联合国环境规划署：二手车与环境

UpdateandProgress2021

USEDVEHICLESAND

THEENVIRONMENT

AGlobalOverviewofUsedLightDuty

Vehicles:

UpdateandProgress2021

USEDVEHICLESANDTHEENVIRONMENT3

Tableofcontents

Introduction

4

KeyFindings

6

FlowsandScaleofUsedLightDutyVehiclesfromtheMajorExporters

8

Hybrid,Plug-inHybridandBattery-poweredelectricusedvehicles15

RegulatoryEnvironmentforUsedLightDutyVehiclesindeveloping

andtransitioncountries(Aug2021)

18

ProgressinAfrica

22

Conclusion

24

4UsedVehiclesandtheenVironment

Introduction

Introduction5

Introduction

Theexportofusedlightdutyvehicles(LDVs)hasincreasedsignificantly.In2015,3.4millionused

LDVswereexportedglobally,by2019thishadincreasedto4.8million.Mostlikelyduetothecovid-19pandemic,therewasareductionofusedLDVsin2020to4million.

Thisreportgivesupdatedandnewinformationtothe2020UNEPreport,“GlobalOverviewonUsedLightDutyVehicles:Flows,Scale,andRegulations”.Thepaperincludes:

●AnadditionalmajorexporterofusedLDVs,theRepublicofKorea(ROK).Thisisinadditiontothethreepreviouslyreviewedexporters-theUnitedStatesofAmerica(USA),EuropeanUnion(EU)andJapan.

●Twomoreyearsofdatafromallthefourmajorexportershasbeenincludedintheanalysis.ThereportthusincludesnewusedLDVsdatacoveringtheperiodfrom2015to2020across208

importingcountriesfromsevenregionsglobally.

●Anupdateoftheregulatoryenvironmentfor146developingandtransitionalcountriesin2021,usingtheUNEPranking.

●ProgressmadeinAfricatoadvanceusedLDVsregulations.

6UsedVehiclesandtheenVironment

KeyFindings

KeyFindings7

KeyFindings

●ThefourmainexportersofusedLDVsaretheEU,Japan,USA,andROK.

●Between2015and2020,about23millionusedLDVswereexportedto208countriesandterritoriesworldwideacrosssevenregions,fromthesefourmainexporters.

●Duringthisperiod,around66%oftheusedLDVswereexportedtodevelopingandtransitionalcountries.

●FromtheseexportsofusedLDVstodevelopingandtransitionalcountries,Africareceivedthehighestshareofexports(24%),followedbyEasternEurope,Caucasus,andCentralAsia(14%),Asia-Pacific(12%),theMiddleEast(10%),andLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean(8%).

●From2015to2020theEUtradedaround11.5millionusedLDVs,58%ofwhichremainedwithintheEUand42%beingexportedoutsidetheEU.UsedLDVstradewithinEUcountries,plus

importsfromtheUSA,JapanandROKtotheEUwas31%ofthetotalunitstradedglobally.

●Fortheperiod2015-2020,theEUremainedthelargestexporterofusedLDVs,considering

tradewithinandoutsidetheEUat(49%)followedbyJapan(26%),theUSA(18%),andROK(8%).

●Between2017and2020,theEU,Japan,andROKexportedatotalof760,139hybrid,plug-inhybridandbattery-poweredelectricusedvehiclesglobally.DatafortheEUandROKwasforLDVs,whileforJapanthisincludedLDVsandbuses,datawasunavailablefortheUSA.

●Ofthe146developingandtransitionalcountriesstudiedtodeterminetheirusedLDVsimportpolicies,therehasbeenprogresssince2020onregulationsforensuringbetterqualityusedvehicles.From47countrieswith‘good’or‘verygood’policies,thishasnowincreasedto62countries.

●Sincethepreviousreport,15countriesoftheEconomicCommunityofWestAfricanStates

(ECOWAS)sub-regionhaveadoptedaVehiclesDirectiveforEuro4/IVequivalentemission

standards,withimplementationfromJanuary2021.PeruadoptedEuro6/VIemission

standardsinOctober2021withanimplementationdateofOctober2024concurrentlywith10ppmfuels.CambodiaadoptedEuro4/IVemissionstandardsthisyear,tobeimplementedbyendof2021.AtthesametimeEthiopiaintroducedin2019highertaxationforusedLDVs(upto500%)todiscourageimportofolderusedLDVs.

