Chapter-3新编语言学教程-Morphology

Chapter3Morphology

形态学Contentsofchapter31.Words&morphology1.1Whatisword?1.2Howtodefineword?1.3Classificationsofwords1.4Definitionofmorphology2.Thesmallestunitofmorphology&theclassificationofmorphemes3.Morphsandallomorphs4.Typesofwordformation1.1Whatis“word”?WordThreesensesofwordA.Wordisaphysicallydefinableunit.词是自然的有界限的对立单位。Inphonology：/itis‘wʌndəful/Inorthography：Itiswonderful.人们可以把词看作两个间歇或空白之间的一套音段成分或是字母组合。连读？缩写？还是一个词么？B.Wordisbothageneraltermandaspecificterm.词既是一个普通术语又是一个专门术语。Thesamewordordifferentwords?Girl&girlsPlay,played,playing,playsC.Wordisagrammaticalunit.词是一个语法单位。Wordisoneofthescalesingrammar.SentenceSmallclausePhraseWordmorpheme1.21.2Howtodefineword?IdentificationofwordsA.stability(稳定性):Wordsarethemoststableofalllinguisticunits,inrespectoftheirinternalstructure.B.relativeuninterruptability〔相对连续性〕:newelementsarenottobeinsertedintoawordevenwhenthereareseveralpartsinaword,andnorisoneallowedtousepausesbetweenthepartsofaword.C.aminimumfreeform〔最小自由形式〕:wordisthesmallestunitthatcanconstitute,byitself,acompleteutterance.1.3ClassificationsofwordsWordscanbeclassifiedaccordingtothreedimensions:A.intermsofvariability可变性

variablewords可变化词Wordswhichhaveorderedandregularseriesofgrammaticallydifferentwordformsandpartofthewordremainsrelativelyconstant.

invariablewords非变化词Wordswhichdonothaveinflectiveendings.B.intermsofmeaning表达意义

grammaticalwords语法词

Wordswhichexpressgrammaticalmeanings.Thegrammaticalwordsservetolinkdifferentpartsofalanguagetogether,sotheyarealsocalledfunctionwords.E.g.conj.Prep.Art.pron.lexicalwords词汇词

wordswhichhavelexicalmeanings,theyrefertosubstance,actionandquality.E.g.n.v.adj.adv.C.intermsofmembership成员

closed-classwords封闭类词

wordswhosemembershipisfixedorlimited.Newmembersarenotregularlyadded.E.g.pron.Prep.Conj.Art.

open-classwords开放类词

wordswhosemembershipisinprincipleinfiniteorunlimitedandcanaddedwiththedevelopmentofthesociety.E.g.n.v.adj.adv.Openclassword&closedclassword

Openclasswords----contentwordsofalanguagetowhichwecanregularlyaddnewwords,suchasnouns,adjectives,verbsandadverbs,e.g.beatnik(amemberoftheBeatGeneration),hacker,email,internet,“做秀，时装秀…”inChinese.Closedclasswords----grammaticalorfunctionalwords,suchasconjunction,articles,prepositionandpronouns.1.4DefinitionofmorphologyP52Morphologyreferstothestudyoftheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.Morphology,asabranchoflinguistics,isthusthestudyoftheinternalstructure,formsandclassesofwords.TheresearchingfieldofmorphologyA.inflectionalmorphology屈折形态学

Inflection:Itreferstothemanifestationofgrammaticalrelationshipsthroughtheadditionofinflectionalaffixessuchasnumber,person,finiteness,aspectandcase,whichdoesnotchangethegrammaticalclassofthestemstowhichtheyareattached.B.derivationalmorphology派生形态学

Wordformation:Itreferstotheprocessofwordvariationsignalinglexicalrelationships.Itcanbefurthersub-classifiedintothecompositionaltype(compound)

复合词andderivationaltype(derivation)派生词.2.Thesmallestunitofmorphology&

theclassificationofmorphemes

Morpheme(语素):Amorphemeisaminimalunitofmeaningorgrammaticalfunction.Itcannotbedividedwithoutdestroyingordrasticallyalteringthemeaning,whetheritislexicalorgrammatical.Howmanymorphemesinthesewords?

WrittendisorderlyInternationalizationWrite–enDis-order-lyinter-nation-al-lize-(a)tionMorpheme--theminimalunitofmeaning---Wordsarecomposedofmorphemes.Wordsmayconsistofonemorphemeormoremorphemes,e.g.1-morphemeboy,desire2-morphemeboy+ish,desir(e)+ble3-morphemeboy+ish+ness,desir(e)+bl(e)+ity4-morphemegentle+man+li+ness,un+desir(e)+abl(e)+ity5-morphemeun+gentle+man+li+ness6-morphemeanti+dis+establish+ment+ari+an+ismtheclassificationofmorphemes1A.freemorpheme自由语素

Morphemesmayoccuraloneorconstitutewordsbythemselves.Allmonomorphemeic单语素词wordsarefreemorphemes.Freemorphemescanbedividedintotwocategories:

Lexicalmorphemes(词汇语素)：ordinarynouns,verbsandadjectiveswhichcarrythecontentofmessagesweconvey.E.g.book,desk

