太阳能电池行业英语词汇4

Photovoltaic(PV)Array—AninterconnectedsystemofPV

modules

thatfunctionasasingleelectricity-producingunit.Themodulesareassembledasadiscretestructure,withcommonsupportormounting.Insmallersystems,anarraycanconsistofasinglemodule.

Photovoltaic(PV)Cell—ThesmallestsemiconductorelementwithinaPV

module

toperformtheimmediateconversionoflightintoelectricalenergy(

directcurrent

voltage

and

current

).Alsocalledasolarcell.

Photovoltaic(PV)ConversionEfficiency—Theratiooftheelectricpowerproducedbyaphotovoltaicdevicetothepowerofthesunlightincidentonthedevice.

Photovoltaic(PV)Device—Asolid-stateelectricaldevicethatconvertslightdirectlyinto

directcurrent

electricityofvoltage-currentcharacteristicsthatareafunctionofthecharacteristicsofthelightsourceandthematerialsinanddesignofthedevice.Solarphotovoltaicdevicesaremadeofvarious

semiconductor

materialsincluding

silicon

,

cadmiumsulfide

,

cadmiumtelluride

,and

galliumarsenide

,andinsinglecrystalline,

multicrystalline

,oramorphousforms.

Photovoltaic(PV)Effect—Thephenomenonthatoccurswhen

photons

,the"particles"inabeamoflight,knock

electrons

loosefromtheatomstheystrike.Whenthispropertyoflightiscombinedwiththepropertiesof

semiconductor

s,electronsflowinonedirectionacrossa

junction

,settingupa

voltage

.Withtheadditionofcircuitry,currentwillflowandelectricpowerwillbeavailable.

Photovoltaic(PV)Generator—ThetotalofallPVstringsofaPVpowersupplysystem,whichareelectricallyinterconnected.

Photovoltaic(PV)Module—Thesmallestenvironmentallyprotected,essentiallyplanarassemblyofsolarcellsandancillaryparts,suchasinterconnections,terminals,[andprotectivedevicessuchas

diodes

]intendedtogenerate

directcurrent

powerunderunconcentratedsunlight.Thestructural(

load

carrying)memberofamodulecaneitherbethetoplayer(superstrate)orthebacklayer(

substrate

).

Photovoltaic(PV)Panel—oftenusedinterchangeablywithPV

module

(especiallyinone-modulesystems),butmoreaccuratelyusedtorefertoaphysicallyconnectedcollectionofmodules(i.e.,alaminatestringofmodulesusedtoachievearequired

voltage

and

current

).

Photovoltaic(PV)System—Acompletesetofcomponentsforconvertingsunlightintoelectricitybythe

photovoltaic

process,includingthe

array

and

balanceofsystem

components.

Photovoltaic-Thermal(PV/T)System—Aphotovoltaicsystemthat,inadditiontoconvertingsunlightintoelectricity,collectstheresidualheatenergyanddeliversbothheatandelectricityinusableform.Alsocalledatotalenergysystem.

PhysicalVaporDeposition—Amethodofdepositing

thinsemiconductorphotovoltaicfilms

.Withthismethod,physicalprocesses,suchasthermalevaporationorbombardmentofions,areusedtodepositelemental

semiconductor

materialona

substrate

.

P-I-N—Asemiconductor

photovoltaic(PV)device

structurethatlayersanintrinsicsemiconductorbetweenap-typesemiconductorandan

n-typesemiconductor

;thisstructureismostoftenusedwith

amorphoussilicon

PVdevices.

Plates—Ametalplate,usuallyleadorleadcompound,immersedinthe

electrolyte

ina

battery

.

P/N—A

semiconductor

photovoltaicdevice

structureinwhichthe

junction

isformedbetweenap-typelayerandann-typelayer.

PocketPlate—Aplatefora

battery

inwhichactivematerialsareheldinaperforatedmetalpocket.

Point-ContactCell—Ahighefficiency

silicon

photovoltaic

concentrator

cellthatemployslighttrappingtechniquesandpoint-diffusedcontactsontherearsurfaceforcurrentcollection.

Polycrystalline—See

Multicrystalline

.

PolycrystallineSilicon—Amaterialusedtomake

photovoltaiccell

s,whichconsistofmanycrystalsunlike

single-crystalsilicon

.

PowerConditioning—Theprocessofmodifyingthecharacteristicsofelectricalpower(fore.g.,inverting

directcurrent

to

alternatingcurrent

).