●In2020,UNEP,togetherwithpartners,launchedthe“SaferandCleanerUsedVehiclesforAfricaproject”.Thisprojectaimsatpromotingaglobalconsensusonminimumrequirementsbeforeusedvehiclesareexportedandimported.Thiswillensuremajorroadsafetybenefitsforbothcardriversandroadusers,withco-benefitstotheenvironmentandeconomy.

8UsedVehiclesandtheenVironment

FlowsandScale

ofUsedLightDuty

Vehiclesfromthe

MajorExporters-EU,

USA,Japan,ROK:

2015-2020

FlowsandScaleofUsedLightDutyVehiclesfromtheMajorExporters-EU,USA,Japan,ROK:2015-20209

TheglobalsupplychainsandscaleofusedLDVsflowsareanalyzedfromthefourmajorglobal

usedvehicleexporters(theEU,USA,Japan,andROK).Exportdataanalyzedisfor208countriesandterritoriesacrosssevenregionalmarkets(Africa;Asia-Pacific;EasternEurope,theCaucasusand

CentralAsia(EECCA);theEuropeanUnion(EU);LatinAmericaandtheCaribbean(LAC);MiddleEast;andNorthAmerica).

In2020,thequantityandflowofusedLDVsfromthesefourmajorexportersisdepictedinmap1.Itisimportanttonotehoweverthattherecipientcountriesmaynotbethefinaldestinations,assomecountries,includingthosethatbanimportsofusedvehiclesfornationaluse,re-exportthemin

theirregions.

MAp1UsedLightDutyVehiclesQuantityandFlowtoMainDestinationMarketsfromtheEU,USA,Japan,ROK(2020)

Source:UNEp,basedondatafromfourexportingcountriesto208countriesgloballyfrom2020

From2015to2020,around23millionusedlightdutyvehicles(LDVs)wereexportedto208countriesandterritoriesworldwideacrosssevenregions,fromthesefourmainexporters.

Theshareofusedlightdutyvehicleexportsfromthefourexportersfrom2015-2020isanalyzedbelowandshowninfigure1.

From2015,theseexportshavebeenincreasingsteadilyuntil2020whentherewasadecline,most

likelyduetothecovid-19pandemic.In2015,around3.4millionusedvehicleswereexported,andby2019thesereachedaround4.8millionannually.TheLDVmarketgrewonaverage9.7%between2015and2019.In2020,thenumberofusedLDVsexportedreducedby800thousandfromtheprevious

yearto4millionunits.

TheEUasaregiontradedthemostLDVs,11,535,841units(49%ofglobalusedLDVsintheperiod2015-2020).ThisfigureincludesthosetradedbetweentheEUcountries,aswellasthoseexportedoutsidetheEU.Ofthetotalamounttraded,4.9millionunits(42%)wereexportedoutoftheEUtoothercontinents,witharound6.6millionunits(58%)remainingwithintheEUcountries.Japan

10UsedVehiclesandtheenVironment

exported6.1millionusedLDVs(26%),theUSAexportedaround4.4millionunits(18%)andROKaround1.8millionunits(8%).

Ontheimportingside,fromallfourexporterscombined:theEUregisteredapproximately7.4millionusedlightdutyvehicles(31%),Africareceivedapproximately5.6millionunits(24%),EasternEurope,Caucasus,andCentralAsiareceivedapproximately3.2millionunits(14%),Asia-Pacificaround2.9millionunits(12%),theMiddleEastaround2.4million(10%),LatinAmericaandtheCaribbean(LAC)around2million(8%),andNorthAmericaaround178,531(1%).

