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TranslationofLegalMaterials1/62TeachingContents:TranslationoflegalmaterialsTeachingAims:ToknowmoreaboutlegalmaterialsandthecorrespondingtranslationskillsTeachingFocus:FeaturesoflegalmaterialsRequirementsontranslatinglegalmaterialsTranslationmethodsTeachingMethods:
Student-centered(groupwork,thenclasswork).TeachingPlan2/62Featuresoflegalmaterials
广义而言,法律文体通常包含宪法、法律、行政法规、条令、条例、条约、协议书、协议书、契约、遗嘱、文凭、各类证书、规程等。这些内容都以法律文书形式固定下来,即以文字形式固定下来。这类专用于法律文书语言,含有一定特点,所以称为法律语言。法律语言含有权威性,它排斥多义与歧义。一些日常生活中使用普通用语在法律文体中有了更为明确概念含义。Infant:在法律上是指21岁或18岁以下人Demise:在日常英语中有许多意思,如死亡、终止、失败、职位丧失等在法律上,它专指财产转让,或称让渡,或遗赠,如指死亡亦是专指导起财产或权力转让死亡3/62
每一个法律术语只能表示一个特定法律概念。法律术语词义必须单一而固定。任何人在任何情况下必须对其有同一解释。不但法律专门术语要求词义单一,由民族共同语转化而来法律词汇也必须表示单一法律概念。有些民族共同语属于多义词,不过其中一个义项在法律语境中有特定法律含义,这种法律词汇也被称为人工法律术语。比如“assignment”在法律语境下表示“权利或财产转让”,而不表示在日惯用语中“任务”含义,“deed”不是日常所说“行为”而是指法律中“契约”。
4/62Featuresoflegalmaterials
日惯用语词汇MakeWant,needSubject,topic,matterHomeLiveImagine,pictureBeginWishWorkRenderRequireQuestionResidenceResideVisualizeCommenceDesireFunction
日惯用语词汇5/62FeaturesoflegalmaterialsVocabularySyntaxStructure遣词造句准确明了,不含混艰涩;还有一些词是专门法律术语;用词庄重,多用大词严谨、规范、紧凑、连贯性强、不涣散文章有其本身程式,不求标新立异,各国法律文件格式统一,行文笔调一致,篇章结构有统一要求,尤其是同类文本开头结尾部分几乎是一致6/62日惯用语词汇
法律文体词汇
placelocalitytellacquaintreferadvertworkfunction(v.)byitselfinisolationconsiderationfactorshowevincegivedenote
thinkconsiderbegincommence
7/62惯用单词普通文体含义法律文体含义action行动诉讼alienation疏远转让consideration考虑对价counterpart对方、对手有同等效力副本satisfaction满意清偿、赔偿execution执行签署、签署8/62Featuresoflegalmaterials
为了加强法律文体庄重性与严厉性,在英语中还将平时极少见古词语使用其中,普通这些词语多为副词,而且多以复合型副词为主。比如:
以here开头词有:hereupon于是
hereunder下文hereto至此hereof在本文中herewith与此一道herein于此hereafter今后hereat由此
以there开头词有:thereupon在其上thereunder在其下thereto另外thereof由此therewith随即therein在那里
9/62Featuresoflegalmaterials
为了加强法律文体庄重性与严厉性,在英语中还将平时极少见古词语使用其中,普通这些词语多为副词,而且多以复合型副词为主。比如:
另外还有一些以where开头关系副词型复合词,如:whereupon据此whereby藉以wherefore为此wherewith用以wherein在那种情况下whereof关于那人(事,物)这些词用来确指法律文本中某一方或协议双方,使行文准确,从而提升法律文书正式性。10/62Rulesintranslatinglegalmaterials语言明确,条理清楚,行文严谨,符合规范格式。11/62
法律文书语言是强调指称功效,即强调其外延性意义。
因为英汉两种语言结构方式和表示方式上差异,在翻译时既要注意保持原意又不使译文过分艰涩难懂,让译文明确,又合乎法律文本规范,严谨而不死板。12/62
在句法方面,法律文体长句多,几十个字、上百个字长句司空见惯。为了使话语严谨,使用各种附加语、修饰语、说明语,以至句法成份前后编插、枝杈横生,句子结构膨胀,语法关系复杂化,又是读起来不畅。行文中少用代词,宁可重复名词。
因为法律文件主要是下命令及做出要求,所以法律文件谓语动词结构比较简单,最常见是“应该……”,“能够……”,“必须……”,普通采取英文中与之对应,也是英文法律英语惯用谓语动词结构“should/shall/may+do/havedone/bedone”13/62对代词严格限制法律英语中,指人或物词往往重复,而不使用代词,以防止代词指代不明而引发不一样了解与解释。
