人教版高中英语必修二第2讲：Unit1-Cultural-relics-语法篇(学生版)

Unit1Culturalrelics-语法篇____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________通过本节课的学习掌握限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的用法与区别。限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句定语从句可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句什么是限制性定语从句？•Anyoneshouldbepunished.Anyonewhobreakstherulesshouldbepunished.也就是说，如果一个句子去掉定语从句后，主句的意思不是所要表明的意思，那么这个定语从句就是限制性定语从句。什么是非限制性定语从句？就是不用限制先行词的定语从句。译成汉语时，主句和从句可以分别翻译，互不影响。最大的特点就是先行词后面有逗号隔开。•SheisgoodatspeakingFrench,whichshelearnedatschool.•ThisbookwaswrittenbyJack,whowashereamomentago.•Ihavesomefriends,someofwhomareteachers.限制性定语从句的连接词可以用who,whom或whose,which。不用that，也不能省略。•Shehadeightchildren,threeofwhombecamesoldiers.•TheirteacherisaJapanese,whosewifeisaChinese.•Mysister,whoisanurse,gotmarriedlastmonth.•Chinahashundredsofislands,thelargestofwhichisTaiwan.非限制性定语从句还可以用when或where引导。•SheisgoingtoShanghai,whereshewasborn.•Wewillgohomenextweek,whenwewon’tbesobusy.a•除了前面提到的那些连接词以外，在下面两种情况下还可以用as作为定语从句的连接词。1.当先行词在从句中做主语或者宾语的时候，同时先行词又被same、so或者such修饰的时候。非限制性定语从句除了可以修饰词以外,还可以修饰前面整个句子。•Theyinvitedmetotheirparty,whichisverykindofthem.•Iwaslateforschoolagain,whichmademyteacherveryangry.•AstudentkilledhisEnglishteacher,whichfrightenedmeverymuch.•Suchpeopleasyousaidarenotgood.•Let’sdiscussonlysuchquestionsasareinterestingtoallofus.•Ihavethesametroubleasyouhave.•Ifeeljustthesameasyoudo.•HeissogoodateacherasIlikeverymuch.•Thosearesodifficultthequestionsasheasked.2.在非限定性定语从句中，as和which可代整个主句，相当于andthis或andthat。as一般放在句首，which在句中。•Asweknow,smokingisharmfultoone'shealth.•Smokingisharmfultoone’shealth,whichisknowntoall.二．限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别：所谓限制性定语从句，是指定语从句部分对先行词起限制、修饰的作用，关系代词有that,which,whom,who,whose以及关系副词when,where,why等，没有逗号把从句与先行词分开。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确。Doyouknowtheprofessorwhoisspeakingatthemeeting?你认识那个正在会上讲话的教授吗？WhereisthebookwhichIboughtthismorning?我今天上午买的书在哪儿呢？此外，还有一类非限制性定语从句，非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。用法其实与限制性定语从句极为相似，只是不能用that引导。Thisletterisfromhisparents,whoareworkinginTibet.这些信来自他的父母，他们在西藏工作。Englishisanimportantsubject,whicheverystudentshouldstudywell.英语是一门重要的科目，每个学生都应该学好。Thisisourheadmaster,whoIthinkhassomethingtotellyou.这是我们校长，我认为他有一些重要的事情要告诉你。(校长只有一位)限定性：对先行词起修饰限制作用非限定性：对先行词起补充说明作用，先行词与定语从句有逗号隔开.1.从形式上看限制性定语从句与其先行词紧紧相连之间不用逗号隔开；非限制性定语从句与先行词之间必须用逗号隔开。Mr.Smith，whocametoseemeyesterday，isoneofmybestfriends.昨天来看我的史密斯先生是我的一位好朋友。(非限制性定语从句)Thisistheteacherwhohastaughtfor30years.这就是那位有30年教龄的老师，你想见的那个人。(限制性定语从句)2.从意义上讲限制性定语从句用来修饰先行词，具有限制作用，两者关系紧凑，如果将其去掉，会影响句子意思的完整性往往句意不明，有时甚至于引起费解、误解；而非限制性定语从句仅仅对先行词作补充性叙述或说明，不起限制作用两者关系不那么紧密，可以省略，省略后主句的意思仍然完整；HersisterwhoteachesusEnglishwillgoabroadnextyear.她教我们英语的姐姐明年将出国。(限制性定语从句，意思是她可能还有别的姐姐。)Hersister,whoteachesusEnglish,willgoabroadnextyear. 她的姐姐教我们英语，明年将出国。