FIgURE1.ShareofUsedLight-DutyVehicleExportsfromtheEU,USA,Japan,andROK2015-2020

Source:UNEp,basedondatafromfourexportingcountriesto208countriesgloballyfrom2015-2020

TAbLE1.Summaryoftheexportsandimportsstudiedacross208countriesfrom2015-2020

Exporters

2015-2020

Approximatenumberofvehicles%sharebyregion

11.5million(4.9millionofthese

*EU

wereexportedoutoftheEUtootherregions)

49%

Japan

6.1million

26%

USA

4.4million

18%

ROK

1.8million

8%

Importing

Approximatenumberofvehicles

Shareofvehiclesimported

*EU

betweenEUcountries:6.6million

betweenEUcountries:6.6million

FromJapan:0.21million

FromUSA:0.52million

FromROK:0.034million

Total:7.4million

betweenEUcountries:28%

FromJapan:1%

FromUSA:2%

FromROK:0.01%

Total:31%

FlowsandScaleofUsedLightDutyVehiclesfromtheMajorExporters-EU,USA,Japan,ROK:2015-202011

2015-2020

24%14%12%10%8%

Africa

EECCA

Asia-pacificMiddleEast

LAC

5.6million3.2million2.9million2.4million2million

*NorthAmerica

0.17million

1%

Source:UNEp,basedondatafromfourexportingcountriesto208countriesgloballyfrom2015-2020

*EUincludesallmemberstates.

*NorthAmericaincludesUSA,Canada,andgreenland

ThenumberofusedlightdutyusedvehicleexportsfromEU,Japan,USA,andROKdroppedfrom

around4.8millionunitsin2019,to4millionunitsin2020.Thisreductioncouldhavebeencausedbycovid-19impacts.

In2020,thequantitiesofLDVsimportedbyeachregionanddistributedbysub-regionisanalyzedbelowandshowninfigure2.

●Africa:900,191usedlightdutyvehicleswereimported.Thedistributionbysub-regionisasfollows:

●WesternandCentralAfrica-52%(464,518units)

●NorthAfrica-24%(214,153units)

●EasternAfrica-17%(148,581units)

●SouthernAfrica-8%(72,939units)

●Asia–Pacific:362,927usedlightdutyvehicleswereimportedasfollow:

●SouthAsia-31%(114,153units)

●NortheastAsia-29%(105,083units)

●Oceania-27%(96,813units)

●SouthEastAsia-13%(46,878units)

●EasternEurope,CaucasusandCentralAsia:745,972usedlightdutyvehiclewereimportedasfollows:

●EasternEurope-76%(563,932units)

●SouthernEurope-11%(79,756units)

●Caucasus-9%(70,380units)

●CentralAsia-4%(31,904units)

●EU:1,302,924wasthetotalnumberofusedlightdutyvehiclestradedbetweenEUcountriesandimportedfromthethreeotherexportersasfollows:

●WesternEurope-56%(726,407units)

●CentralEurope-24%(316,911units)

●SouthernEurope-15%(191,979units)

●NorthernEurope-5%(67,627units)

●LatinAmericaandtheCaribbean:285,512usedlightdutyvehicleswereimportedasfollows:

●Eachofthethreesubregions(CentralAmerica,SouthAmerica,andtheCaribbean)receivedonaverage97,150units(33%)oftheusedvehicleimports.

12UsedVehiclesandtheenVironment

FIgURE2.DistributionofUsedLight-DutyVehicleimportsbyregionsandsub-regionsfromtheEU,USA,Japan,andROKin2020

Source:UNEp,basedondatafromfourexportingcountriesto208countriesgloballyfrom2020

ThedestinationandamountsofusedlightdutyvehiclesexportedfromEU,USA,Japan,andROKin2020isfurtheranalyzedbelowandshowninfigure3.

FIgURE3.ShareofUsedLight-DutyVehicleExportsfromtheEU,USA,Japan,andROKtoAfrica,Asia-pacific,EECCA,EU,LAC,MiddleEast,andNorthAmericain2020

Source:UNEp,basedondatafromfourexportingcountriesto208countriesgloballyfrom2020

FlowsandScaleofUsedLightDutyVehiclesfromtheMajorExporters-EU,USA,Japan,ROK:2015-202013

AnanalysisofregionaldistributionofusedLDVsimportsin2020fromthefourexportersshowthat:

●Africareceived335,571vehiclesfromtheEUand229,444fromJapan.Africahistorically

importsusedvehiclesmainlyfromthesetwoexporters.ImportsfromtheUSAandROKarehoweverincreasingandjointlytotaled335,176in2020,comparedto185,753in2015.

