英语国家概况考试复习要点

PAGEPAGE4英语国家概况复习要点PartOneUKTheCountryDifferentNamesforBritainanditsPartsName：EnglandBritainGreatBritain(GB/G.B.)BritishIslesBritishEmpireTheCommonwealthTheUnitedKingdom(TheUK)TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIrelandParts：EnglandScotlandWalesNorthernIreland

2.Officialname:theUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland.Geographically,theBritishIslesincludesGreatBritain,thewholeofIreland,andalltheoffshoreislandsPolitically,theBritishIslesismadeupofU.K.andRepublicofIreland.

3.thehighestmountaininBritain：BenNevis(本尼维斯山)thelargestmountainrangeinBritain：theGrampians（格兰扁山脉）thelongestriver：TheSevernRiver(塞文河)ThemostimportantriverinBritainandthesecondlongestriver:Thames（泰晤士河）5.thelargestlakeinBritain：LoughNeagh（内伊湖）(NorthernIreland)6.BackboneofEngland：thePennies（奔宁山脉）Thepeople7.ThefirstknownsettlersofBritainweretheIberians.

人们所知的英国最早居民是伊比利来人。8.BasisofModernEnglishrace?TheearlistpeopleknowninBritainwerenomads（游牧者）frommainlandEuropeintheOldStoneAge（旧石器时代）,followedbyNeolithic（新石器时代）Iberians（伊比利亚人)andtheBeakerFolk(比克人）intheBronzeAge（青铜器时代）9.thecontributionsmadebyAnglo-SaxonstotheEnglishstate?①.established'OldEnglish'②.laidthefoundationsoftheEnglishstate③.dividedthecountryintoshires④.createdthe'Witan'toadvisetheKing(thebasisoftheCabinet)differentinvaders?Firstinvasion—In55BC,JuliusCaesarSecond—Caesar'ssecondraidin54BCThirdandfinal—In43AD,EmperorClaudius,finalandsuccessfulRomaninvasionofBritain(recorded)Left—In410,GermanicbarbarianattackRome,forcingRomantroopstoleaveBritain,andthusendingitsoccupationoftheislandHistoryWhoisknownas“thefatheroftheBritishnavy”?SirFrancisDrake10.TheNormanConquestanditsconsequencesTheNormanConquest(1066-1071)Fuse:Edwardruledfor24yearsanddiedinJanuary,1066.Haroldwaschosentobeking.William,DukeofNormandy,heardthenewsofHarold’scoronation,hegotveryangryandclaimedthathehadthesolerighttobekingofEnglandbecauseEdwardhadpromisedthecrowntohimandthatHaroldhadpromisedtohelphimbecomekingofEngland.DukeWilliamledarmyandlandedonthecoast.ThetwoarmiesmetatHastings.Consequences：Itincreasedtheprocessoffeudalism.WilliamestablishedastrongmonarchyinEngland.Heintroducednewideasinlaws.Itbroughtchangesinthechurch.TheFrenchlanguagecamealongwiththeNormans.WhenwasthefeudalsystemestablishedinEngland?（封建制度）UnderWilliam,thefeudalsystemwascompletelyestablished.MedievalBritain(1066-1485)12.WhosignedGreatCharter?KingJohn（签署大宪章）13.GreatCharter(time,contents,nature)Time:MagnaCarta1215Contents:（内容）A.thekingwasnottoexactpaymentsfromthefeudalvassalswithouttheirconsent;B.thelawswerenottobemodifiedbythearbitraryactionoftheking;C.shouldthekingattempttofreehimselffromlaw,thevassalshadtherighttoforcethekingtoobeyit,bycivilwarorbyotherwise.Nature:afeudaldocumentTheHundredYears’War①.Time:intermittentlyfrom1337to1453②.Countries:FranceandBritain③.Factors:partlyterritorialandpartlyeconomicTheEnglishkingswantedtogetbackthelostlandinFrance.TheeconomicinterestsofEnglandandFranceclashedinFlanders.NewnationalconsciousnessofEngland④.Fuse:Frenchthronesuccession——EdwardIIIclaimedtheFrenchCrown.TheFrenchrefusedtorecognizetheclaim.