新视野大学英语读写教程2-Unit1

Unit1SectionATime-ConsciousAmericansDetailedstudyoftheTextAmericansbelievenoonestandsstill.(Para.1)Meaning:Americansbelievenoonekeepsmotionless;everyonemoves.→Here“stand”means“keeporstayinaparticularpositionorstate”.Inthissense,“stand”isfollowedbyadjectives.Moreexamples:Theroomstandsidle.这房间闲置着。Standfirm-don’tletthemtellyouwhattodo.要坚定，不要让他们对你指手画脚。Theystandopposedtothenewlaw.他们反对这项新法律。…youarefallingbehind.(Para.1)fallbehind:movemoreslowlythanotherpeoplesothatoneisbehindthem.fallbehindinscience在科学方面落后fallbehindone’scompetitors落后于竞争对手。Thestudenthasbeenworkinghardforfearthatheshuoldfallbehind.这个学生一直很努力，唯恐落后。Thisattituderesultsinanationofpeoplecommittedtoresearching,experimentingandexploring.(Para.1)Meaning:ThiswayofthinkinganddoingthingscausesAmericanstodevotetheirtimeandennergytoresearching,experimentingandexploring.resultin:makesomethinghappen;causeActingbeforethinkingalwaysresultsinfailure.做事不事先考虑总会导致失败。Theaccidentresultedinthedeathoftwopeople.这场事故造成两人死亡。compare:resultfrom:becausedbysomethingthathashappenedpreviouslyNothinghasresultedfromhisefforts.他的努力终成泡影。Thechild’sillnessresultedfromeatinguncleanfood.孩子生病是由于吃了不干净的事物。TimeisoneofthetwoelementsthatAmericanssavecarefully,theotherbeinglabor.(Para.1)Meaning:Americansusetwothingswithgreatcare(or:Americansneverwastetwothings):Oneistimeandtheotherislabor.→Noticeherewehaveaspecialtypeofadverbialclause:“theotherbeinglabor”.Thestructureis:subject+V-ing(or:V-ed).Thistypeofclausecanalsobeputatthebeginningofthewholesentence.Nofurtherdiscussionsarising,themeetingwasbroughttoanend.没有作进一步讨论，会议就结束了。Lunchfinished,alltheguestsreturnedtothesittingroom.吃完午饭，所有客人都回到了起居室。Weareslavestonothingbuttheclock…(Para.2)Meaning:Weareunderthecontroloftimeonlyandnothingelse,orweareonlydominatedbytime…slavetosth:apersonwhoisbeingcompletelyinfluencedordominatedbysomethingaslavetodrink酒鬼aslavetomoney金钱的奴隶★nothingbut:onlyHe’snothingbutacriminal.他只不过是个罪犯。Hedidnothingbutcomplain.他只是抱怨，别的什么都不干。Webudgetit,saveit,wasteit,stealit,killit,cutit,accountforit;wealsochargeforit.(Para.2)Meaning:Weplanhowtospendit,saveit,wasteit,spenditmoreefficiently,findwaystopassitquickly,reduceit,explainhowweuseit;wealsomoneyforit.→Inthissentence,“time”isusedmetaphoricallyassomethingofrealvalue.budget:v.plancarefullyhowmuchofsomethingwillbeneededShehasmadesomanycommitmentsthatshehastobudgethertimeverycarefully.她答应下来的事太多，因而不得不精心安排自己的时间。Bythetimehelearnedtobudgethisresources,itwastoolate.到他学会理财时，已经太迟了。vi.planthespendingofmoneycarefullyShebudgetedforbuyinganewcar.她为买新汽车而计划节省开支。Thegovernmenthasbudgetedfortwobridgesinthecity.政府计划在该城市建造两座桥，并为此制定了预算。n.［C］theamountofmoneyapersonororganizationhastospendonsomethingafamily/week’sbudget家庭/每周预算Itisimportanttobalancethisyear’sbudget.重要的是要平衡今年的预算开支。killit(=killtime):maketimepassquicklybyfindingsomethingtodo.Wekilledtimebyplayingcards.我们用打纸牌来消磨时间。Hedrovetotheclubtokillacoupleofhours.他驾车去俱乐部消磨了几个小时。accountfor:1)explanthecauseofsomething解释原因Jennyhadtoaccounttoherhusbandforeverypennyshespent.珍妮得向丈夫说明每一分是怎样花的。Themanchargedwiththecrimecouldn’tacountforthefactthatthemoneywasfoundinhishouse.被告无法解释在他家里找到钱这个事实。2)makeupaparticularamountorpartofsomething占据的比例NorthseaoilaccountsforahighproportionofBritishtradeearnings.