●Asia–PacificimportsusedvehiclesprimarilyfromJapanandtheUSA,andthesetrends

havebeenconstantinthelastsixyears.In2020,theregionimported71.4%(259,248units)of

usedLDVsfromJapan,10.6%(38,409units)fromtheUSA,9.2%(33,342)fromROK,and8.8%(31,928)fromtheEU.

●EECCAimportedmostusedvehiclesfromtheEUat58%(429,719units),followedbytheUSA20%(149,359units),Japan17%(125,949units)andROK6%(40,945units).

●LAChistoricallyimportmainlyfromJapanandtheUSA.In2020,theregionimported44%

(125,210units)oftheirusedlightdutyvehiclesfromtheUSA,39%(112,458units)fromJapanand16%(45,058units)fromROK.

●TheMiddleEastimportsmainlyfromtheUSAandJapan.In2020,46%(192,624units)ofusedlightdutyvehicleswereimportedfromtheUSA,27%(114,033units)fromJapan,and22%

(90,351units)fromROK.

●TheEUcountriesthatallowusedvehicleimportsreceivedthesemainlyfromtheirmemberstatesat89.9%(1,171,832units),withsmallersharesfromtheUSAat7.4%(96,355units),Japanat2.6%(33,842units)andROKat0.1%(895units).

●NorthAmerica(Canada,USA,andGreenland)imported37%(9,122units)ofusedlightdutyvehiclesfromtheEU,27%(6,667units)fromJapanand5%(1,899units)fromROK.Atsametime,CanadaandGreenlandimported28%(6,805units)oftheirusedvehiclesfromtheUSA.

Ineachregion,thetopfiveimportingcountriesin2019wereidentified.Thetotalnumberofvehiclesimportedbythesetopimporterswerecomparedbetween2019and2020andanalyzedbelowandshownintable2.

●Africa:In2019,LibyarepresentsthemainimporterofusedLDVs,followedbyNigeria,Kenya,

BeninandGhana.Areductionfrom2019to2020intheusedvehiclemarketisobserved,exceptforGhanathatincreasedtheirimportsofusedLDVsbyaround10,000units.

●Asia–Pacific:In2019,NewZealand,Mongolia,Cambodia,Myanmar,andSriLankawerethemainimporters.In2020,importsbyCambodiaMyanmarandSriLankareducedbyover40%.

●EECCA,Georgiaimportedthemostusedlightdutyvehiclesin2019,however,thesedroppedby65%in2020.Ukraineisthesecondlargestimporter,andfrom2019to2020thecountryincreasedimportsby46%.

●LAC:ChilewasthelargestimporterofLDVsin2019with91,828units.Eventhoughthecountryhasbannedusedvehicles,Chilere-exportsthesetootherlandlockedcountriesintheregion,

suchasParaguayandBolivia.LDVsimportsfellbyabout12%acrossthetopimportingcountriesin2020,comparedto2019,exceptforGuatemalathatsawa1%increase.

14UsedVehiclesandtheenVironment

●MiddleEast:TheUnitedArabEmirates(UAE)isthemainimporterintheregionwithalmost70%.In2020importsofLDVsfellby31%comparedto2019.TheUAEplaysakeyroleinre-exportofusedvehiclesintheregionandtoAfrica.

●EU:withintheEUcountries,thehighestusedLDVsimportswereregisteredinGermany(31%),France(26%),Poland(16%),Netherlands(15%)andBelgium(12%).InmostoftheEUcountriesimportsofusedvehiclesdroppedbetween2019and2020.

●NorthAmerica:theUSAwasthemainimporterofusedLDVsin2019,withareductionof47%observedinLDVsimportsin2020.