(非限制性定语从句，对先行词hersister起到补充说明的作用，言外之意：她只有一个姐姐。)Theoldmanhasason,whoisinthearmy.那位老人有一个儿子，他在部队工作。（非限定性定语从句是对son进行补充、说明。“这位老人只有一个儿子”）Theoldmanhasasonwhoisinthearmy.“那位老人有一个在部队工作的儿子。”限定性定语从句就要对先行词son进行限定、修饰。（“这位老人有一个儿子在部队工作”，也就是说可能老人还有其他的儿子在干别的工作。3.从翻译方法来看一般来说，限制性定语从句多半译成汉语的前置定语，修饰其后的先行词，非限制性定语从句则往往译成后置的并列从句。Thisisthehousewhichweboughtlastyear.这是我们去年买的那幢房子。（限制性）Thehouse,whichweboughtlastmonth,isverynice．这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。(非限制性)Theteacherswhoarekindarepopularwiththestudents.态度和蔼的老师们受学生的欢迎。（限制性）Mr.Wang,whoiskind,ispopularwiththestudents.王老师深受学生的欢迎，他态度和蔼。(非限制性)ThisnotebookwasleftbyTom,whowashereamomentago.这个笔记本是汤姆留下的，刚才他还在这里。4.先行词不同限制性定语从句的先行词只能是一个名词或代词；非限制性定语从句的关系代词which既可以指代前面的先行词，也可以指代前面整句的含义。指代前面整句的含义时，定语从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。ThisisthebestnovelthatIhaveeverread.这是我看过的最好的小说。(先行词是novel)Thenovel,whichIreadlastnight,isveryinteresting.这是我昨天晚上看过的小说，非常有意思。(先行词为novel)Thenovelisveryinteresting,whichmakesmeveryglad.这部小说很有意思，这让我很高兴。(先行词为“Thenovelisveryinteresting”)Sheheardtheterriblenoise,whichbroughtherheartintohermouth.(which指代noise)HeseemsnottohavegraspedwhatImeant,whichgreatlyupsetsme.他似乎没领会我的意思，这使我心烦。(Which指代句子“他似乎没领会我的意思”。)注意：当先行词是世界上独一无二的事物或人名、地名、国名、建筑物等专有名词时时，用非限制性定语从句；Themoon,whichis384,400kilometersawayfromtheearth,goesaroundtheearth.月球绕着地球转，它离地球384,000千米远YesterdayheleftAmerica,wherehehadstayedfortwoyears.昨天他离开了美国，在那儿他待了两年。5.从关系词的使用来看:that,why不能用来引导非限制性定语从句。在非限制性定语从句中，that改用which；why改用forwhich。在限制性定语从句中，用关系代词指物which,that；指人who,whom,that;whose既可用来指人也可用来指物。Wedon’tknowthenumberofpeoplewholosttheirhomesinthe1906earthquake.我们不知道在1906年地震中失去家园的人们的数量。在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词指人时用who,whom；指物时用which;whose既可用来指人也可用来指物。JohnSmith,whowasmyformerteacher,retiredlastyear.约翰﹒史密斯去年退休了，他曾是我的老师。Myeldersisterhasbecomeadoctor，whichIwantedtobe.我姐姐成了一名医生，我原来也想当医生的。Thatishisroom，whosewindowfacessouth.那是他的房间，房间的窗户朝南。总结1：引导限制性定语从句的关系副词有when,where,why；引导非限制性定语从句的关系副词有when,where。当先行词指时间并且在定语从句中充当状语时用when；指地点并且在定语从句中充当状语时用where。Hewillhavetowaituntilnextmonth,wheneverythinghasbeenready.他不得不等到下个月，那时一切都准备好了。Canyoutellmethereasonwhyhewasabsentyesterday?你能告诉我他昨天缺席的原因吗？Hewashurtintheaccidentyesterday,forwhichhestayedinthehospitalforseveralhours.他昨天在事故中受伤，为此他在医院中待了好几个小时。ChaplinlivedthelastyearsofhislifeinSwitzerland,wherehewasburiedin1977.卓别林在瑞士度过了他的晚年，1977年他被安葬在那里总结2：在限制性定语从句中：whom作宾语时可用who替代；在非限制性定语从句：whom作宾语时不能用who代替。Thisistheboywhom/whoImetatthetheatre.这是我在剧院遇到的那个男孩。Theyoungmanhadanewgirlfriend,whomhewantedtomarry.这个年轻人有一个女朋友，他想娶她。总结3：在限制性定语从句中，关系代词作宾语时可省略（介词后不可）；在非限制性定语从句中，所有关系词不可省略.Ipassedhimalargeglassofwhisky,whichhedrankimmediately.我递给他一大杯威士忌，他立即喝下了。（which在从句中作宾语，不能省略）Hewrotealettertome,tellingmeeverything(that)hesawonthewaytotheParis.他给我写了一封信，告诉我去巴黎的途中看到的每一件事。（that在从句中作宾语，可以省略。）as与which引导非限制性定语从句的区别：1.as可引导非限制性定语从句时，指代整个主句，有“正如，就像”之意。