PowerConditioningEquipment—Electricalequipment,orpowerelectronics,usedtoconvertpowerfroma

photovoltaicarray

intoaformsuitableforsubsequentuse.Acollectivetermfor

inverter

,converter,batterychargeregulator,and

blockingdiode

.

PowerConversionEfficiency—Theratioofoutputpowertoinputpowerofthe

inverter

.

PowerDensity—Theratioofthepoweravailablefromabatterytoitsmass(W/kg)orvolume(W/l).

PowerFactor(PF)—Theratioofactualpowerbeingusedinacircuit,expressedin

watts

or

kilowatts

,tothepowerthatisapparentlybeingdrawnfromapowersource,expressedinvolt-amperesorkilovolt-amperes.

PrimaryBattery—A

battery

whoseinitial

capacity

cannotberestoredbycharging.

ProjectedArea—Thenetsouth-facingglazingareaprojectedonaverticalplane.

P-TypeSemiconductor—Asemiconductorinwhich

holes

carrythecurrent;producedby

doping

an

intrinsicsemiconductor

withan

electron

acceptor

impurity(e.g.,

boron

in

silicon

).

Pulse-Width-Modulated(PWM)WaveInverter—Atypeofpower

inverter

thatproduceahighquality(nearlysinusoidal)voltage,atminimumcurrentharmonics.

PV—See

photovoltaic(s)

.

Pyranometer—Aninstrumentusedformeasuringglobalsolar

irradiance

.

Pyrheliometer—Aninstrumentusedformeasuring

directbeam

solar

irradiance

.Usesanapertureof5.7°totranscribethesolardisc.

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Q

Quad—Onequadrillion

Btu

(1,000,000,000,000,000Btu).

QualificationTest—Aprocedureappliedtoaselectedsetof

photovoltaicmodules

involvingtheapplicationofdefinedelectrical,mechanical,orthermalstressinaprescribedmannerandamount.Testresultsaresubjecttoalistofdefinedrequirements.

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R

RatedBatteryCapacity—Thetermusedbybatterymanufacturerstoindicatethemaximumamountofenergythatcanbewithdrawnfromabatteryunderspecifieddischargerateandtemperature.See

batterycapacity

.

RatedModuleCurrent(A)—Thecurrentoutputofa

photovoltaicmodule

measuredat

standardtestconditions

of1,000w/m2and25�Ccelltemperature.

RatedPower—Ratedpowerofthe

inverter

.However,someunitscannotproduceratedpowercontinuously.See

dutyrating

.

ReactivePower—Thesineofthephaseanglebetweenthe

current

and

voltage

waveforms

inan

alternatingcurrent

system.See

powerfactor

.

Recombination—Theactionofafreeelectronfallingbackintoa

hole

.Recombinationprocessesareeitherradiative,wheretheenergyofrecombinationresultsintheemissionofaphoton,ornonradiative,wheretheenergyofrecombinationisgiventoasecondelectronwhichthenrelaxesbacktoitsoriginalenergybyemittingphonons.Recombinationcantakeplaceinthebulkofthesemiconductor,atthesurfaces,inthejunctionregion,atdefects,orbetweeninterfaces.

Rectifier—Adevicethatconverts

alternatingcurrent

to

directcurrent

.See

inverter

.

Regulator—Preventsoverchargingofbatteriesbycontrollingchargecycle-usuallyadjustabletoconformtospecificbatteryneeds.

RemoteSystems—See

stand-alonesystems

.

ReserveCapacity—Theamountofgeneratingcapacityacentralpowersystemmustmaintaintomeet

peakloads

.

Resistance(R)—Thepropertyofa

conductor

,whichopposestheflowofan

electriccurrent

resultinginthegenerationofheatintheconductingmaterial.Themeasureoftheresistanceofagivenconductoristheelectromotiveforceneededforaunitcurrentflow.Theunitofresistanceis

ohms

.

ResistiveVoltageDrop—Thevoltagedevelopedacrossa

cell

bythe

current

flowthroughtheresistanceofthecell.

ReverseCurrentProtection—Anymethodofpreventingunwanted

current

flowfromthebatterytothe

photovoltaicarray

(usuallyatnight).See

blockingdiode

.

Ribbon(Photovoltaic)Cells—Atypeof

photovoltaicdevice

madeinacontinuousprocessofpullingmaterialfromamoltenbathofphotovoltaicmaterial,suchas

silicon

,toformathinsheetofmaterial.