TheAuthorshouldbearthecostofanynecessaryfeesfortextualandillustrativepermissionsbutthePublishersagreetopaysuchfeesontheAuthor’sbehalfuptoanagreedmaximumamountandmaydeductthesamefrommysumsthatmaybecomeduetotheAuthorunderthisAgreement.14/62shall使用
在法律文体中,shall含有特殊含义,表示“应该负担责任和义务”,带有指令性和强制性,充分表达了法律文件权威性和约束性。能够用于各种时态。Should在法律问题中,不表示法律义务,只表示普通义务或道义上义务,普通译为应该或应当,15/62Examples2.如在解释上遇在分歧,应以英文本为准。Incaseofanydivergenceofinterpretation,theEnglishtextshallprevail.2.如在解释上遇到分歧,应以英文本为准。Alltheactivitiesofajointventureshallcomplywiththeprovisionsofthelaws,decreesandpertinentregulationsofthePeople’sRepublicofChina.3.合营企业一切活动应恪守中华人民共和国法律、法令和相关条例要求。16/62Examples1.Unlessitislegallyorphysicallyimpossible,thecontractorshallexecuteandcompletetheworksandremedythedefectsthereininstrictaccordancewiththecontracttothesatisfactionoftheengineer.除法律或外界条件不允许情况之外,承包商应严格按协议施工和完工,并更正工作中任何缺点,到达工程师满意程度。17/62译一:ExportproductsmanufacturedbyforeigninvestedenterprisesintheNewArea,exceptthoseunderotherexistingregulationsbytheState,shallbeexemptedfromCustomsduty.4.本新区内外商投资企业生产出口产品,除国家另有要求产品之外,免征关税。译二:
Exportsmanufacturedbyforeign-investedenterprisesintheNewAreaareduty-free,unlessotherwiseregulatedbytheState.Examples18/62有失简练译意失真滥用“shall”
Existingproblems19/62有失简练Existingproblems1.出让协议中要求必须拆除技术设备,受让人应按时拆除。译一:Thetransfereeshalldemolishandremovesuchtechnologicalequipmentintimeasrequiredtobedemolishedandremovedbythegrantcontract.译二:Thegranteeshalldemolishandremoveintimesuchtechnologicalequipmentassorequiredbythegrantcontract.20/62译意失真Existingproblems1.在下述情况下,ABC企业将保护买方不受损失。译一:Subjecttotheconditionshereinaftersetforth,ABCcompanywillindemnifyandprotectthePurchaseragainstanylossesordamage.译二:Subjecttothefollowingconditions,ABCcompanywillandprotectthePurchaseragainstanylossesordamage.21/62滥用“shall”Existingproblems“shall”canbeusedtoindicatethatsomethingistobedoneiforwhensomethingelse“shall”happeninthefuture.Indraftinglegaldocuments
theuseof“shall”inthiswayshouldbeavoided.22/62滥用“shall”Existingproblems如乙方有违反本协议行为,……译一:IfPartyBshallcommitanymaterialbreachofthisContract,…译二:IfPartyBcommitsanybreachofthiscontract,…23/62Existingproblems自9月20日起,甲方已无权接收任何定单或收据。
PartyAshallbeunauthorizedtoacceptanyorderortoacceptanyordersortocollectanyaccountafterSeptember20.
24/62改译:PartyAshallbeunauthorizedtoacceptanyorderortoacceptanyordersortocollectanyaccountonandafterSeptember20.