as引导的定语从句可放在主句之前，之中或之后，位置灵活。“我们都知道，吸烟有害健康”这句话可译成：Asweknow,smokingisharmfultoourhealth.Smoking,asweknow,isharmfultoourhealth.Smokingisharmfultoourhealth,asisknowntousall.2.非限制性定语从句中as和which的选择：都可以指代整个句子的内容，非限定语从句位于句末且as或which作主语、宾语或表语时，常可互换。Hemarriedher,as/whichwasnatural.他娶了她，这是很自然的事。Heisakindfisherman,as/whichanybodycansee.他是一个善良的渔民，这大家都清楚。Thesunheatstheearth,whichmakesitpossibleforplantstogrow.太阳给予大地热量，这就使植物的生长成为可能。(指代逗号之前的整个句子)如非限定语从句位于主句之前，只能用as。Asweexpected,hepassedtheexam.正如我们预料的，他通过了考试。3.as引导的从句在意义上不可与主句相悖，而which引导的不受此限制。Chang’e-1hasbeenlaunchedsuccessfully,aswasexpected.嫦娥一号成功发射，这正是我们期待的。Theresultoftheexperimentwasverygood,whichwehadn’texpected.实验结果非常好，这点出乎我们预料。as常用在一些固定结构中：asweknow/asisknowntoall/asweallcansee众所周知asisoftenthecase 情况常常是这样 asmightbeimagined 可以想象得到asmightbeexpected 正如所预料的那样 ashasbeenpointedout 正如所指出的那样ashasbeensaidbefore/above 正如前文所述 asoftenhappens 像往常一样当与such或thesame连用时，一般用as。Suchbooksasyoutellmeareinteresting.你给我说的这些书很有趣。Ihavethesameplanasyou.我有和你一样的计划。4.当which在从句中指代的是先行词本身（一个先行词）而不是主句时，不可用as代替which。Thehouse,whichtheybuilt2yearsago,felldownintheearthquake.这所房子他们建于两年前，在地真正倒塌了。Myfriendshowedmeroundthetown，whichwasverykindofhim.[来源:Z|xx|k.Com]我的朋友真不错，他带我绕城转了一圈。注意：在anyone,those,he/she/I/they作先行词时，用“who”代替“that”。任何犯法的人都要受到惩罚。Anyonewhobreaksthelawispunished.Thosewhobreakthelawarepunished.Hewhobreaksthelawispunished.time作“次数”讲时用关系代词that引导定语从句，that可省略；若that作“一段时间”讲时，应用关系副词when或介词at/duringwhich引导定语从句。Thisisthesecondtimethat/（省略）thePresidenthasvisitedthecountry.这是总统第二次访问这个国家。Thatwasatatimewhen/duringwhichtherewerenoradios,notelephonesornoTVsets.那是一个没有收音机，没有电话，也没有电视的时期。定语从句解题思路：1.通读全句，首先判断是什么句型。2.题干句如果是疑问句式，将其转化为陈述句式。3.分析从句的句子结构，在定语从句中，缺什么，就补什么：缺主或宾语，用关系代词；缺状语，用关系副词。4.注意标点符号和题干中是否存在并列连词and,but等。例1.(2015高三海淀区一模)PrinceWilliamtookavisittotheForbiddenCityonFeb.28,_______emperorsoncelived.A.whichB.whoseC.whereD.when例2.(2015高三西城一模)Jackwillholdameeting__________peoplecanvoicetheiropinionontoday’sglobaleconomy.A.whichB.whenC.whereD.whose例3.(2015海淀区高一上学期期末)Threescientists________discoveredhowthebrainknowsthebodylocationwontheNobelPrize.A.whoseB.whichC.whomD.who例4.(2015东城区高一上学期期末)Davidisafriend_______youcantrustallyourlife.A.who B.which C.whose D.when例5.(2014海淀区高一下期中试卷)TheAppWeChatprovidesanetworkingplatform______communicationisfasterandeasier.A.which B.where C.when D.why基础演练一．将下列两个简单句合并成一个含有非限制性定语从句的复合句。1.IamreadingHarryPorter.Itisaninterestingbook.→____________________________________________2.Hefailedintheexam.Itmadehisparentsveryangry.→____________________________________________3.Hehastwosons.Bothofthemaredoctors.→____________________________________________4.RecentlyIboughtanancientChinesevase.Thepriceofitwasveryreasonable.→____________________________________________5.Lastweek,twopersonscametoseethehouse.Neitherofthemwantedtobuyit.