RMS—See

rootmeansquare

.

RootMeanSquare(RMS)—Thesquarerootoftheaveragesquareoftheinstantaneousvaluesofanacoutput.ForasinewavetheRMSvalueis0.707timesthepeakvalue.Theequivalentvalueof

alternatingcurrent

,I,thatwillproducethesameheatingina

conductor

withresistance,R,asadccurrentofvalueI.

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S

SacrificialAnode—Apieceofmetalburiednearastructurethatistobeprotectedfromcorrosion.Themetalofthesacrificial

anode

isintendedtocorrodeandreducethecorrosionoftheprotectedstructure.

SatellitePowerSystem(SPS)—ConceptforprovidinglargeamountsofelectricityforuseontheEarthfromoneormoresatellitesingeosynchronousEarthorbit.Averylargearrayofsolarcellsoneachsatellitewouldprovideelectricity,whichwouldbeconvertedtomicrowaveenergyandbeamedtoareceivingantennaontheground.There,itwouldbereconvertedintoelectricityanddistributedthesameasanyothercentrallygeneratedpower,throughagrid.

SchottkyBarrier—A

cellbarrier

establishedastheinterfacebetweena

semiconductor

,suchas

silicon

,andasheetofmetal.

Scribing—Thecuttingofagridpatternofgroovesinasemiconductormaterial,generallyforthepurposeofmakinginterconnections.

SealedBattery—Abatterywithacaptiveelectrolyteandaresealingventcap,alsocalledavalve-regulatedbattery.Electrolytecannotbeadded.

SeasonalDepthofDischarge—Anadjustmentfactorusedinsomesystemsizingprocedureswhich"allows"thebatterytobegraduallydischargedovera30-90dayperiodofpoorsolar

insolation

.Thisfactorresultsinaslightlysmaller

photovoltaicarray

.

SecondaryBattery—A

battery

thatcanberecharged.

Self-Discharge—Therateatwhicha

battery

,withouta

load

,willloseitscharge.

Semiconductor—Anymaterialthathasalimitedcapacityforconductinganelectriccurrent.Certainsemiconductors,including

silicon

,

galliumarsenide

,

copperindiumdiselenide

,and

cadmiumtelluride

,areuniquelysuitedtothe

photovoltaic

conversionprocess.

Semicrystalline—See

Multicrystalline

.

SeriesConnection—Awayofjoining

photovoltaiccell

sbyconnectingpositiveleadstonegativeleads;suchaconfigurationincreasesthe

voltage

.

SeriesController—A

chargecontroller

thatinterruptsthechargingcurrentbyopen-circuitingthe

photovoltaic(PV)array

.ThecontrolelementisinserieswiththePVarrayand

battery

.

SeriesRegulator—Typeof

battery

chargeregulatorwherethecharging

current

iscontrolledbyaswitchconnectedinserieswiththephotovoltaic

module

or

array

.

SeriesResistance—Parasiticresistanceto

current

flowina

cell

duetomechanismssuchasresistancefromthebulkofthe

semiconductor

material,metalliccontacts,andinterconnections.

Shallow-CycleBattery—Abatterywithsmallplatesthatcannotwithstandmanydischargestoalowstate-of-charge.

ShelfLifeofBatteries—Thelengthoftime,underspecifiedconditions,thata

battery

canbestoredsothatitkeepsitsguaranteedcapacity.

Short-CircuitCurrent(Isc)—The

current

flowingfreelythroughanexternalcircuitthathasno

load

orresistance;themaximumcurrentpossible.

ShuntController—A

chargecontroller

thatredirectsorshuntsthechargingcurrentawayfromthebattery.Thecontrollerrequiresalargeheatsinktodissipatethecurrentfromtheshort-circuited

photovoltaicarray

.Mostshuntcontrollersareforsmallersystemsproducing30

amperes

orless.

ShuntRegulator—Typeofa

battery

chargeregulatorwherethechargingcurrentiscontrolledbyaswitchconnectedinparallelwiththe

photovoltaic(PV)generator

.ShortingthePVgeneratorpreventsoverchargingofthebattery.

SiemensProcess—Acommercialmethodofmakingpurified

silicon

.

Silicon(Si)—Asemi-metallicchemicalelementthatmakesanexcellent

semiconductor

materialfor

photovoltaicdevice

s.Itcrystallizesinface-centeredcubic

lattice

likeadiamond.It'scommonlyfoundinsandandquartz(astheoxide).