⑤.ThreeoutstandingstagesofthewarA.AtfirsttheEnglishwerebrilliantlysuccessful.B.HenryVrenewedthewarin1415andhewasrecognizedtotheFrenchthronein1420.C.AfterHenryV’sdeathin1422,theFrench,encouragedbyJoanofArc,theirnationalheroine,drovetheEnglishoutofFrance.⑥.TwodecisivereasonsforFrenchtowin:effectiveuseofguns&“JoanofArc”⑦.Significance:ThewarwasveryexpensiveanditcosttheEnglishgreatdealofdeath,wealthandproperty,thusthefeudalrulewasweakenedinthewar.⑧.Effectsofthewar:Afterthiswar,therulingNormansbeganto:A.regardEnglandastheirhome.②.Inventions（发明）A.In1750sironsmeltingwasrevolutionized.B.In1769,thesteamenginewascreatedbyJamesWatt.C.In1785,thepowerloomtheapplicationofpowertomachineryD.TheuseofironandcoalE.In1764,theSpinningJennywasinventedG.In1814,thefirstsuccessfulsteamlocomotive③.ConsequencesoftheIndustrialRevolution（工业革命的后果）A.TheIndustrialRevolutionwasnotonlyatechnologicalrevolutionbutalsoagreatsocialupheaval.ItexertedagreatinfluenceonbothBritishsocietyandtheworld.B.TheIndustrialRevolutionpromotedthedevelopmentofproduction.Itbegantoproducelargequantityoflow-pricedgoodsinamoreefficientmanner.C.Newcitiescameintobeing;populationincreased;thehomemarketwasenlarged.D.Britishgoodsalmostachievedamonopolysituationintheworldmarket.Itlaidafoundationforthe“factoryoftheworld”.E.Afactorysystemwasestablished.Workerswereemployedandmanagersbecamecapitalists.F.Twoconflictingclasseswereborn.G．AseriesofimportantinventionsinthetextileindustrymarkedthebeginningofIndustrialRevolution:（工业革命）SpinningJenny珍妮纺纱机Spinningmule走锭细纱机Powerloom动力纺纱机Steamengine蒸汽机H．Meansoftransportation（交通方式）canalsweredugtoshipgoodsthelocomotiveinventedin1814thefirstrailwaycompletedin1825largemerchantfleetI．Bythemiddleof19thcentury,theIndustrialRevolutionwasaccomplishedinBritainJ．Itsinfluence：Britainchangedinmanyways（1）dramaticallyincreasedindustrialproductivity（2）theprocessofurbanization（3）changesinclassstructure（4）Theconflictbetweenthecapitalistsandtheproletarians—themostimportantpoliticalissue

22.JamesWatt’ssteamenginein1765.GovernmentandPolitics

23.constitutionalmonarchy,theheadofstateisakingoraqueen.君主立宪制国家,国家的首脑是国王或女王。themonarchissupposedtoreignsbutnotrule.Toreignbutnottorule:performceremonialduties;symbolicthreeelementsofparliament（议会组成）TheCrownTheHouseofLordsTheHouseofCommonsThemainfunctionsofParliament（议会的主要作用）TolegislateTovotethetaxationandexpendituresofthegovernmentToexaminegovernmentpoliciesandadministrationTodebatemajorcurrentpoliticalissuesWheredoestherealpowerlie?Cabinet（内阁）Cabinet：Themajordecision-makingbodyinthegovernmenttwopartiesintheUK（政党）TheLabourParty:believeinthesupervisionofindustrybythegovernment,distributionofwealthandequalopportunityforeveryoneTheConservativeParty:supportprivateenterpriseandminimalstateregulation;acceptthemixedeconomy;believeinagoverningclasswithanaturalrightandspecialprivilegesJudiciary（司法）29.ThereisnoministryofjusticeintheUnitedKingdom.CentralresponsibilitylieswiththeLordChancellortheHomeSecretaryandtheAttorneyGeneral.30.Thejurycomposedof12members.