→____________________________________________6.Ihavelostthepen.Myfatherboughtitformysixteenthbirthday.→____________________________________________7.Doyouseethehouse?Thewindowsofitfacesouth.→____________________________________________8.HemustbefromAfrica.Itcanbeseenfromhisskin.→____________________________________________9.Thebookisworthreading.Hepaid6yuanforit.→____________________________________________10.Sheisateacherofmuchknowledge.Muchcanbelearnedfromher.→____________________________________________巩固提高二．单项选择。1.Attention!OurbusisapproachingCambridge，________we’llbestoppingtoeat.A.when B.which C.as D.where2.Peoplewhoseldomdosportsor_______dietishighinfatwillputoffWeightquickly.A.who B.whose C.which D.what3.Thenovelwascompletedin1978,theeconomicsystemhasseengreatchangesA.when B.duringwhich C.sincethen D.sincewhen4.Coulditbeintherestaurantin_________youhaddinnerwithmeyesterday________youleftbehindyourkeysandwallet?A.which;which B.which;that C.that;where D.where;where5.PartofSoutheastAsiawasstruckbyfloods，________effectsthepeoplearestillsufferingfrom.A.that B.whose C.those D.what6.TheBritisharenotsofamiliarwithdifferentculturesandotherwaysofdoingthings，________isoftenthecaseinothercountries.A.what B.as C.so D.that7.Soonchildreninthecamphadmanynewfriends,______theysharedfood,storiesandprojects.A.forwhich B.withwhom C.ofwhich D.towhom8.TheGreatWallistheplace______almostalltouristswouldliketovisitwhentheycometoBeijing.A.why B.which C.when D.where9.Theprofessorcanhardlyfindsufficientgrounds___________hisargument.A.whichtobebasedon B.onwhichtobase C.whichtobebased D.whichtobase10.About1.62millionChinesestudentswentabroadtostudybetween1978and2009,______only497,400havecomeback.A.who B.amongwhom C.amongwhich D.inwhom一．单项选择。()1.Ipreferacompany________peoplehavetoworkasateam,insteadoffightingagainsteachother.A.whereB.that C.as D.when()2.—Isthisthehouse_______youoftentalkabout?—Yes,justtheone_______youknowIusedtoliveformorethan15years.A.that;where B.which;that C.where;which D.where;that()3.Asaresultofourseriousstaffshortages,thesituationhasrisen_______wehavetohiregraduatingcollegestudentsforhelp.A.that B.when C.where D.as()4.Doyouhaveenoughmoney_______tobuythatfashionabledress?A.forwhich B.whichuses C.withwhich D.which()5.ItraveltotheBinhaiNewAreabylightrailwayeveryday,domanybusinessmenwholiveindowntownTianjin.A.as B.which C.when D.though()6.Qingdaoisthemostsatisfactoryplace_____we’regoingtovisit.A.which B.where C.that D.inwhich()7.Coulditbeintherestaurantin_________youhaddinnerwithmeyesterday________youleftbehindyourkeysandwallet?A.which；whichB.which；that C.that；where D.where；where()8.Theoldlady,allof______childrenhadbeenkilledintheearthquake,wasgivenhelpbythelocalgovernment.A.her B.whom C.whose D.which()9.Letmethinkofapropersituation_______thissentencecanbeused.A.where B.that C.ofwhom D.which()10.Therearethreelibrariesinourschool,_______werebuiltfiveyearsago.A.allofthem B.eitherofthem C.allofwhich D.bothofthat()11.They’vewontheirlastthreematches，________Ifindabitsurprisingactually.A.that B.when C.what D.which()12.China’snewfoodlawprovidesforafoodrecallsystem________producershavetostopproductioniftheirfoodisn’tuptostandards.A.where B.that C.when D.which二．