SineWave—A

waveform

correspondingtoasingle-frequencyperiodicoscillationthatcanbemathematicallyrepresentedasafunctionofamplitudeversusangleinwhichthevalueofthecurveatanypointisequaltothesineofthatangle.

SineWaveInverter—Aninverterthatproducesutility-quality,

sinewave

powerforms.

Single-CrystalMaterial—Amaterialthatiscomposedofasinglecrystalorafewlargecrystals.

Single-CrystalSilicon—Materialwithasinglecrystallineformation.Many

photovoltaiccell

saremadefromsingle-crystalsilicon.

Single-StageController—A

chargecontroller

thatredirectsallchargingcurrentasthebatterynearsfull

state-of-charge

.

SolarCell—see

photovoltaic(PV)cell

.

SolarConstant—Theaverageamountofsolarradiationthatreachestheearth'supperatmosphereonasurfaceperpendiculartothesun'srays;equalto1353Wattspersquaremeteror492Btupersquarefoot.

SolarCooling—Theuseofsolarthermalenergyorsolarelectricitytopoweracoolingappliance.

Photovoltaicsystems

canpowerevaporativecoolers("swamp"coolers),heat-pumps,andairconditioners.

SolarEnergy—Electromagneticenergytransmittedfromthesun(solarradiation).Theamountthatreachestheearthisequaltoonebillionthoftotalsolarenergygenerated,ortheequivalentofabout420trillionkilowatt-hours.

Solar-GradeSilicon—Intermediate-grade

silicon

usedinthemanufactureof

solarcells

.Lessexpensivethanelectronic-gradesilicon.

SolarInsolation—See

insolation

.

SolarIrradiance—See

irradiance

.

SolarNoon—Thetimeoftheday,ataspecificlocation,whenthesunreachesitshighest,apparentpointinthesky;equaltotrueordue,geographicsouth.

SolarPanel—See

photovoltaic(PV)panel

.

SolarResource—Theamountofsolar

insolation

asitereceives,usuallymeasuredinkWh/m2/day,whichisequivalenttothenumberof

peaksunhours

.

SolarSpectrum—Thetotaldistributionofelectromagneticradiationemanatingfromthesun.Thedifferentregionsofthesolarspectrumaredescribedbytheirwavelengthrange.Thevisibleregionextendsfromabout390to780nanometers(ananometerisonebillionthofonemeter).About99percentofsolarradiationiscontainedinawavelengthregionfrom300nm(ultraviolet)to3,000nm(near-infrared).Thecombinedradiationinthewavelengthregionfrom280nmto4,000nmiscalledthebroadband,ortotal,solarradiation.

SolarThermalElectricSystems—Solarenergyconversiontechnologiesthatconvertsolarenergytoelectricity,byheatingaworkingfluidtopoweraturbinethatdrivesagenerator.Examplesofthesesystemsincludecentralreceiversystems,parabolicdish,andsolartrough.

SpaceCharge—See

cellbarrier

.

SpecificGravity—Theratiooftheweightofthesolutiontotheweightofanequalvolumeofwaterataspecifiedtemperature.Usedasanindicatorofbattery

state-of-charge

.

SpinningReserve—Electricpowerplantorutilitycapacityon-lineandrunningatlowpowerinexcessofactual

load

.

Split-SpectrumCell—Acompound

photovoltaicdevice

inwhichsunlightisfirstdividedintospectralregionsbyopticalmeans.Eachregionisthendirectedtoadifferent

photovoltaiccell

optimizedforconvertingthatportionofthespectrumintoelectricity.Suchadeviceachievessignificantlygreateroverallconversionofincidentsunlightintoelectricity.See

mulitjunctiondevice

.

Sputtering—Aprocessusedtoapplyphotovoltaic

semiconductor

materialtoa

substrate

bya

physicalvapordeposition

processwherehigh-energy

ions

areusedtobombardelementalsourcesofsemiconductormaterial,whichejectvaporsofatomsthatarethendepositedinthinlayersona

substrate

.

SquareWave—A

waveform

thathasonlytwostates,(i.e.,positiveornegative).Asquarewavecontainsalargenumberofharmonics.

SquareWaveInverter—Atypeofinverterthatproduces

squarewave

output.Itconsistsofa

directcurrent

source,fourswitches,andthe

load

.Theswitchesarepower

semiconductor

sthatcancarryalarge

current

andwithstandahigh

voltage

rating.Theswitchesareturnedonandoffatacorrectsequence,atacertainfrequency.

