unit8TheWorkerasCreatororMachine市公开课一等奖省赛课微课金奖课

TheWorkerasCreatororMachineErichFromm1/88ErichFromm1900-1980,sociologist,psychoanalystandauthor,borninFrankfurt,Germany,andgothisPh.D.attheUniv.ofHeidelberg,1922.HecametotheUnitedStatesin1934,wherehepracticedpsychoanalysisandlecturedatvariousinstitutions,includingtheInternationalInstituteforSocialResearch(1934–39),ColumbiaUniv.(1940–41),theAmericanInstituteforPsychoanalysis(1941–42),andYale(1949–50)2/88HisViewpointsFrommattemptedasynthesisandreformulationofFreudandMarx.Hewasparticularlyconcernedwiththerelationshipbetweentheindividualandsocietyandtheproblemsofhumanself-realizationandfulfillment.HetookissuewithFreud’sviewoftheinstinctualbasesofhumanmotivation.Hearguedthatsocialcharacterisnotdeterminedbyinstinctbutrathershapedbyculturaltraining.Healsomaintainedthatinmodern,industrialsocieties,menhavebecomealienatedfromthemselves.Thesefeelingsofisolationresultedinanunconsciousdesireforunitywithothers.3/88Hisworks:

EscapefromFreedom(1941)TheSaneSociety(1955)TheArtofLoving(1956)TheHeartofMan(1964)TheRevolutionofHope(1968)4/885/886/887/888/88TheTextThispieceisanexcerptfrom“TheSaneSociety”1955.Inthisbook,FrommismainlyconcernedwiththeeffectofasociologicalenvironmentonAmericanswhichexalts(praise)successthroughcompetitionandthehumanalienationthataccompaniestechnologicaldevelopmentwhichisolatestheworkmanfromthefinishedproduct.9/88Thefollowingtwoparagraphshavebeendeletedfromthebeginningofthispiece:“Whatbecomesthemeaningofworkinanalienatedsociety?”“Wehavealreadymadesomebriefcommentsaboutthisquestioninthegeneraldiscussionofalienation.Butsincethisproblemisofutmostimportance,notonlyfortheunderstandingofpresent-daysociety,butalsoforanyattempttocreateasanersociety,Iwanttodealwiththenatureofworkseparatelyandmoreextensivelyinthefollowingpages.”10/88alienationWhatisalienation?Isitatopicworthtalking?ThetermisderivedfromMarxandreferstothedominationofpeoplebypowerelites,materialconstraints,politicalstructures,andthoughtitself.Ultimately,alienationistheseparationofhumankindfromitslabor.Itinterfereswiththeproductionofauthenticculture(seeCulture).Itisaffectedbyanyprocesswhichlimitsaperson'spowertoknowtheworld,andthusdehumanizestheworlditself(seeHumanization).11/88异化在物异化现象中，主体（人）创造物原来是主体为了自己目标而创造出来，是到达人特定目标工具和伎俩，是到达人某种控制性目标而使用工具，可是，在异化现象中，物却反过来成了奴役人、控制人力量，主体成了被动、可怜、受制于物“成份”。原来是以人尺度为标准而“设计”人-物关系，在异化现象中变成了以物尺度为标准人-物关系。能够看出，物异化现象一个基本特点就是反客为主和工具性压倒了目标性。12/88ThethemeorthesisThemeaningofworkinanalienatedsociety.Theworkerisnolongeracreatorbuthasbecomeamachine.“Heispartofthemachine,ratherthanitsmasterasanactiveagent.”(para.6)13/88ThemethodofwritingThemethodemployedbythewriterinthispieceofexpositorywritingiscausalanalysisorcausation因果分析.Itmeanssomethinghappenedis1)becauseofsthelse2)asaresultofsth.elseInthislesson,thewriterexplainedthereasonwhymanchangestheattitudetowardworkanditseffect14/88OrganizationalPattern5sectionsSect.I(Para.1-2).ThewriterdealswithgeneralpositivevaluesofworkPara.1.thegeneralideaofthemeaningofworktomaninancienttimes.Para.2.morespecificallystateswhatworkmeanstocraftsmanin13-14thcentury.WorkwassatisfactorypleasurableinstructivemeaningfulHecitesexamplesofcraftsmanin13-14thcenturytoillustratework.15/88OrganizationalPatternSect.II(Para.3-4)Hedealswiththechangeinthemeaningofworktoman,especiallyatthebeginningofmodernsociety(capitalism)Whatdoesworkmeantomanthen?adutyandobsessionuppermiddleclassforcedlaborpoorlaboringpeople16/88OrganizationalPatternSect.III(Para.5-7)Hedealswiththechangeinthemeaningofworktomannow.Workhasbecomeanalienatingfactor.Workalienatestheworkersfromothers,andworkerhasbecomepartofthemachine.Heisnotamaster,butslaveofmachine.17/88OrganizationalPatternSect.IV(Para.8-9)ThecauseofthechangesThewritermakesageneralsurveyintheresearchofthecausesofthechangesfromtheindustrialpsychologicalpointofview.18/88SectionIV.Therelationshipbetweentheworkerandworkisdeterminedbythewholesocialorganization.Theworkerknowsverylittleaboutotherthings.Theworkerispassive.Heisisolated(alienated)fromothers.19/88OrganizationalPatternSect.V(Para.10-13)Theeffects(results)ofthisalienation.Theworkershavetworeactionsresultingfromalienation.laziness(Para.11-12)hostility(Para.13)20/88DetailedStudyoftheText