陪审团有12个成员。31.ScotlandYard(伦敦警察厅）:headquarteroftheMetropolitanPoliceEducationthecompulsoryeducation（义务教育）PrimaryandsecondaryeducationintheUKiscompulsory.Childrenbetween5--16yearsoldareobligedtoattendschool.twoeducationsystemprivateschools私立学校publicschools公学34.theoldestuniversity：OxfordOthersThelargestreligiousfestival：Christmas36.Theoldestnewspaper：TheTimes37.mostfamousbroadcastingcompany：theBritishBroadcastingCorporation（theBBC）Themostdesirablehome:adetachedhouse最理想的家:独立式住宅PartTwoUSAThecountry1.50states(thelargest,thesmallest,thepurchasedones)（50个州）Alaska—thelargest（阿拉斯加州）RhodeIsland—thesmallest（罗德岛州）Texas—thelargestonthemainland（德克萨斯州）Alaska—thepurchasedones（购买）2.13colonies（13个殖民地）Between1607and1733theBritishestablished13coloniesalongtheeastcoastofNorthAmericaDelaware特拉华Pennsylvania宾夕法尼亚NewJersey新泽西Georgia乔治亚Connecticut康涅狄格Massachusetts麻萨诸塞Maryland马里兰SouthCarolina南卡罗来纳NewHampshire新罕布什尔Virginia弗吉尼亚NewYork纽约NorthCarolina北卡罗来纳RhodeIsland罗德岛3.5greatlakes,thelongestriver?LakeMichigan;LakeSuperior;LakeHuron;LakeErie;LakeOntariothelongestriver：theMississippiRiver（密西西比河）whodiscoveredthenewcontinent?In1492,ChristopherColumbus,foundAmerica,anewcontinentinsteadofIndia.HistoryIndependencewar1775,13coloniesbeganrebellion1776,proclamationofindependence1777,victoryatSaratoga,theturningpointofAmericanrevolution1781,surrenderofBritain1783,TreatyofParisrepresentedtheformalacknowledgementoftheUSasanindependentnationCauses:growingintenseconflictsbetweentheBritishgovernmentandtheAmericanpeople:TheBritishgovernment:tobringthedevelopmentofthecoloniesundercontroltocollectmoretaxes.practicedunfairpricepoliciesputintoeffectmanytaxes:TheStampAct:(印花税法令）anactpassedbytheBritishparliamentin1756thatraisedrevenuefromtheAmericancoloniesbyadutyintheformofastamprequiredonallnewspapersandlegalorcommercialdocumentsoppositionbythecoloniesresultedintherepealoftheactin1766theTownshendActs(唐森德条令)Allgoodsimportedintothecoloniesmustbetaxed.Theywereappealedin1770.The13colonies:wantedmorepowertodeterminetheirownbusinessopposedtheunfairtreatmentandallthesepolicies.TheBostonMassacre（波士顿大屠杀）(1770)SomeBritishsoldersfiredatthepeople,killedfourandwoundedmany.Theeventmadethepeopleindignant.TheBostonTeaParty(波士顿倾茶事件）demonstration(1773)bycitizensofBostonwho(disguisedasIndians)raidedthreeBritishshipsinBostonharboranddumpedhundredsofchestsofteaintotheharbororganizedasaprotestagainsttaxesonteaanexampleoftheconflictsbetweentheBritishgovernmentandtheAmericanpeople.ContinentalcongressTheFirstContinentalCongress1774(第一次大陆会议）heldinPhiladelphiainSeptember,1774beforethewar.encouragedAmericanstorefusetobuyBritishgoods.Colonialmilitiaunitswereorganizedandweaponsandammunitionwerecollectedandstoredsincethen.BeginningoftheWarTheshotsatLexingtonstartedtheIndependenceWaronApril19,1775.TheSecondContinentalCongress(第二次大陆会议）heldinPhiladelphiainMay,1775threeweeksafterthebattlesofLexingtonandConcord.TheCongressfoundedaContinentalArmyandNavyunderthecommandofGeorgeWashington,aVirginiamilitiacommander.TheDeclarationofIndependenceJuly4,1776（独立宣言）draftedbyThomasJeffersonadoptedbytheCongressonJuly4,1776declaredtheindependenceofthe13colonies6.Civilwar（内战1861-1865）TheSituationBeforetheWar:TwoeconomicsystemsintheNorthandtheSouthNorthCapitalistEconomySouthPlantationTheGrowthoftheworkingclassUncleTom’sCabinfreeandslavestates(1860)AbrahamLincolnwaselectedpresidentandopposedtheexpansionofslavery.SomesouthernstatesformedtheConfederateStatesofAmericain1861.awartoabolishslaveryUnionarmyVs.ConfederatearmySurpassesallotherwarsforthetragedyanddestructiveness.Effect:putanendtothesalvesysteminAmericaAftermathofthewar:Insouth:KKK(KuKluxKlan)Innorth:buildinganenterprisingwayoflifeInwest:cowboyGreatdepression(1930’s)（经济危机）Thestockmarketcrashin1929Massiveunemployment,factoryandmillclosings,andmortgageforeclosuresAbreakdownofthenation’sentireeconomyNewDealFranklinD.Roosevelt:“NewDeal”（罗斯福新政）TheaimwastosaveAmericandemocracyandthecapitalistsystemTheprogramsandpoliciestopromoteeconomicrecoveryandsocialreformAmericanIdentitymeltingpot/“anationofimmigrants”（熔炉/“移民国家”）Reasons:①.Countrywassettled,built,anddevelopedbygenerationsofimmigrants②.Americacontinuestotakeinmoreimmigrantsthananyothercountry.③.Themostheterogeneous(多种多样的)societiesInfluence:AmericaexercisingfargreaterinfluenceonEuropethanEuropeonAmerica.IndianReservations（印第安保留地）Indians’struggleandsufferings:①.firstdrivenoutoftheirfamiliarland②.eitherwhollyorpartiallydestroyed③.losetheirlandtowhiteinvaders④.losetheirpeacefulfamily&communitylife⑤.“IndianReservations”Today’sIndians:①.thepoorest②.lowerincomes③.thehighestunemployment,schooldropout,andsuiciderates④.malnutrition&mentalillness&shortlifeexpectancy⑤.callofpan-IndianismPoliticalInstitutionsChecksandbalances（分权制衡）Congress（国会）Thelegislativebranchofthefederalgovernment.Congress：Senate(参议院):2年选1/3,6年HouseofRepresentatives(众议院):2年全选，2年表格对比：Congress Members Beelected Termsofoffice representSenators100 1/3every2years6years Allofthepeopleinastate&theirinterestsRepresentatives435every2years2yearsPopulationof“congressionaldistricts”Congressmakesalllaws.EachstatehastwoSenators,regardlessofpopulation,and,sincethereare50states,thenthereare100senators.Generalelection（大选）Iselectedevery4years4-yeartermofofficeNomorethan2fulltermsallowedHemustconvinceCongressmen,theRepresentatives&theSenators.twoparties（两党）theAmericanpoliticalsystemisdominatedbytwopoliticalparties:theDemocraticParty（民主党donkey）theRepublicanParty（共和党elephant）TheDemocraticPartyissometimesrepresentedasadonkey,whiletheRepublicanPartyissometimesfeaturedasanelephant.TheSupremeCourtisthehighestcourtoftheU.SandistheonlyorganwhichhasthepowertointerprettheConstitution最高法院唯一有权解释宪法Educationcompulsoryeducation（义务教育）Elementary（初等）andsecondary（中等）education—thebasisofpubliceducation,freeandcompulsory,12gradesOneacademicyear—fromSeptemberthroughJuneDifferentdivisionsofschoolsystems:elementaryschool—onethrougheighthighschool—nextfourye