Staebler-WronskiEffect—Thetendencyofthesunlighttoelectricityconversionefficiencyof

amorphoussilicon

photovoltaicdevice

stodegrade(drop)uponinitialexposuretolight.

Stand-AloneSystem—Anautonomousor

hybridphotovoltaicsystem

notconnectedtoa

grid

.Mayormaynothavestorage,butmoststand-alonesystemsrequire

batteries

orsomeotherformofstorage.

Stand-OffMounting—Techniqueformountinga

photovoltaicarray

onaslopedroof,whichinvolvesmountingthe

modules

ashortdistanceabovethepitchedroofandtiltingthemtotheoptimumangle.

StandardReportingConditions(SRC)—Afixedsetofconditions(includingmeteorological)towhichtheelectricalperformancedataofa

photovoltaicmodule

aretranslatedfromthesetofactualtestconditions.

StandardTestConditions(STC)—Conditionsunderwhicha

module

istypicallytestedinalaboratory.

StandbyCurrent—Thisistheamountofcurrent(power)usedbythe

inverter

whenno

load

isactive(lostpower).Theefficiencyoftheinverterislowestwhentheloaddemandislow.

StarvedElectrolyteCell—A

battery

containinglittleornofreefluid

electrolyte

.

State-of-Charge(SOC)—Theavailablecapacityremaininginthe

battery

,expressedasapercentageoftheratedcapacity.

StorageBattery—Adevicecapableoftransformingenergyfromelectrictochemicalformandviceversa.Thereactionsarealmostcompletelyreversible.Duringdischarge,chemicalenergyisconvertedtoelectricenergyandisconsumedinanexternalcircuitorapparatus.

Stratification—Aconditionthatoccurswhentheacidconcentrationvariesfromtoptobottominthebattery

electrolyte

.Periodic,controlledchargingat

voltage

sthatproduce

gassing

willmixtheelectrolyte.See

equalization

.

String—Anumberofphotovoltaic

modules

or

panels

interconnectedelectricallyinseriestoproducetheoperating

voltage

requiredbythe

load

.

Substrate—Thephysicalmaterialuponwhicha

photovoltaiccell

isapplied.

Subsystem—Anyoneofseveralcomponentsinaphotovoltaicsystem(i.e.,

array

,controller,

batteries

,

inverter

,

load

).

Sulfation—Aconditionthatafflictsunusedanddischarged

batteries

;largecrystalsofleadsulfategrowontheplate,insteadoftheusualtinycrystals,makingthebatteryextremelydifficulttorecharge.

SuperconductingMagneticEnergyStorage(SMES)—SMEStechnologyusesthesuperconductingcharacteristicsoflow-temperaturematerialstoproduceintensemagneticfieldstostoreenergy.Ithasbeenproposedasastorageoptiontosupportlarge-scaleuseof

photovoltaics

asameanstosmoothoutfluctuationsinpowergeneration.

Superconductivity—Theabruptandlargeincreaseinelectricalconductivityexhibitedbysomemetalsasthetemperatureapproachesabsolutezero.

Superstrate—Thecoveringonthesunnysideofa

photovoltaic(PV)module

,providingprotectionforthePVmaterialsfromimpactandenvironmentaldegradationwhileallowingmaximumtransmissionoftheappropriatewavelengthsofthesolarspectrum.

SurgeCapacity—Themaximumpower,usually3-5timestheratedpower,thatcanbeprovidedoverashorttime.

SystemAvailability—Thepercentageoftime(usuallyexpressedinhoursperyear)whena

photovoltaicsystem

willbeabletofullymeetthe

load

demand.

SystemOperatingVoltage—The

photovoltaicarray

output

voltage

under

load

.Thesystemoperatingvoltageisdependentontheloadorbatteriesconnectedtotheoutputterminals.

SystemStorage—See

batterycapacity

.

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T

TareLoss—Losscausedbya

chargecontroller

.Oneminustareloss,expressedasapercentage,isequaltothecontrollerefficiency.

TemperatureCompensation—Acircuitthatadjuststhe

chargecontroller

activationpointsdependingonbatterytemperature.Thisfeatureisrecommendedifthebatterytemperatureisexpectedtovarymorethan±5°Cfrom

ambienttemperature

.