北海石油占英国贸易收入的很大一部分。Youmustn’ttakehernegativecommentsofyourplanpersonally.你不应该把她对你计划的批评当做对你个人的攻击。不得当地，不得体地：beyondacertainappropriatepointManynewarrivalsintheStateswillmisstheopeningexchangesofabusinesscall（商业访谈）…(Para.4)Meaning:ManynewcomerstotheUnitedStateswillbesadtofindthatthereisnopolitesmalltalksatthebeginningofabusinesscall…opening:a.first;beginning;startingtheopeningwords开场白Theyreturnedtotakepartintheseason’sopeninggame.他们回来参加本赛季首场比赛。n.1)[C]thebeginningorfirstpartofsomethingTheopeningofabook/film书/电影的开头(部分)2)[C]anoccasionwhenanewbuilding,road,etc.isusedforthefirsttime,esp.onethatinvolvesaceremonyThreehundredpeopleswarmedatthefrontdoorforthestore’sgrandopening.有300人聚集在商店前门庆祝商店的盛大开业。3)[C]apositionthatisavailableinabusinessorfirmTherewereafewopeningsatthecompany,soheapplied.那家公司有几个空缺职位，所以他申请了。Heinquiredatthefrontdeskaboutopeningsinthemarketingdepartment.他在接待处询问营销部空缺职位的情况。Theywillmisstheritualinteractionthatgoeswithawelcomingcupofteaorcoffeethatmaybeaconventionintheirowncountry.(Para.4)Meaning:Theywillbesadbecausetheywillnothavetheusualexchanges(withthepersonwhoinvitedthem)thatgowithawelcomingcupofteaorcoffee.Theseexchangesmaybeacommonpracticeonsimilaroccasionsintheirowncountry.gowith:existortakeplaceatthesametimewithsomethingelseRightsalwaysgoeswithobligations.权利总是伴随着义务。Crimedoesnotalwaysgoeswithpoverty.贫穷并不总是伴随着犯罪。convention:n.[C,U]general,usu.unspokenagreementabouthowpeopleshouldactorbehaveincertainsituationsItisaconventionformentowearsuitsonformaloccasions.男子在正式场合穿西装是一种惯例。Itwasaconventionforpeopletowearblacktoafuneral.穿黑色衣服参加葬礼是一种习俗。[C]ameetingofmembersofaprofession,politicalparty,etc.Conventionsareusuallyheldinlargecities.会议通常在大城市里举行。Hotelstrytoattractconventionsbecausetheybringalotofbusiness.宾馆设法承办各种会议，因为会议可以带来大量生意。Theymaymissleisurelybusinesschats…(Para.4)leisurely:a.withouthurryTheyenjoyedaleisurelylunchatarestaurant.他们在餐馆里享受了一顿悠闲的午餐。Ihadaleisurelyglassofbeer.我慢悠悠地品了一杯啤酒。→InEnglish,“-ly”canbeaddedtosomenounstoformadjectives.Wordsofsimilarstructureinclude:friendly,brotherly,fatherly,etc.Normally,Americansdonotassesstheirvisitorsinsuchrelaxedsurroundingsoverextendedsmalltalk…(Para.4)Meaning:UsuallyAmericansdonotjudgeorevaluatetheirvisitorsinrelaxedplaces(suchasrestaurantsorcoffeehouses)duringlong,lightconversations…assess:vt.judgethequality,importance,orworthofsomebodyorsomethingHe’ssolazythatit’sdifficulttoassesshisability.他懒得很，所以很难评估他的能力。It’stooearlytoassesstheeffectsofthenewlaw.要评价新法令的效果现在为时过早。smalltalk:lightconversationonunimportantornon-serioussubjects…muchlessdotheytakethemoutfordinner,oraroundonthegolfcourse…(Para.4)Meaning:…itisevenlesslikelythatAmericanstaketheirvisitorsoutfordinnerortoplaygolf…→Notethattephrase“muchless”isoftenusedafteranegativestatement,toindicatethatthestatementismoretrueoftheperson,thing,orsituationthatyouaregoingtomention.Theoldmancanhardlywalk,muchlessrun.这位老人几乎不能行走，更不用说跑了。Theyarealwaysshortofwatertodrink,muchlesstotakeabath.他们连饮用水也总是不够，更别提洗澡了。★golfcourse:anareaofgrasswhichisdesignedforpeopletoplaygolfonSincewegenerallyassessandprobeprofessionallyratherthansocially,westarttalkingbusinessveryquickly.