Para.1Para1—thespecificpositivevaluesofwork1.Workenableshumanbeingstorisefromtheanimalkingdom.2.Workliberatesmenfromnatureandmakesthemintosocialbeingsandworktogetherinacooperativeway.3.Workmoldsandchangesnatureandhimself.4.Workdevelopsman’sdifferentpowers,skills,capacities,personalityandcreativity.21/88Whatiswork?Byworking,amancould:(para.1)Differhimselffromanimal(risehimabovetheanimalkingdom)Separatehimselffromnature(Liberatorfromnature)Socializehimself(Creatorasasocialandindependentbeing)Becomehisownmaster(Moldingandchangingthenatureaswellashimself)22/88Para.2Para.2--detaileddescriptionofthemeaningofworktoman.Theparagraphdealswiththesubjectofcraftsmanship.AccordingtoMillsandFrommcraftsmanshipinvolvesthecontroloftheworkprocessbytheindividualworker.AtitsheightinthelateMiddleAges,itenhancedman’sproductivepowersandwasasourceofgreatsatisfactiontothecraftsman.23/88C.W.Mills(1916-1962)AnAmericansociologist,knownasoneoftheveryfewoutstandingsocialcriticsduringtheMcCarthyperiod.HisbestknownworkisWhiteCollar

(1951),fromwhichhisquotationistaken,andThePowerandElite.Hediedin1962.24/8825/88Whywasworkapleasuretoman?Becausetheworkerisfreetocontrolhisownworkingaction.Heisresponsibleforthewholeproductionprocess.26/88Whydoesthewriteruseaquotation?toprovehisideainamoredirectwaytogiveakindofauthoritytowhathesaysAparaphrasewouldnotprovidethatdirectnessandauthority.27/88Whatdoes“Thereisnosplitofwork…”mean?Thereisacloserelationshipbetweenworkandpleasure.Theygohandinhand.Whiletheworkerisworking,heenjoyshimself.Whenheismakingsth.,helearnssth.28/88Para.3Protestantcountries:referringtoGermany,Switzerland,Scandinavia,theNetherlands,theBritishIslesandEarlyAmerica.What’sprotestant’sideaaboutwork?Theyheldthatallmenarebornsinful.Theymustworkhardtopurifytheirsouls.Godthenwilltakethemtoparadiseaftertheydie.29/88ProtestantismoneofthethreemajorbranchesofChristianity,alongwithRomanCatholicismandEasternOrthodoxy.ProtestantismformedfromthesplitwithRomanCatholicismduringtheReformationinthe16th

century.LedbyMartinLuther,JohnCalvin,andothers,thereformersbrokefromtheRomanCatholicChurchduetoabusiveecclesiologicalstructuresandtheologicaldifferences.