注:原文中所指时间应该包含9月20日这一天。不过原译忽略了这一点,改译后译文补上一个介词on,使译文意思与原文到达完全一致,防止有些人在这一英汉法律用语上钻时间空子。25/62Exercises1.如在解释上遇有分歧,应以英文文本为准。2.合营企业一切活动应恪守中华人民共和国法律、法令和相关要求。3.经过协商无法处理争议应由争议方提交缔约各方,按本条约第五十五条要求召开会议,该会审议并提出处理争议提议。
26/62Incaseofanydivergenceofinterpretation,theEnglishtextshallprevail.Alltheactivitiesofajointventureshallcomplywiththeprovisionofthelaws,decreesandpertinentregulationsofthePRC.27/62AnydisputewhichisnotsettledbynegotiationshallbereferredbytheContractingPartiesindisputetotheContractingParties,meetinginconformitywithArticle55ofthisConvention,whichshallthereuponconsiderthedisputeandmakerecommendationsforitssettlements.28/624.
付款人对于背书支票付款,应负有识别背书连续之责,但对于背书署名,不负识别真伪之责。29/62Thedraweewhopaysanendorsablecheckisboundtoverifytheregularityoftheseriesofendorsement,butnotthesignatureoftheendorsers.30/62在任一缔约国提出保护创造申请都可以按照本条约要求提出国际申请。31/62
ApplicationsfortheprotectionofinventionsinanyoftheContractingStatesmaybefiledasinternationalapplicationsunderthisTreaty.32/62(1)任何缔约国(2)都能够适用本国法,(3)要求(4)集体商标或证实商标(5)全部些人(6)向其国家主管机关提出(7)一些证实或其它证实,(8)尤其要包含(9)持有这种商标协会或其它团体章程(10)和相关监督这种商标使用规则。33/62(1)AnyContractingState(2)mayapplyitsnationallaw(3)requiring(4)thatwherethemarkisacollectivemarkoracertificatemark(5)theownerthereof(6)mustadduce(举出证据/理由等)beforeitsnationalOffice(7)certainsupportingdocumentsandotherevidence,(8)includinginparticular(9)thebylaws(社团规章制度)oftheassociationorotherentityowningsuchmark(10)andtherulesconcerningthecontrolexercisesovertheuseofsuchmark.34/62假如协议被宣告无效,而在宣告无效后一段合理时间内,买方已以合理方式购置替换物,或者卖方已以合理方式把货物转卖,则要求损害赔偿一方能够取得协议价格和替换货物交易价格之间差额以及按照第七十四条要求能够取得任何其它损害赔偿。
35/62Ifthecontractisvoidedandif,inareasonablemannerandwithinareasonabletimeaftervoidance,thebuyerhasboughtgoodsinreplacementorthesellerhasresoldthegoods,thepartyclaimingdamagesmayrecoverthedifferencebetweenthecontractpriceandthepriceinthesubstitutetransactionaswellasanyfurtherdamagesrecoverableunderarticle74.36/62
协议编号签署日期:___________
签署地点:___________
买方:地址:电话:___________传真:_________电子邮箱:___________________
卖方:地址:电话:_________传真:__________电子邮箱:___________________37/62ContractNo:_______________Date:___________Signedat:___________TheBuyer:________________________Address:_______________________Tel:___________Fax:__________E-mail:______________________
TheSeller:_________________________Address:_______________________Tel:_________Fax:___________E-mail:______________________
38/62买卖双方同意按照以下条款签署本协议:1.货物名称、规格和质量:2.数量:允许____溢短装3.单价:4.总值:5.交货条件FOB/CFR/CIF_______6.原产地国与制造商:7.包装及标准:
货物应含有防潮、防锈蚀、防震并适合于远洋运输包装,因为货物包装不良而造成货物残损、灭失应由卖方负责。卖方应在每个包装箱上用不褪色颜色标明尺码、包装箱号码、毛重、净重及“此端向上”、“防潮”、“小心轻放”等标识。39/62TheSellerandtheBuyeragreetoconcludethisContractsubjecttothetermsandconditionsstatedbelow:1.Name,SpecificationsandQualityofCommodity:2.Quantity:___%moreorlessallowed3.UnitPrice:4.TotalAmount:5.TermsofDeliveryFOB/CFR/CIF_______6.CountryofOriginandManufacturers:7.Packing:Thepackingofthegoodsshallbepreventivefromdampness,rust,moisture,erosionandshock,andshallbesuitableforoceantransportation/multipletransportation.TheSellershallbeliableforanydamageandlossofthegoodsattributabletotheinadequateorimproperpacking.Themeasurement,grossweight,netweightandthecautionssuchas"Donotstackupsidedown","Keepawayfrommoisture","Handlewithcare"shallbestenciledonthesurfaceofeachpackagewithfadelesspigment.40/628.唛头:9.装运期限:10.装运口岸:11.目标口岸:12.保险:由____按发票金额110%投保_____险和_____附加险。13.付款条件:(1)信用证方式:买方应在装运期前/协议生效后__日,开出以卖方为受益人不可撤消议付信用证,信用证在装船完成后__日内到期。(2)付款交单:货物发运后,卖方出具以买方为付款人付款跟单汇票,按即期付款交单(D/P)方式,经过卖方银行及_____银行向买方转交单证,换取货物。(3)承兑交单:货物发运后,卖方出具以买方为付款人付款跟单汇票,付款期限为____后__日,按即期承兑交单(D/A__日)方式,经过卖方银行及______银行,经买方承兑后,向买方转交单证,买方在汇票期限到期时支付货款。(4)货到付款:买方在收到货物后__天内将全部货款支付卖方(不适合用于FOB、CRF、CIF术语)。
41/628.ShippingMarks:9.TimeofShipment:10.PortofLoading:11.PortofDestination:12.Insurance:Insuranceshallbecoveredbythe________for110%oftheinvoicevalueagainst_______Risksand__________AdditionalRisks.13.TermsofPayment:(1)LetterofCredit:TheBuyershall,______dayspriortothetimeofshipment/afterthisContractcomesintoeffect,openanirrevocableLetterofCreditinfavoroftheSeller.TheLetterofCreditshallexpire____daysafterthecompletionofloadingoftheshipmentasstipulated.42/62
(2)Documentsagainstpayment:Aftershipment,theSellershalldrawasightbillofexchangeontheBuyeranddeliverthedocumentsthroughSellersbankand______BanktotheBuyeragainstpayment,i.eD/P.TheBuyershalleffectthepaymentimmediatelyuponthefirstpresentationofthebill(s)ofexchange.(3)DocumentsagainstAcceptance:Aftershipment,theSellershalldrawasightbillofexchange,payable_____daysaftertheBuyersdeliversthedocumentthroughSeller’sbankand_________BanktotheBuyeragainstacceptance(D/A___days).TheBuyershallmakethepaymentondateofthebillofexchange.(4)Cashondelivery(COD):TheBuyershallpaytotheSellertotalamountwithin______daysafterthereceiptofthegoods(ThisclauseisnotappliedtotheTermsofFOB,CFR,CIF).43/6214.单据:卖方应将以下单据提交银行议付/托收:(1)标明通知收货人/受货代理人全套清洁、已装船、空白抬头、空白背书并注明运费已付/到付海运/联运/陆运提单。
(2)标有协议编号、信用证号(信用证支付条件下)及装运唛头商业发票一式__份;
(3)由______出具装箱或重量单一式__份;
(4)由______出具质量证实书一式__份;
(5)由______出具数量证实书一式__份;
(6)保险单正本一式__份(CIF交货条件);
(7)____签发产地证一式__份;
44/6214.DocumentsRequired:TheSellershallpresentthefollowingdocumentsrequiredtothebankfornegotiation/collection:(1)FullsetofcleanonboardOcean/CombinedTransportation/LandBillsofLadingandblankendorsedmarkedfreightprepaid/tocollect;(2)Signedcommercialinvoicein______copiesindicatingContractNo.,L/CNo.(TermsofL/C)andshippingmarks;(3)Packinglist/weightmemoin______copiesissuedby__;(4)CertificateofQualityin_______copiesissuedby____;(5)CertificateofQuantityin___copiesissuedby____;(6)Insurancepolicy/certificatein___copies(TermsofCIF);(7)CertificateofOriginin___copiesissuedby____;(8)TheSellershall,within____hoursaftershipmenteffected,sendbycouriereachcopyoftheabove-mentioneddocumentsNo.__.