(Para.4)Meaning:Sinceinmostcasesweevaluateourvisitorsandaskthemquestionsfromaprofessionalpointofviewinsteadoffromasocialone,westarttalkingbusinessveryquickly(andthereisnoneedtospendtimeonsmalltalkandthelike).probe:v.trytofindoutthetruthaboutsomethingThepoliceareprobing(into)tradingwhichbreaksthelaw.警方正在调查非法交易。Heprobed(into)thehousingmarketforagoodopportunitytoinvest.他仔细研究房产市场，寻找投资的好机会。Timeis,therefore,alwaystickinginourinnerear.(Para.4)Meaning:Therefore,wearealwaysawareoftime.Itisjustliketheconstantsoundofaclockthatwehear.Consequently,weworkhardatthetaskofsavingtime.(Para.5)Meaning:Asaresult,wetryourbesttosavetime.consequently:ad.asaresultHedidnothingexceptpractice,andconsequentlyhebecameafamouspianist.他专心练琴，最终成为著名的钢琴家。Thebankrefusedtohelpthecompany;consequentlyitwentoutofbusiness.银行拒绝帮助这家公司，公司因此倒闭了。workat:puteffortintosomethingordoingsomethingHeisworkingatbeingthebest.他努力使自己成为最优秀的。Thedirectorisworkingatincreasingreturnsforinvestors.那位主管努力让投资者获得更大的回报。…especiallygivenourtraffic-filledstreets.(Para.5)Meaning:…especiallywhenwetakeintoaccountourbusystreetsthatareoftenfulloftraffic.given:prep.takingsomethingintoaccountGiventneirinexperience,tney’vedoneagoodjob.考虑到他们缺乏经验，他们已经做得不错了。Givenherinterestinchildren,teachingshouldbetherightcareerforher.从她对孩子们的兴趣来看，教书应该是适合她的职业。Wecanalsouse“giventhat…”forthesamemeaning:Giventhatthetimeislimited,they’vedoneagoodjob.考虑到时间紧张，他们已经做得不错了。sb.dosth.by/through…ratherthanby/through…,whichthrough…,…especiallygiven…某人是通过…而不是通过…做某事，虽然后者…，但却…，尤其是考虑到…在这种下雪天，我宁愿乘公交也不愿自己开车去上班，虽然自己开车自在，但更加危险，特别是考虑到我糟糕的驾驶技术。onsuchasnowyday/gotowork/one’spoorskillsindrivingOnsuchasnowyday,Iwouldgotoworkbybusratherthanbydrivingmycar,whichthroughcomfortable,ismoredangerous–especiallygivenmypoorskillsindriving.We,therefore,savemostpersonalvisitingforafter-workhoursorforsocialweekendgatherings.(Para.5)Meaning:So,ifwewanttopayapersonalvisit,wecandoitafterworkorontheweekendwhentherearesocialgatherings.save…for:keep…forfutureuse以备后用Donotspendallyourmoneynow;savesomeforanotherday.不要把钱现在都用完，留点以后哪天用。Canyousaveyourstoryforlater?你能不能把你的故事留在以后讲？Toustheimpersonalityofelectroniccommunicationhaslittleornorelationtothesignificanceofthematterathand.(Para.6)Meaning:Tous,thelackofpersonalfeelingsofelectroniccommunicationhaslittleornorelationtotheimportanceofthematterwearediscussing.significance:n.[sing.,U]theimportanceofanevent,action,etc.Moneyatthistimeholdsnosignificanceforhim.现在钱对他并不重要。Thesignificanceforcollegestudentstodoapart-timejobismorethanmoneyandexperience.大学生打工的意义不仅仅在于钱和经验。athand:1)underdiscussion;beingconsideredHerquestionisnotrelatedtothematterathand.她提的问题跟正在考虑的事情无关。Thequestionathandrelatestoouruseofresources.我们考虑的问题与资源利用相关。2)nearintimeorpositionThegreatdayisathand.重大节日即将到来。Realizingthattheendofhiscareerisnearathand,helookedforsomeadditionalincome.意识到退休在即，他着手寻找额外的收入。Havingtherightequipmentathandwillbeveryhelpful.手边有合适的设备可用将非常有帮助。Insomecountriesnomajorbusinessisconductedwithouteyecontact,requiringface-to-faceconversation.(Para.6)Meaning:Insomecountries,importantbusinessmustbecarriedoutwitheyecontact,andthroughface-to-faceconversation.conduct:vt.正式用语:conductasurveycarryoutIdecidedtoconductanexperiment.我决定做一个实验。