30/88ThemedievalperiodThemedievalperiodlastsfromthecollapseoftheWesternRomanEmpire(thefifthcentury)totheoutbreakoftheBourgeoisRevolutioninthe17thcentury.31/88NewlywonfreedomFreedomfromfeudalrestrictions.Thecraftsmanfeltsafeandsecureinhisguildandprofession,butbecameafraidnowthathewasentirelyonhisowninahighlycompetitivesociety.32/88Man,beingafraidof…Becausethecraftsmanfeltuncertainabouthisnewwayoflife(thebreakdownofthebondsoffeudalcommunity),hefelttheneedtodosomething–towork–toovercomeandconquerhisdoubtsandfearssoastoregainpsychologicalequilibrium(平衡）.33/88Theoutcome…EarlyProtestantismmaintainedthatmostsoulsarepredestinedbybirthbyGodtoeternaldamnationandafewtobesavedafterdeath.Butthere’snowaythatanyonecanknowwhichiswhich.Obviouslypeoplelivedinfear.AllonecouldhopeforwasasignfromGodthathemightbeamongtheelect,eventhoughasignwasnoguarantee.34/88Itwasbelievedthatanyformofsinfulnesswaslikelyindicationofdamnation,whereasceaselesswork,especiallyifitresultedinwealth,couldbesignofsalvation.Clearly,worklostalltheintrinsicpositiveaspectsitformerlyhad,andinsteadbecamepurelyandsimplyamethodtoachievewealthandsuccess.35/88asceticismaspecialterminreligionself-denyingmodeoflivingasimple,strictwayoflifewithnoluxuriesorphysicalpleasures,whichpeopleusuallyleadbecauseoftheirreligiousbeliefs.36/88Workbecame,inMaxWeber’sterms,…Workbecame,accordingtoWeber,thechiefelementinasystemthatpreachedanaustereandself-denyingwayoflife.Workwastheonlythingthatbroughtrelieftothosewhofeltaloneandisolatedleadingthiskindofasceticlife.用马克斯·韦伯话说，劳动已成为“内心世界禁欲主义”思想体系中一个主要原因，处理人们内心寂寞和孤独感一个方法。37/88TheProtestantworkethicProtestantisminitsattempttoreformChristianity,broughttheasceticstandardsofthemonkandthepriestintothemindsanddailyconductofeverypracticingChristian.SoeventhoughProtestantsweretostriveforwealth,theywerealsosupposedtodenythemselvesworldlypleasures.Thusarosethefrugal,hard-working,self-denying,money-makingcapitalist.38/88MaxWeber(1864－1920)aGerman

sociologist,philosopher,and

politicaleconomist

whoseideasinfluenced

socialtheory,socialresearch,andtheentiredisciplineofsociology.

Weberisoftencited,with

EmileDurkheimand

KarlMarx,asamongthethreefoundingcreatorsofsociology.39/88MaxWeberWeberisbestknownforhisthesiscombining

economicsociology

andthe

sociologyofreligion,elaboratedinhisbook

TheProtestantEthicandtheSpiritofCapitalism,inwhichheproposedthat

asceticProtestantismwasoneofthemajor"electiveaffinities"associatedwiththeriseintheWesternworldofmarket-drivencapitalismandthe

rational-legalnation-state.AgainstMarx's“historicalmaterialism”,Weberemphasizedtheimportanceofculturalinfluencesembeddedinreligionasameansforunderstandingthegenesisofcapitalism.40/8841/88MaxWeber’sMajorWorksTheProtestantEthicandtheSpiritofCapitalismAncientJudaismSociologyofpoliticsandgovernment

EconomyandSocietyTheMethodologyoftheSocialSciencesFromMaxWeber:EssaysinSociologyTheReligionofIndia:TheSociologyofHinduismandBuddhism

TheReligionofChina

:ConfucianismandTaoismBasicConceptsinSociology42/88TheProtestantEthicandtheSpiritofCapitalismWeber'sessay