45/62装运通知:卖方应在交运后_____小时内以特快专递方式邮寄给买方上述第__项单据副本一式一套。15.装运条款:(1)FOB交货方式卖方应在协议要求装运日期前30天,以____方式通知买方协议号、品名、数量、金额、包装件、毛重、尺码及装运港可装日期,方便买方安排租船/订舱。装运船只按期抵达装运港后,如卖方不能按时装船,发生空船费或滞期费由卖方负担。在货物越过船弦并脱离吊钩以前一切费用和风险由卖方负担。
(2)CIF或CFR交货方式卖方须按时在装运期限内将货物由装运港装船至目标港。在CFR术语下,卖方应在装船前2天以____方式通知买方协议号、品名、发票价值及开船日期,方便买方安排保险。
46/6215.TermsofShipment:
(1)FOBTheSellershall,30daysbeforetheshipmentdatespecifiedintheContract,advisetheBuyerby_______oftheContractNo.,commodity,quantity,amount,packages,grossweight,measurement,andthedateofshipmentinorderthattheBuyercancharteravessel/bookshippingspace.IntheeventoftheSeller'sfailuretoeffectloadingwhenthevesselarrivesdulyattheloadingport,allexpensesincludingdeadfreightand/ordemurragechargesthusincurredshallbefortheSeller'saccount.47/62(2)CIF、CFR
TheSellershallshipthegoodsdulywithintheshippingdurationfromtheportofloadingtotheportofdestination.UnderCFRterms,theSellershalladvisetheBuyerby_________oftheContractNo.,commodity,invoicevalueandthedateofdispatchtwodaysbeforetheshipmentfortheBuyertoarrangeinsuranceintime.
48/6216.装运通知:
一俟装载完成,卖方应在__小时内以____方式通知买方协议编号、品名、已发运数量、发票总金额、毛重、船名/车/机号及启程日期等。
17.质量确保:
货物品质规格必须符合本协议及质量确保书之要求,品质确保期为货到目标港__个月内。在确保期限内,因制造厂商在设计制造过程中缺点造成货物损害应由卖方负责赔偿。
49/6216.ShippingAdvice:
TheSellershall,immediatelyuponthecompletionoftheloadingofthegoods,advisetheBuyeroftheContractNo.,namesofcommodity,loadingquantity,invoicevalues,grossweight,nameofvesselandshipmentdateby_________within________hours.17.QualityGuarantee:
TheSellershallguaranteethatthecommoditymustbeinconformitywiththequatity,specificationsandquantityspecifiedinthisContractandLetterofQualityGuarantee.Theguaranteeperiodshallbe______monthsafterthearrivalofthegoodsattheportofdestination,andduringtheperiodtheSellershallberesponsibleforthedamageduetothedefectsindesigningandmanufacturingofthemanufacturer.
50/6218.检验(以下两项任选一项):
(1)卖方须在装运前__日委托______检验机构对本协议之货物进行检验并出具检验证书,货到目标港后,由买方委托________检验机构进行检验。
(2)发货前,制造厂应对货物质量、规格、性能和数量/重量作精密全方面检验,出具检验证实书,并说明检验技术数据和结论。货到目标港后,买方将申请中国商品检验局(以下简称商检局)对货物规格和数量/重量进行检验,如发觉货物残损或规格、数量与协议要求不符,除保险企业或轮船企业责任外,买方得在货物抵达目标港后__日内凭商检局出具检验证书向卖方索赔或拒收该货。在确保期内,如货物因为设计或制造上缺点而发生损坏或品质和性能与协议要求不符时,买方将委托中国商检局进行检验。
51/6218.Inspection:
(1)TheSellershallhavethegoodsinspectedby______daysbeforetheshipmentandhavetheInspectionCertificateissuedby____.TheBuyermayhavethegoodsreinspectedby________afterthegoods诰rrivalatthedestination.