AteamfromtheUnitedNationswillobservetheelectiontobesurethatitisfairlyconducted.联合国代表团将观察这次选举，以保证其公正性。actasthepathforelectricity,heat,etc.Plasticandrubberwon’tconductelectricity,butcopperwill.塑料和橡胶不导电，但是铜导电。InAmerica,too,afinalagreementwillnormallybesignedinperson.(Para.6)inperson:doingsomethingbyoneselfWillyouapplyforthepositionbyletterorinperson?你是写信还是亲自前去申请那个职位？Thegeneralmanagerwantedtotalktohiminperson.总经理要亲自和他谈话。However,peoplearemeetingincreasinglyontelevisionscreens,coducting“teleconferences”tosettleproblems…(Para.6)Meaning:However,peoplearemeetingmoreandmorethroughtelevision,holdingteleconferencestosolveproblems…increasingly:ad.moreandmoreTheeasternpartofthecountryhasbecomeincreasinglypopuloussincethestartoftheeconomicreform.该国的东部地区自经济改革以来人口越来越密集。Itisincreasinglydifficulttofindateachingpositionatauniversity.要在大学里找到一个教职越来越难。Thisisduepartlytothefactthatthetelephoneserviceissuperbhere,whereasthepostalserviceislessefficient.(Para.7)Meaning:Thisispartlybecauseofthefactthatthetelephoneserviceisexcellenthere,butbycontrastthepostalserviceisnotsogood.dueto:becauseofsomethingThefloodwasduetothemeltingofsnow.洪水是雪水融化造成的。Hersuccesswasduetohergreatloveforherwork.她成功是因为她非常热爱她的工作。whereas:conj.incontrast;while→“Whereas”isoftenusedtointroduceacommentwhichcontrastswithwhatissaidinmainclause.SomestudentsenjoyEnglishclasses,whereassomehatethem.有些学生喜欢英语课，而有些人却讨厌英语课。Theywanttoseeamovie,whereaswewouldratherstayathome.他们想去看电影，而我们宁愿呆在家里。→Inthissentence,“whereas”isreadilyreplacebleby“while”withoutanychangeinmeaning.Forexample:Theircountryhasplentyofoil,whileourshasnone.他们国家石油丰富，而我们国家则一点也没有。sb./sth.does/issth.,whereas/whilesb./sth.elsedoes/issth.else.某人/某物…，然而另一个人/某物…（用于表达事物之间的反差）enjoy←→hate人的生命是有限的，而其对生命的热情是无限的。befinite/one’spassionforlife/beinfiniteOne’slifeisfinite,whereasone’spassionforlifeisinfinite.Unlessacertainamountoftimeisallowedtoelapse,itseemsintheireyesasifthetaskbeingconsideredwereinsignificant,notworthyofproperrespect.(Para.8)Meaning:Iftheydon’tspendsometimedealingwithacertaintask,itwillgivetheimpression,intheiropinion,thatthetaskbeingconsideredisornotproperlyrespected.elapse:vi.(oftime)passFivedayselapsed,andthepatient’sconditionhadnoimprovement.五天过去了，但病人情况不见好转。Fouryearshaveelapsedsinceheleftcollegeandnowhe’steachingatalocalmiddleschool.他大学毕业已四年，现在在当地一所中学教书。inone’seyes:intheopinionorjudgmentofsomeoneEvenintheeyesoftheprofessionals,hedidagoodjob.即使在专业人士看来，他做得也很出色。Theexpertisalwaysrightintheeyesofordinarypeople.在普通人的心目中，专家总是对的。Unless…,itseemsinone’seyes(toone’smind)asif…如果不…，某人就觉得好像是…如果没为孩子提供力所能及的一切，中国父母就觉得好像对孩子关照不够。provideeverythingforsb./withinone’spower/notenoughforsb.Unlesstheyprovideeverythingwithintheirpowerfortheirchild,itseemsintheeyesofChineseparentsasiftheydidnotcareenoughforhim/her.Assignmentsare,consequently,givenaddedweightbythepassageoftime.(Para.8)Meaning:Asaresult,peoplethinkthatassignmentsaregainingadditionalimportancewiththepassingoftime.→Theword“weight”hereisusedasanuncountablenounmetaphoricallytomean“importance”.Moreexamples:anideaofgreatweight一个很重要的观点Don’tworryaboutwhathethinks;hisopiniondoesn’tcarrymuchweight.别担心他怎么想，他的意见没有多少影响。IntheUS,however,itistakenasasignofskillfulnessorbeingcompetenttosolveaproblem,orfulfillajobsu