定语从句改错1.Jimpassedthedrivingtest,itsurprisedeverybodyintheoffice.2.Whichisknowntoall,heisthebeststudent.3.Itissuchabigstonethatnobodycanlift.4.Ourteacherisverystrictwithus,thatdoesmuchgoodtous.5.HewillcometoseemenextJuly,whichhewon’tbesobusy.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________一．翻译句子1.他经常迟到，这让他的老师很生气。__________________________________________________________________2.书架上总共有11本书，其中5本书是我的。_________________________________________________________________3.约翰说他一直在办公室工作，这是真的。_________________________________________________________________4.众所周知，马克•吐温是一位伟大的美国作家。_________________________________________________________________5.他的拐杖昨天丢了，没有了拐杖他就不能走路。_________________________________________________________________6.自然而然地，他娶了Jenny。_________________________________________________________________7.我们在实验中用的这些记号是希腊字母。_________________________________________________________________8.我递给他一杯威士忌，他立即喝了。_________________________________________________________________二．阅读理解。Teenagershavebeenwarnedtheyarebecomingunemployablebecausetheyuseavocabularyofjust800words.Thelimitedlinguisticrange(语言范围)isalsomadeupofmuch“teenspeak”whichhasdevelopedthroughmoderncommunicationmethodssuchastextmessagingandsocialnetworkingsites.TodayJeanGross,whoadvisestheGovernmentonchildren'sspeech,saidimmediateactionshouldbetakentopreventchildrenfailingtofindjobsbecausetheyareunabletocommunicate.Mrs.Goss,wholastweekgaveoutawarningovertheeffectoftelevisiononchildren'sdevelopmentsaidyesterday,“Teenagersarespendingmoretimecommunicatingthroughelectronicmediaandtextmessaging,whichisshortandbrief”.“Weneedtohelptoday'steenagersunderstandthedifferencebetweentheirtextspeakandtheformallanguagetheyneedtosucceedinlife—800wordswillnotgetyouajob.”Themajorityofteenagersshouldhavedevelopedalargevocabularyof40,000wordsbythetimetheyreach16.Mrs.GrosssaidherworrieswereincreasedbyresearchbyTonyMcEnery,aprofessoroflinguisticsatLancasterUniversitywhostudied10millionwordsofrecordedspeechand100,000wordsgatheredfromteenagers’blogs.Hefoundthatthetop20wordsusedbyteenagers,including“yeah”,“no”and“but”,makeupaboutathirdofallwordsused.Mr.Grossplanstostartamovementnextyearandaimingatprimaryandsecondaryschools.Shesaid,“IwantteenagersgoingintoworkplacesandmakingvideosofhowpeoplecommunicateandthenputtingthemonYouTubeforotherstostudy.”Shealsowantsparentstolimitchildrenundertheageoftwotohalfanhouroftelevisionaday,becauseshesaysthatitcrowdsoutconversation.()1.Why

can

‘teenspeak’

nowadays

come

i