TAbLE2.TopFiveImportingCountriesofUsedLightDutyVehiclesbyregionin2019and2020

IMpORTINgCOUNTRy

2019USEDVEHICLEIMpORTSAFRICA

2020USEDVEHICLEIMpORTS

LibyanArabJamahiriyaNigeria

Kenya

benin

ghana

NewZealand

Mongolia

Cambodia

Myanmar

SriLanka

georgia

Ukraine

RussianFederation

Serbia

bosniaAndHerzegovina

Chile

Mexico

DominicanRepublic

Jamaica

guatemala

UnitedArabEmirates

Jordan

Oman

yemen

Lebanon

germany

173277

152343

54528

47395

62596

388104

159207

71694

60940

53190

ASIA-pACIFIC

84632

58592

31352

23115

9219

106518

69848

57007

50051

26194

EECCA

64884

260575

121762

129093

46051

183159

178173

118304

106961

51660

LAC

80498

42246

43864

20537

27168

91795

55410

53244

29501

27015

MIDDLEEAST

217086

68363

54317

41625

4715

315011

63326

45209

18261

12767

EU

192271

227149

IMpORTINgCOUNTRy

FlowsandScaleofUsedLightDutyVehiclesfromtheMajorExporters-EU,USA,Japan,ROK:2015-202015

2019USEDVEHICLEIMpORTS

2020USEDVEHICLEIMpORTS

France

193861

200302

poland

114033

81634

Netherlands

110005

99698

belgium

89193

NORTHAMERICA

81755

UnitedStates

29509

15733

Canada

9049

8690

greenland

48

70

Source:UNEp,basedondatafromfourexportersto208countriesgloballyfrom2019and2020

Hybrid,Plug-inHybridandBattery-poweredelectricusedvehicles

Opportunitiesexistforelectricvehicletechnologytransferthroughusedvehicles,thusassisting

countriestoleapfrogtocleanertechnologiesfaster.Salesofusedhybridelectricvehicles(HEV),plug-inhybridelectricvehicles(PHEV)andbattery-poweredelectricvehicles(BEV)areincreasingglobally.

Between2017and2020,theEU,Japan,andROKexportedatotalof760,139HEV,PHEV,and

BEVglobally.DatafortheEUandROKwasforLDVs,whileforJapanthisincludedbothLDVsandbuses,datawasunavailablefortheUSA.

TheexportsofusedlightdutyHEV,PHEVandBEVfromtheEU,Japan,andROKbetween2017-2020isanalysedbelowandshowninfigure4.

Fig.4UsedlightdutyHEV,pHEVandbEVtradedbytheEU,Japan,andROKbetween2017and2020

Source:UNEpbasedondatafromtheEU,Japan,andROKexportsto208countriesgloballyfrom2017to2020

*DatafortheEUandROKwasforLDVs,whileforJapanthisincludedLDVsandbuses,datawasunavailablefortheUSA

16UsedVehiclesandtheenVironment

*TheEUexported161,806HEV,pHEVandEVandthisincludesvehiclestradedbetweenEUcountries,aswellasexportedtocountriesoutsidetheEU(132,021betweenEUmemberstates)

●ThemainrecipientmarketsofusedHEV,PHEV,andBEVareAsia-Pacificwith52%(393,186

units),theEUwith21.2%(161,309units),EECCAwith16%(125,411units),Africawith5%

(36,042units),LatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanwith4%(28,187units),andtheMiddleEastwith2%(14,854units).

●TheEUtraded161,806usedlightdutyHEV,PHEVandBEVbetween2017and2020.Ofthese,132,021vehiclesweresoldbetweencountriesintheEU.Thebalance29,785wereexportedoutoftheEU,ofthese,Africareceived8.5%(13,751units),theEECCA3.8%(6,180units),theMiddleEast3.2%(5,227units),Asia-Pacific1.7%(2,709units),NorthAmerica0.7%(1,077units)and

LAC0.5%(841units).In2017,theEUexportedcloseto28,000usedlightdutyHEV,PHEVandBEVandby2020,thisnumberhadincreasedto52,000units,agrowthof82%infouryears.

●Japanexportedabout596,000usedHEV,PHEVandBEVlightdutyvehiclesandbusesbetween2017and2020.ThemaindestinationsofthesevehicleswereAsia-Pacific65%(390,188units),andEECCA20%(118,974units).

●ROKexportedapproximately1,600usedlightdutyHEV,PHEVandBEVsbetween2017and2020.MiddleEastreceived60%(954units)ofthesevehicles,whileAsia–PacificandEECCAreceived18%(289units)and16%(257units)respectively.

Table3showsthenumberofusedHEV,PHEV,andBEVvehiclesexportedfromtheEU,Japan,andROKtothedifferentregions,between2017to2020.

TAbLE3.ImportstotheregionsfromEU,Japan,andROKofusedHEV,pHEV,andbEVfrom2017to2020.

