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Chapter1

WebBasics1ObjectivesDefinebrowsers、serversandURL.ListthefirststepsofcreatingaWebsite.DefineHTMLandexplainhowHTMLworks.CreatesimpleWebpagesusingthebasicHTMLtags(<html>,<head>,<title>,<body>,<p>).2WhatistheWWWHypertextinformationsystemGraphicandeasytonavigateCross-platformDistributedDynamicInteractive3WebbrowsersDefinition:AWebbrowseristheprogramyouusetoviewpagesandnavigatetheWWW.Whatthebrowserdoes:RespondtopointerstoinformationRetrieveanddisplayWebdocuments4WebbrowsersSomepopularbrowsersIENetscapenavigatorMozillaFirefoxUsingthebrowsertoaccessotherservices

ftpnews5WebserverDefinition:AWebserveristheprogramthatrunsonacomputerandisresponsibleforreplyingtoWebbrowserrequestsforfiles.AWebserverisneededtopublishdocumentsontheWeb.“Server”canbebothsoftwareandhardware.6UniversalResourceLocatorsDefinition:AURLisapointertosomebitofdataontheWeb,beitaWebdocument,afileavailableviaFTP,apostingonUsenet,oranemailaddress.URLscontaininformationaboutthefollowing:HowtogettotheinformationInternethostnamedirectory7AnatomyofaWebsiteWebsite:acollectionofoneormoreWebpageslinkedtogetherinameaningfulwayWebserver:thecomputerthatrespondstobrowserrequestsWebpage:asingledocumentonaWebsiteHomepage:theentrypageforaWebsite8WhatdoyouwanttoputonlineAnythingyouwant:Stuffforwork/studyPersonalinformationTheonlythingthatlimitswhatyoucanpublishontheWebisyourownimagination.YoumightalsofindinspirationinlookingatotherWebsitessimilartotheoneyouhaveinmind.9SetyourgoalsWhatdoyouwantpeopletobeabletoaccomplishonyourWebsite?ForinformationTodosomething,suchashavingfun(chat,music,video,etc.),makingapurchase,ortradingstocks.GenresHobbiesorspecialinterests,publications,companyprofiles,onlinedocumentation,shoppingcatalogs,onlinestores,pollingandopiniongathering,onlineeducation,etc.10BreakupyourcontentWithyourgoalsinmind,trytoorganizeyourcontentintomaintopicsorsections,chunkingrelatedinformationtogetherunderasingletopic.Justlistthepointsyouwanttodescribeinyoursite.Yourgoalistohaveasetoftopicsthatareroughlythesamesizeandthatgrouptogetherrelatedbitsofinformationyouhavetopresent.11OrganizationandnavigationHierarchiesandmenusLinearLinearwithalternativesCombinationsoflinearandhierarchicalWeb12StoryboardingFigureoutwhatcontentgoesonwhatpageandcomeupwithsomesimplelinksfornavigationbetweenthosepages.ThestoryboardprovidesanoverallroughoutlineofwhattheWebsitewilllooklikewhenit’sdone,includingwhichtopicsgoonwhichpages,theprimarylinks,andmaybeevensomeconceptualideaofwhatsortofgraphicsyou’llbeusingandwherethey’llgo.13HintsforstoryboardingWhichtopicswillgooneachpage?Whataretheprimaryformsofnavigationbetweenpages.Whatalternativeformsofnavigationareyougoingtoprovide?Whatwillyouputonyourhomepage?Whatareyourgoals?14WhatisHTMLHTMLstandsforHypertextMarkupLanguage.HTMLdescribesthestructureofapage.HTMLdefinesasetofcommonstylesforWebpages:headings,paragraphs,lists,andtables.Italsodefinescharacterstylessuchasboldfaceandcodeexamples.ThesestylesareindicatedinsideHTMLdocumentsusingtags.15HowisapagedisplayedWhenyoureadanHTMLpageintoabrowser,thebrowserinterprets,orparses,theHTMLtagsandformatsthetextandimagesonthescreen.Thebrowserhasmappingsbetweenthenamesofpageelementsandactualstylesonthescreen;forexample,headingsmightbeinalargerfontthanthetextontherestofthepage.16DoandDon’tWarning!Differentbrowsersrunningondiverseplatformsmightusedifferentstylemappingsforeachpageelement.DoDodesignyourpagesothattheyworkinmostbrowsers.Dofocusonclear,well-structuredcontentthat’seasytoreadandunderstand.Don’tDon’tdesignyourpagesbasedonwhattheylooklikeonyourcomputersystemandonyourbrowser.17HTMLisamarkuplanguageWritinginamarkuplanguagemeansthatyoustartwiththetextofyourpageandaddspecialtagsaroundwordsandparagraphs.Thetagsindicatethedifferentpartsofthepageandproducedifferenteffectsinthebrowser.HTMLhasadefinedsetoftagsyoucanuse.Youcan’tmakeupyourowntagstocreatenewappearancesorfeatures.18WhatHTMLfileslooklikePageswritteninHTMLareplaintextfiles(ASCII),whichmeanstheycontainnoplatform-orprogram-specificinformation.HTMLfilescontainthefollowing:Thetextofthepageitself.HTMLtagsthatindicatepageelements,structure,formatting,andhypertextlinkstootherpagesortoincludedmedia.19HTMLtags<thetagname>affectedtext</thetagname>Thetagnameitselfisenclosedinbrackets.HTMLtagsgenerallyhaveabeginning(opening)andanending(closing)tagsurroundingthetexttheyaffect.Thebeginningtag“turnson”afeature,andtheendingtagturnsitoff.HTMLtagsarenotcasesensitive,butXHTMLtagsare.20CreatingyourfirstHTMLpageOpenthetexteditor(Notepad)andtypesomecode.SaveitasanHTMLfile,whichendswith.htmor.html.(Don’tincludespacesorspecialcharactersinyourfilename.)Launchyourbrowserandviewit.EdittheHTMLfile,andsaveit.Refreshtoseetheresult.21Decomposingthefirstpage<html></html><head></head><title></title><body></body><p></p><html><head><title></title>……</head><body>…………</body></html>22Addsomecolorand…<bodybgcolor=“colornameor#RRGGBB”><bodybackground=“URLoftheimage”><bgsoundsrc=“URLofthesoundfile”>Note:Usebackgroundimagesandmusicver

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