Functionalmorphemes(功能语素)：conjunctions,articles,prepositionsandpronouns.E.g.if,when,because.B.boundmorpheme粘着语素

Morphemeswhichcannotoccuralone.Theymustappearwithatleastanothermorpheme.Freemorpheme&boundmorphemeFreemorpheme----isonethatmayconstituteaword(freeform)byitself,suchasbed,tree,sing,dance,etc.Boundmorpheme----isonethatmayappearwithatleastoneothermorpheme.Theycannotstandbythemselves,suchas“-s”in“dogs”,“al”in“national”,“dis-”in“disclose”,“ed”in“recorded”,etc.theclassificationofmorphemes2Root,affix,stemandbase词根、词缀、词干和词基

Root(词根):Thebaseformofawordthatcannotbefurtheranalyzedwithouttotallossofidentity.Allwordscontainarootmorpheme,whichmaybeafreemorphemeoraboundmorpheme.Affix(词缀):Thecollectivetermforthetypeofformativethatcanbeusedonlywhenaddedtoanothermorpheme(therootorthestem),whichhasthreesubtypes,prefix,suffixandinfix.Allaffixesaretheboundmorphemes.Prefix:joinedtothebeginningoftherootorstem.Itcanchangethemeaningorfunctionoftheword.E.g.impossible,dislike,unimportantSuffix:joinedtotheendoftherootorstem.Itcanalsochangethemeaningorfunctionoftheword.E.g.friendly,correctness,action.Infix:morphemesthatareinsertedintoothermorphemes.Theyarerelativelyrareinthelanguageoftheworld.E.g.inTagalog(菲律宾的塔加拉族语)P54AffixPrefix----morphemesthatoccuronlybeforeothers,e.g.un-,dis,anti-,ir-,etc.Suffix----morphemesthatoccuronlyafterothers,e.g.-ful,-er,-ish,-ness,-able,-tive,tion,etc.Stem(词干):Itreferstoanymorphemeorcombinationofmorphemestowhichaninflectionalaffixcanbeadded.Itcanbeequivalenttoaroot,orarootandaderivationalaffix.Astemofawordmaybe

P53A.Asimplestemconsistingofonlyonemorpheme,inwhichcasetherootandthestemarethesame.

B.ArootplusaderivationalaffixC.Twoormoreroots.BaseAbaseisanyformtowhichaffixesofanykindcanbeadded.Thismeansanystemandrootcanbetermedasabase.Thedifferencesamong

root,stem&baseAbasecanbeaddedbybothinflectional&derivationalaffixeswhileastemcanbeaddedonlybyinflectionalaffixes;Abaseisderivationallyanalyzable(e.g.undesireinundesirable)whilearootcannotbefurtheranalyzed,e.g.desireinundesirable;Root,stemandbasecanbethesameform,e.g.desireindesired;Undesirableinundesirablesiseitherastemorabase;Desirableinundesirableisonlyabase.3.MorphsandAllomorph

语素变体P56Somemorphemeshaveasingleforminallcontexts,suchas“dog,bark,cat”,etc.Inotherinstances,theremaybesomevariation,thatis,amorphememayhavealternateshapesorphoneticforms.Theyaresaidtobetheallomorphsofthemorpheme.thepluralmorphememayberepresentedby:map----maps[s]dog----dogs[z]watch----watches[iz]mouse----mice[ai]ox----oxen[n]tooth----teethsheep----sheepEachoftheunderlinedpartiscalledanallomorphofpluralmorpheme.Derivationalmorpheme&

inflectionalmorpheme

Derivationalmorphemes----themorphemeswhichareaddedtothestemtocreateaword.Theymaychangethemeaningorgrammaticalclassofwords,e.g.modern---modernize,length---lengthen,fool---foolish,etc.Inflectionalmorphemes----themorphemeswhichareforthemostpartpurelygrammaticalmarkers,signifyingsuchconceptsastense,number,caseandsoon，e.g.a)number:tablesapplescars

b)

person,finitenessandaspect:talk/talks/talking/talkedc)case:John/John’s4.TypesofwordformationThecreationofnewwordsiscalledwordformationorwordbuilding.differenttypesofwordformations:

compounding,derivation(maintypes)conversion,backformation,clipping,blending,acronym,initialismCompounding:

Thecombinationoffreemorphemestoformalargerword.Compoundshavestrictpatterns:

Thefirstelementinthecompoundreceivesthemainstress,butitisgenerallythesecondelementthatdeterminesthecompound’snewwordclass.4.1Compounding合成构词法PatternsofcompoundsNouncompoundsdaybreak(N+V)playboy(V+N)haircut(N+V)callgirl(V+N)windmill(N+N)Verbcompoundsbrainwash(N+V)lipread(N+V)babysit(N+V)Adjectivecompoundsmaneating(N+Ving)heartfelt(N+Ved)dutyfree(N+adj.)Prepositioncompoundsinto(P+P)throughout(P+P)4.2Derivation派生构词法p59Derivation:itisdonebyaddingaffixestootherwordsormorphemes