Region

EECCA

Totalexports

125,411

%sharebyregion

16.5%

Africa

LAC

Asia-pacific

EU

MiddleEast

NorthAmerica

Total

36,042

28,187

393,186

161,309

14,858

1,146

760,139

4.7%

3.7%

51.7%

21.2%

2.0%

0.2%

Source:UNEpbasedondatafromtheEU,Japan,andROKexportsto208countriesgloballyfrom2017to2020

DatafortheEUandROKwasforLDVs,whileforJapanthisincludedLDVsandbuses,datawasunavailablefortheUSA

17UsedVehiclesandtheenVironment

Regulatory

Environment

forUsedLight

DutyVehiclesin

developingand

transitioncountries

(Aug2021)

18

RegulatoryEnvironmentforUsedLightDutyVehiclesindevelopingandtransitioncountries(Aug2021)

NationalregulatoryenvironmentsthatseektoincentivizecleanerandmoreefficientusedLDVshavebeenanalysedfor146developingandtransitioncountries.ThesehavebeencategorizedinarankingsystembyUNEP.

TAbLE4.RegulatoryEnvironmentRanking(UNEp)

Source:basedondatacollectedfromthe146countriesuptoAugust2021(UNEpdata)

InAugust2021,146countrieswerereviewedtoassessregulatorymeasuresadoptedtomanage

usedlightdutyvehicleimports.TherehasbeensomeprogresssincethefirstUsedVehiclesand

EnvironmentreportofOctober2020.Lastyear,the15countriesoftheECOWASsub-regionhave

adoptedaVehiclesDirectiveforEuro4/IVequivalentemissionstandards,withimplementation

fromJanuary2021.PeruadoptedEuro6/VIvehicleemissionsstandardsinOctober2021,thefirstcountryintheLACregiontodosonationwide,andimplementationistostartfromOctober2024,

concurrentlywith10ppmsulphurfuels.CambodiaadoptedEuro4/IVvehicleemissionstandardsin2021,tobeimplementedbyendoftheyear.In2020,therewere81countrieswithweakorveryweakmeasuresand47countrieswithgoodorverygoodmeasures.In2021,66countrieshaveweakorveryweakmeasuresand62countrieshavegoodorverygoodmeasures.ThisisshowninMap2

usingtheaboveUNEPrankingsystem,andinTable5bycountry.

MAp2UsedLightDutyVehicleRegulatoryEnvironment(UNEp,August2021)

Sourcebasedon146countriesstudieduptoAugust2021(UNEpdata)

19UsedVehiclesandtheenVironment

Table5UsedLightDutyVehicleRegulatoryEnvironmentRankings(August2021)

Regulatory

Ranking(UNEp)

Region

EnvironmentCountries

Verygood

Algeria,Mauritius,pakistan,Singapore,Sri-Lanka,Albania,Ukraine,Iran,Iraq,Israel,UnitedArabEmirates

Total:11

Africa(2)

Asia-pacific(3)

EECCA(2)

LAC(0)

ME(4)

benin,burkinaFaso,CapeVerde,Chad,Côted’Ivoire,gabon,

gambia,ghana,guinea,guineabissau,Lesotho,Liberia,

Mali,Mauritania,Morocco,Niger,Nigeria,Rwanda,Senegal,

SierraLeone,Togo,Tunisia,bangladesh,brunei,Fiji,Malaysia,

Maldives,NewZealand,papau-Newguinea,Timor-Leste,

Vietnam,Azerbaijan,belarus,Kazakhstan,Tajikistan,Russia,

Antigua&barbuda,barbados,bahamas,bermuda,bolivia,

CostaRica,DominicanRepublic,Jamaica,Mexico,peru,

Trinidad&Tobago,bahrain,Kuwait,Qatar,SaudiArabia

Total:15

Africa(4)

Asia-pacific(2)EECCA(4)

LAC(4)ME(1)

botswana,burundi,Cameroon,CentralAfricanRepublic,

Comoros,Congo,DemocraticRepublicofCongo,Equatorial

guinea,Eritrea,Eswatini,Ethiopia,Libya,Madagascar,

Malawi,Mozambique,SaoTome&principe,Somalia,South

Sudan,Tanzania,Uganda,Zambia,Zimbabwe,Afghanistan,

Laos,Mongolia,Myanmar,Nauru,palau,Armenia,georgia,

Kyrgyzstan,Moldova,Montenegro,Turkmenistan,Aruba,

belize,Cuba,Dominica,Frenchguiana,grenada,guatemala,

Haiti,Nicaragua,panama,paraguay,St.KittsandNevis,St.