TheProtestantEthicandtheSpiritofCapitalism

ishismostfamouswork.Here,Weberputforwardthecontroversialthesisthatthe

Protestant

ethicinfluencedthedevelopmentofcapitalism.Religiousdevotionhadusuallybeenaccompaniedbyrejectionofworldlyaffairs,includingeconomicpursuit.WhywasthatnotthecasewithProtestantism?Weberaddressedthisparadoxinhisessay,findinghisanswerinthereligiousideasofthe

Reformation.43/88TheProtestantEthicandtheSpiritofCapitalismWeberarguedthatcertainProtestantideas,particularly

JohnCalvin'sunderstandingof

predestination

thatsinfulpeoplecannotknowdirectlywhethertheyarepartof

God'selecttowhomthegraceofsalvationisoffered,favoredrationalpursuitofeconomicgainandworldlyactivities.ResultantinsecurityonthepartofProtestants,andtheirfearofeternaldamnation,ledthemtoseeksignsindicatingGod'sdirectionfortheirlivesandaffirmationoftheircorrectbehavior.44/88TheProtestantEthicandtheSpiritofCapitalismThus,hardworkfollowedbyfinancialsuccesscametobethehallmarkofGod'sgrace.Coupledwithtraditionalreligious

asceticism,theseideasencouragedpeopletoaccumulatewealth.Itwasnotthegoalofthosereligiousideas,butratherabyproduct—theinherentlogicofthosedoctrinesandtheadvicebaseduponthem,bothdirectlyandindirectly,encouragedplanningandself-denialinthepursuitofeconomicgain.45/88TheProtestantEthicandtheSpiritofCapitalismAccordingtoWeber,this"spiritofcapitalism"notonlyinvolvedhardworkand

entrepreneurialism

onthepartofProtestants,butalsoasenseofstewardshipovertheresultinggains.Forifmoneyisnotsoughtafterforluxuryorself-indulgence,butasmoralaffirmation,economizingandreinvestinginworthyenterprisesbecomenormaleconomicpractices.46/88Para.4Workasduty,asameansforsavingone’ssoulexistsonlyfortheupperandmiddleclasses.Workasforcedlaborisforthelaboringpeople.47/88Para.5Thetheme:“Workhasbecomealienatedfromtheworkingperson.”Incapitalistsocietytheworkerfeelsestrangedfromorhostiletotheworkheisdoing.48/88Modernman…boredom.Withworkstrippedbothofitscraftsmanshipqualityandmeaningandofitssenseofreligiousobligation,itnolongerholdsanydeepattraction.Therefore,peoplefeelthemselvesatloss,withnopurposeordirection.Lifeisempty.Workbecomesmerelyatime-fillertoescapetheemptinessandmeaninglessofone’slife.ThisisanotherpsychoanalyticanalysisofFromm.Weknowthebourgeoisieamassedwealththroughtheexploitationofworkerandtheworkerwereforcedtoselltheirlaborinordertosurvive.49/88Somethingnew…newidealsAnewideologicaldrivingforceforworkhasreplacedthelostones.Thedriveisnowformorebigger,andbetterproducts.Frommagainmissestherealpointhere.Profitistherealdrivingforceofcapitalism.50/88Para.6Whatroletheworkerplaysinthemanufacturingofproducts?Apassiverole,theworkerplaysasmallisolatedpartintheprocessofproduction.Heisnotconcernedwiththewholeproduct,becausehemakesonlyapartofit.Hisworkcanbeexplainedasperformingactionswhichcannotbeperformedbymachines.51/88Hespends…“something”Quotationmarksindicatetheworkerproducessomethingorother,anyoldthing.Itdoesn’tmatterwhat,becausehehasnosayinthedecisionortheprocessofproductionanddoesn’tcareaboutthequalityoftheresult.Itmayalsomeanthattheworkeronlymakesasmallpartofaproduct.Hehasonlyasmallparttoplayintheprocess.52/88Hefulfills…astoreTheworkerplaysonlyasmallisolatedpartintheprocessofproductionwhichiscomplicatedandhighlyorganized.Whenheisworkinghedoesn’tseethefinishedproductasawhole.Ifhehasenoughmoney,hemayseethefinishedproductinasorewhenhegoestheretobuyone.“his”product:quotationmarksforirony.Theproductcanscarcelybesaidtobehis.Hedoesn’tevengettoseeitexceptperhapsinastorewhenhegoestobuyit.53/88Heisconcernedneitherwith…Hedoesn’tcareabouttheendproductitselforthepartitplaysintheoveralleconomyorthewayinwhichitservestheneedsofsociety.54/88“enterprise”The“enterprise”hereconveystheideaofadisembodiedorganization,anentitybeyondthecontroloftheworkers.Quotationmarksimplythatitissacrosanct,impenetrable.Theterm“thesystem”isoftenusedsimilarlyandissometimesevencapitalized.Itisvagueandgeneral,referringlooselytothesocialsystemorthegovernment,andisusedtoconveypowerlessnessonthepartoftheordinaryperson.55/88Heispart…performedbymachineManhasbecomeaslaveofthemachine.Infacthehasbecomeapartofthemachine,asubstituteforthemachine,doingthosetaskswhichthemachinecannotyetperform.ThisisaverycommonviewintheWest,especiallyamongintellectuals.Mostmaintainthatindustrializationneednotnecessarilyhavesuchresultsfortheworker.56/88Para.7Workisameansofgettingmoney(para.7)SellinglabortogetthepaycheckPlacingapremiumonslovenlywork,slowdownsandonothertricksto…Losingthesenseofhappinessanddignity57/88P.Drucker(1909-)an