TemperatureFactors—Itiscommonforthreeelementsin

photovoltaicsystem

sizingtohavedistincttemperaturecorrections:afactorusedtodecrease

batterycapacity

atcoldtemperatures;afactorusedtodecrease

PVmodule

voltage

athightemperatures;andafactorusedtodecreasethe

current

carryingcapabilityofwireathightemperatures.

ThermophotovoltaicCell(TPV)—Adevicewheresunlightconcentratedontoa

absorber

heatsittoahightemperature,andthethermalradiationemittedbytheabsorberisusedastheenergysourcefora

photovoltaiccell

thatisdesignedtomaximize

conversionefficiency

atthewavelengthofthethermalradiation.

Thick-CrystallineMaterials—Semiconductormaterial,typicallymeasuringfrom200-400micronsthick,thatiscutfromingotsorribbons.

ThinFilm—Alayerof

semiconductor

material,suchas

copperindiumdiselenide

or

galliumarsenide

,afewmicronsorlessinthickness,usedtomake

photovoltaiccell

s.

ThinFilmPhotovoltaicModule—A

photovoltaicmodule

constructedwithsequentiallayersof

thinfilm

semiconductormaterials.See

amorphoussilicon

.

TiltAngle—Theangleatwhicha

photovoltaicarray

issettofacethesunrelativetoahorizontalposition.Thetiltanglecanbesetoradjustedtomaximizeseasonalorannualenergycollection.

TinOxide—Awideband-gap

semiconductor

similarto

indiumoxide

;usedin

heterojunction

solarcellsortomakeatransparentconductivefilm,calledNESAglasswhendepositedonglass.

TotalACLoadDemand—Thesumofthe

alternatingcurrent

loads.Thisvalueisimportantwhenselectingan

inverter

.

TotalHarmonicDistortion—Themeasureofclosenessinshapebetweenawaveformandit'sfundamentalcomponent.

TotalInternalReflection—Thetrappingoflightbyrefractionandreflectionatcriticalanglesinsideasemiconductordevicesothatitcannotescapethedeviceandmustbeeventuallyabsorbedbythesemiconductor.

TrackingArray—A

photovoltaic(PV)array

thatfollowsthepathofthesuntomaximizethesolarradiationincidentonthePVsurface.Thetwomostcommonorientationsare(1)oneaxiswherethearraytracksthesuneasttowestand(2)two-axistrackingwherethearraypointsdirectlyatthesunatalltimes.Trackingarraysuseboththedirectanddiffusesunlight.Two-axistrackingarrayscapturethemaximumpossibledailyenergy.

Transformer—Anelectromagneticdevicethatchangesthe

voltage

of

alternatingcurrent

electricity.

TrayCable(TC)-maybeusedforinterconnecting

balance-of-systems

.

TrickleCharge—Achargeatalowrate,balancingthrough

self-discharge

losses,tomaintaina

cell

or

battery

inafullychargedcondition.

Two-AxisTracking—A

photovoltaicarray

trackingsystemcapableofrotatingindependentlyabouttwoaxes(e.g.,verticalandhorizontal).

Tunneling—Quantummechanicalconceptwherebyan

electron

isfoundontheoppositesideofaninsulatingbarrierwithouthavingpassedthroughoraroundthebarrier.

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U

Ultraviolet—Electromagneticradiationinthewavelengthrangeof4to400nanometers.

UndergroundFeeder(UF)—Maybeusedfor

photovoltaicarray

wiringifsunlightresistantcoatingisspecified;canbeusedforinterconnecting

balance-of-system

componentsbutnotrecommendedforusewithinbatteryenclosures.

UndergroundServiceEntrance(USE)—Maybeusedwithinbatteryenclosuresandforinterconnecting

balance-of-systems

.

UninterruptiblePowerSupply(UPS)—Thedesignationofapowersupplyprovidingcontinuousuninterruptibleservice.TheUPSwillcontain

batteries

.

Utility-InteractiveInverter—An

inverter

thatcanfunctiononlywhentiedtotheutility

grid

,andusestheprevailingline-voltagefrequencyontheutilitylineasacontrolparametertoensurethatthephotovoltaicsystem'soutputisfullysynchronizedwiththeutilitypower.

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V

VacuumEvaporation-Thedepositionof

thinfilms

of

semiconductor

materialbytheevaporationofelementalsourcesinavacuum.

VacuumZero—Theenergyofan

electron

atrestinemptyspace;usedasareferencelevelinenergybanddiagrams.

ValenceBand—Thehighestenergybandina

semiconductor

thatcanbefille