(2)Themanufacturersshall,beforedelivery,makeapreciseandcomprehensiveinspectionofthegoodswithregardtoitsquality,specifications,performanceandquantity/weight,andissueinspectioncertificatescertifyingthetechnicaldataandconclusionoftheinspection.Afterarrivalofthegoodsattheportofdestination,theBuyershallapplytoChinaCommodityInspectionBureau(hereinafterreferredtoasCCIB)forafurtherinspectionastothespecificationsandquantity/weightofthegoods.52/62Ifdamagesofthegoodsarefound,orthespecificationsand/orquantityarenotinconformitywiththestipulationsinthisContract,exceptwhentheresponsibilitieslieswithInsuranceCompanyorShippingCompany,theBuyershall,within_____daysafterarrivalofthegoodsattheportofdestination,claimagainsttheSeller,orrejectthegoodsaccordingtotheinspectioncertificateissuedbyCCIB.Incaseofdamageofthegoodsincurredduetothedesignormanufacturedefectsand/orincasethequalityandperformancearenotinconformitywiththeContract,theBuyershall,duringtheguaranteeperiod,requestCCIBtomakeasurvey.
53/6219.索赔:
买方凭其委托检验机构出具检验证实书向卖方提出索赔(包含换货),由此引发全部费用应由卖方负担。若卖方收到上述索赔后______天未予回复,则认为卖方已接收买方索赔。
20.迟交货与罚款:除协议第21条不可抗力原因外,如卖方不能按协议要求时间交货,买方应同意在卖方支付罚款条件下延期交货。罚款可由议付银行在议付货款时扣除,罚款率按每__天收__%,不足__天时以__天计算。但罚款不得超出迟交货物总价____%。如卖方延期交货超出协议要求__天时,买方有权撤消协议,此时,卖方仍应不拖延地按上述要求向买方支付罚款。
买方有权对所以遭受其它损失向卖方提出索赔。54/6219.Claim:
ThebuyershallmakeaclaimagainsttheSeller(includingreplacementofthegoods)bythefurtherinspectioncertificateandalltheexpensesincurredtherefromshallbebornebytheSeller.TheclaimsmentionedaboveshallberegardedasbeingacceptediftheSellerfailtoreplywithin______daysaftertheSellerreceivedtheBuyer'sclaim.55/6220.LatedeliveryandPenalty:
ShouldtheSellerfailtomakedeliveryontimeasstipulatedintheContract,withtheexceptionofForceMajeurecausesspecifiedinClause21ofthisContract,theBuyershallagreetopostponethedeliveryontheconditionthattheSelleragreetopayapenaltywhichshallbedeductedbythepayingbankfromthepaymentundernegotiation.Therateofpenaltyischargedat______%forevery______days,odddayslessthan_____daysshouldbecountedas______days.Butthepenalty,however,shallnotexceed_______%ofthetotalvalueofthegoodsinvolvedinthedelayeddelivery.IncasetheSellerfailtomakedelivery______dayslaterthanthetimeofshipmentstipulatedintheContract,theBuyershallhavetherighttocanceltheContractandtheSeller,inspiteofthecancellation,shallneverthelesspaytheaforesaidpenaltytotheBuyerwithoutdelay.
ThebuyershallhavetherighttolodgeaclaimagainsttheSellerforthelossessustainedifany.56/6221.不可抗力:
凡在制造或装船运输过程中,因不可抗力致使卖方不能或推迟交货时,卖方不负责任。在发生上述情况时,卖方应马上通知买方,并在__天内,给买方特快专递一份由当地民间商会签发事故证实书。在此情况下,卖方仍有责任采取一切必要办法加紧交货。如事故延续__天以上,买方有权撤消协议。
22.争议处理:
凡因本协议引发或与本协议相关任何争议应协商处理。若协商不成,应提交中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会深圳分会,按照申请仲裁时该会现行有效仲裁规则进行仲裁。仲裁裁决是终局,对双方都有约束力。
57/6221.ForceMajeur:
TheSellershallnotberesponsibleforthedelayofshipmentornon-deliveryofthegoodsduetoForceMajeure,whichmightoccurduringtheprocessofmanufacturingorinthecourseofloadingortransit.TheSellershalladvisetheBuye
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