Austrian-bornAmericanmanagement

consultant,educator,and

author,whosewritingscontributedtothephilosophicalandpracticalfoundationsofthemodernbusiness

corporation.Hewasalsoaleaderinthedevelopmentofmanagementeducation,andheinventedtheconceptknownasmanagementbyobjectives.TheEndofEconomicMan(1939)TheFutureofIndustrialMan(1942)ThisquotationistakenfromConceptoftheCorporation(1946)page179.58/88P.Drucker59/88Workappears…ofimportanceTotheworker,workseemslikeanintrusion,somethingwhichshouldn’thappen.Itisanunpleasant,empty,deadening,degradingandpointlessmeanstoanend—thepaycheck.60/88Nowonder…lessworkIt’snotsurprisingthenthattheworker’sobjectiveatworkistodoaslittleaspossibletogethispay.putsapremiumon:placesanunusualorhighvalueonslowdown:deliberatedecreaseinthespeedofproduction.Slowdownisusuallyunderstoodasatacticusedbyworkersintheirattempttoredressgrievances.Itisastepjustshortofstrike.61/88Para.8

Therootcauseofthisalienationisthecapitalistsystem.Fromthestatement:“Thewholesocialorganizationofwhichheisapart”(para.8)

Theworkerisnotactive.Hehasnoresponsibilityfortheworkheisdoing.Heisnotinterestedinthewholeproduct.62/88HumanproblemofindustryIndustryisthemainthingandthehumanworkerispartofit.Inthecapitalists’eye,theworkersarethetroublemakers.Iftheworker’sproblemissolvedindustrywouldgomoreefficiently.63/88IndustrialproblemsofhumanbeingsFrommhereattackstheattitudeofthecapitalistsandsocietytowardstheworkers.Hethinkshumanbeingisthebiggerthingandindustryistheonlyactivityofit.Manshouldbegiventhepriority.Frommissayingthepsychologicalresearchshouldbeginfromthestudyofindustrialproblemamonghumanbeingsinsteadofhumanprobleminindustry.64/88Para.9IndustrialpsychologistsaretryingtomanageandcontrolthemindoftheworkersWhatproblemaretheindustrialpsychologistsmainlyconcernedwith?Howtomaketheworkerworkmoresmoothlyandefficiently65/88Inthenameofhumanrelations…Psychologyappliedin“humanengineering”IncreaseproductivityLessfriction(welloiled)withhappiness,satisfactionandsenseofsecurityPrinciplesofvalues,humanrelationsEverythingisgoingtobemanipulatedforgettingmoreprofitsHumanrelationsHumanmachinerelationsHumannaturerelations66/88FrederickWinslowTaylor

