

ofhed

re

rad

mAry

t

seab

eaopt

en

geA

hede

rcodi

dinion

nciesut

to

dic

h

es

ess

.

f

ho

Aate

age

,if

Nu

riti

MSd

nc

ndior

clearand

nuies

es

catn

cleara

ha

ingucl

ve

nd

aear

AdInDe

Neoffnuexnu

resca

de

vano

ve

wercle

percle

ou

pa

vel

ncingva

oped

lo

and

eartsar

rcebili

pment

tio

excit

oties

.

powersu

n

meing

g

n

Nuand

rowth,

rgi

gg

nu

cl

ngpo

est

cle

w

eaWo

tessigr

.

ar

ou

rPrk

chbiliow

te

ld

ower:fo

noltiesth,Thr

hch

nical

rc

ogi

ou

um

e

esforasgh

an

be

ACE.AllrightsreservedNuclearEnergyDevelopmentinASEAN|06

WhatopportunitiescouldarisefromnuclearenergydevelopmentinASEAN?

ThedevelopmentofnuclearenergyinASEANcouldofferseveralopportunitiesacrossvarioussectors:

1.Providingflexibleandreliableelectricitywithlow-carbonemissions,contributingtothedecarbonisationofthepowergenerationsector.

2.PotentialofusinggeneratedheatfromNuclearReactorforotherapplicationotherthanpower,suchasdistrictheating,hydrogenproduction,andwaterdesalination.

DistrictHeating

WaterDesalination

HydrogenProduction

source:

source:

source:

ACE.Allrightsreserved

NuclearEnergyDevelopmentinASEAN|07

WhatarethenextstepsforASEANtocontinuedevelopingnuclearenergy?

ThenextstepsfornuclearenergydevelopmentinASEANinvolveacomprehensiveapproachthataddresseskeyconsiderationsandchallenges.HerearesomeimportantactionsandconsiderationsinadvancingnuclearenergyinASEAN:

EstablishLegalandRegulatoryFrameworksforNuclearSafety

Legalandregulatoryframeworksarerequiredtoensurethesafeoperationofnuclearpowerplantsinthefuture.

IntegrateEnablingPoliciesand

RegulationonNuclearPowerintheNationalandRegionalEnergy

Planning

Considernuclearpowergenerationinthelong-termnationalpower/generationdevelopmentplan,alongwiththeimplementationroadmapandregionalMeasurement,Reporting,andVerification(MRV)framework

IncreasingNuclearLiteracyandCapacity

Increasenuclearliteracythroughworkshops,capacitybuildings,andtrainings.

PromotingRegionaland

InternationalCollaboration

Fosterregionalandinternationalcooperationasforum/informationexchangetolearnthebestpracticesandupdateonthecurrenttrends,technology,andotherimportantaspectsofNPPdevelopment.

EstablishNuclearEnergyPlanningCoordination

EstablishNEPIOtobettercoordinateeffortsamongthemanyorganisationsandindividualsthathaverolesinthenuclearenergyplanningandexecutionprocess.

FinancingMechanismandInvestmentPlan

EstablishingasuitableandattractivefinancingmechanismandclearinvestmentplanfornuclearinfrastructuredevelopmentshouldenablehighernuclearutilisationinASEAN.

ACE.AllrightsreservedNuclearEnergyDevelopmentinASEAN|08

ACEstudies&projectstoincreasenuclearliteracyinASEAN

Throughtargetedstudiesandprojects,ACEaimstoelevateawarenessandknowledgeregardingnuclear

technologies,applications,andsafetymeasuresamongASEANmemberstates.Theseinitiativesplayapivotalroleinfosteringinformeddiscussionsanddecision-makingaroundnuclearenergy,therebycontributingto

regionalenergysecurityandsustainabilitygoals

ASEANNuclearEnergyPortal

EngagementwiththeGlobalCooperationonNuclearEnergyPartnershipIndiaandKoreaNuclearAssociation

CivilianNuclearEnergyFactsheet(2020)

PolicybriefonSmallModularReactor(SMR)DeploymenttowardsaLow-CarbonASEANEconomy(2022)

ACE.AllrightsreservedNuclearEnergyDevelopmentinASEAN|09

References

DataSources

▪ASEANCentreforEnergy,“The7ᵗʰASEANEnergyOutlook”(2022).

▪IEA,“NuclearPowerandSecureEnergyTransitions”(2022).

▪IAEA,“ClimateChangeandNuclearPower”(2022).

▪WNA,“PerformanceReport”(2023).

▪CNA“HowaNuclearReactorWorks”.

▪WNA,“NuclearPowerinJapan”(2024)

▪WNA,“NuclearPowerinChina”