Lucia,St.Vincentandthegrenadines,TurksandCaicos,

Jordan,Oman

Total:18

Egypt,SouthAfrica,Seychelles,Sudan,bhutan,India,

Indonesia,Nepal,philippines,Thailand,Turkey,Argentina,

brazil,Chile,Colombia,Ecuador,Uruguay,Venezuela

Total:146

Angola,Djibouti,Kenya,Namibia,Cambodia,Samoa,bosniaandHerzegovina,Serbia,Macedonia,Uzbekistan,ElSalvador,guyana,Honduras,Suriname,Lebanon

Total:51

Africa(22)

Asia-pacific(6)

EECCA(6)

LAC(15)

ME(2)

Total:51

Africa(22)

Asia-pacific(9)

EECCA(5)

LAC(11)

ME(4)

Africa(4)

Asia-pacific(6)EECCA(1)

LAC(7)

VeryWeak

banned

good

Weak

*SincethelastUNEpreportof2020,15countriesoftheECOWASsub-regionhaveadoptedaVehiclesDirectiveforEuro4/IVequivalentemissionstandards,implementationfromJanuary2021.peruadoptedEuro6/VIinOctober2021,and

implementationisfromOctober2024concurrentlywith10ppmfuels.CambodiaadoptedEuro4/IVin2021,tobeimplementedbyendof2021.

20UsedVehiclesandtheenVironment

ProgressinAfrica

progressinAfrica21

UNEPhasbeencollaboratingwithcountriesgloballytoputinplaceregulations,standards,and

processestoensurethatcountriesonlyreceivequalityusedvehicles.Oneoftheprojectsbeing

implementedbyUNEP,togetherwithpartners,focusesonAfricaastheregionwiththehighestroadfatalities,andwillbeexpandedtoincludeotherregions.The“SaferandCleanerUsedVehiclesfor

Africaproject”waslaunchedin2020.Thisprojectwillensuremajorroadsafetybenefits,forbothcardrivers,roadusers,withco-benefitsontheenvironmentandeconomy,andprovidesaplatformforthemajorLDVexportersandAfricanimportingcountriesandregionalbodiestointroduceminimumstandardsforusedLDVsimportandexport.

Underthisproject,guidelineshavebeendevelopedtosupportcountriesonusedvehiclesinspectionandmonitoringframework,complianceandenforcementmechanisms,andinformationsharing

systems.Bestpracticeproceduresandrequirementsforexportingandimportingcountrieshavealsobeenreviewed.Mainfindingsincludetheneedforminimumcriteria,suchasavalidroadworthinesscertificateatthepointofexport,acertificateofconformity,andaframeworktosupportsharingof

dataontheusedvehiclesbetweenexportingandimportingcountries.

ProgressinregionsincludesnewadoptedregulationsinAfrica.InSeptember2020,the15memberstatesoftheEconomicCommissionofWestAfricanStates(ECOWAS)adoptedthefirstregionally

harmonisedvehicleregulationforbothnewandusedvehiclesinAfrica.ThisDirectiverequiresthatvehiclesthatareimported,bothnewandused,petrolanddiesel,willneedtocomplytoaminimumofEURO4/IVequivalentvehicleemissionsstandardsfromJanuary2021.Anagelimitof5years

onlightdutyvehiclesand10yearsonheavydutyvehiclesisalsorequiredandthecountrieshaveaperiodof10yearstoimplementtheagerestrictions.Additionally,in2021,EastAfricancountrieshaveproposedaharmonizedEuro4/IVequivalentemissionsstandardfornewandused,lightandheavy-dutyvehicles.Fromtheexportingside,theEuropeanCommissioniscurrentlyrevisingtheDirectiveonend-of-lifevehicles(ELVDirective).ThisDirectivesetstargetsforELVsandtheircomponents.TheCommissionexpectstopresentalegislativepr