(1856-1915)Americanengineer,inventorandefficiencyexpertwhopioneeredtheprinciplesof“scientificmanagement”inindustryandbusiness.67/8868/88Inthenameof…Undertheguiseofimprovingrelationsbetweenpeople,everypossibletrick/meansisemployedontheworker,whichisonlyfitfortheworkerwhoiscompletelydisinterestedinhiswork.“Happiness”

“humanvalues”arealsoformulatedinordertomanipulatetheworker.69/88intheinterestofbetterrelationwiththepublicThepsychologistsrecommendtomanagementwaysofmakingworkersappearhappysothattheenterprisewillhaveamorepositiveimagewiththepublic.Happinessasmeanthereisnotrealhappiness,butmerelytheappearanceofhappiness,whatC.WrightMillscalls“cheerfulrobots”.70/88Itisgoing…tomanagementBetterrelationswiththepublicwillyieldlargerprofitstomanagement.Themanagementwillearnlargerprofitsifithasbetterrelationswiththepublic.payoff:toyieldfullrecompenseorreturn,foreithergoodorevilcolddollarsandcents:coldcash;hardcash;nothingbutmoney71/88Onespeaks…allspontaneityWhatarecalledhumanrelationsandhappinessareinrealitytheopposite.Theyareinhumanrelationsamongdehumanized,robotizedpeople.Peopleareforcedintorepetitivepatternswhichbreedacceptanceoftheirownmanipulationandeliminatesanyindependentthoughtoraction.onespeaksof…andonemeans:equivalentto“whenonespeaksof…hemeans…”automatons:peoplewhoappeartoactasrobots,involuntarilyandwithoutactiveintelligence72/88Resultsofalienatedhumanactivities

(Para.10-13)IdealofcompletelazinessLongforthestateofpassivityandreceptivityLaborsavinggadgets(toaster,e-oven,kitchendevices)Languagecourses,e-aids,TVandInternetAutomobilesAnyotherpushbuttonpower…73/88ResultsofalienatedhumanactivitiesAdeep-seatedhostilitytowardwork(lessconsciousthanourcravingforlazinessandinactivity)SenseofbeingaprisonerofhisbusinessAfeelingoffraudulencyandasecretcontemptforitHatredtohiscustomersHatredtohiscompetitorsHatredtohisemployeesandsuperiorsHatredtohimself74/88unconsciousMentalactivity(e.g.,motives,attitudes,outlooks,etc.)ofwhichoneisunaware.TheconceptoftheunconsciousasamajorcauseofhumanbehaviorhasitsorigininthethoughtofSigmundFreud,thefatherofpsychoanalysis,andcontinuesinmuchofWesternpsychologytoday.75/88Ouradvertising…tosex(Para.11)Frommthinksbourgeoisadvertisingnowappealsmoretolazinessandpassivitythantothesexualappealofwomentoselltheirgoods.76/88Butthisusefulness…receptivityThefactthatmanygadgetsareindeedusefulisoftenusedbyadvertisersasamore“high-minded”coverforwhatisreallyavulgar,baseappealtoidlenessandwillingnesstoacceptthings.gadget:anysmall,especiallymechanicalcontrivanceordevicereceptivity:thequalityorstateofbeingreceptive;receptive:characterizedbypassivedependencyandaneedtoreceiveoraccept77/88Manyabusinessman…sells(Para.13)AccordingtoFrommmanybusinessmenfelltrappedbythesystemwhichforcesthemtosellwhatevertheycanregardlessofthequalityorusefulnessoftheproduct.78/88Hehasafeeling…foritThebusinessmanknowsthequalityorusefulnessofhisproductisnotwhatitshouldbe.Hedespisesthegoodsheproduces,consciousofthedeceptioninvolved.fraudulency:deceit,trickery,cheating79/88Hehateshiscustomers…tosellHehateshiscustomersbecauseheisforcedbythemtopretendthatheissellinggoodsofhighqualityorusefulness.80/88Hehates…themHehateshiscompetitorsbecausetheythreatentodrivehimoutofbusiness.Heisincompetitionwithhisemployeesinthesensethathewantstop