中山大学外国语学院《833英语语言文学》历年考研真题及详解

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2017年中山大学833英语语言文学考研真题及详解

2018年中山大学833英语语言文学考研真题及详解

2017年中山大学833英语语言文学

考研真题及详解

PartⅠLinguistics(75points)

1.TranscribethefollowingwordsintoIPAsymbols,withstressmarking

wherenecessary.(20points)

Example:see/siː/;below/bɪ'ləʊ/

(1)thank

【答案】/θæŋk/

(2)curious

【答案】/'kjʊəriəs/

(3)butcher

【答案】/'bʊtʃə(r)/

(4)washed

【答案】/wɒʃt/

(5)competence

【答案】/'kɒmpɪtəns/

(6)singer

【答案】/'sɪŋə(r)/

(7)column

【答案】/'kɒləm/

(8)chimney

【答案】/'tʃɪmni/

(9)expertise

【答案】/ˌekspɜ:'ti:z/

(10)confused

【答案】/kən'fju:zd/

2.Fillinthefollowingblanks.(10points)

(1)Whenlanguagessharemajorfeaturesthattranscendfamiliesitmay

beusefultoarrangethembysuchfeaturesratherthanbyfamily.Thisisthe

studyof_____.

【答案】language

【解析】Linguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage.

(2)Aprincipaldistinctionbetweenmorphologyandsyntaxisthatthe

formerisconcernedwiththeinternalcompositionofaword,whereasthe

latterisconcernedwith_____ofwords.

【答案】combinations

【解析】Morphologyisconcernedwiththeinternalorganizationof

words.Itstudiestheminimalunitsofmeaning-morphemesandword-

formationprocesses.Syntaxisthestudyoftherulesgoverningtheways

differentconstituentsarecombinedtoformsentencesinalanguage,orthe

studyoftheinterrelationshipsbetweenelementsinsentencestructure.

(3)__________istheaccentofStandardEnglishintheUnited

Kingdom,witharelationshiptoregionalaccentssimilartotherelationshipin

otherEuropeanlanguagesbetweentheirstandardvarietiesandtheirregional

forms.

【答案】Receivedpronunciation

【解析】ReceivedpronunciationisanaccentofStandardEnglishinthe

UnitedKingdom,andisdefinedas“thestandardaccentofEnglishasspoken

inthesouthofEngland”.

(4)Cognatesarewordsthathavea_____etymologicalorigin.

【答案】common

【解析】Awordiscognatewithanotherifbothderivefromthesame

wordinanancestrallanguage.

(5)A_____conditionisaconditionthatmustapplybeforeanutterance

canconstituteaspeechact.

【答案】felicity

【解析】Thoughperformativescannotbetrueorfalse,therearestill

conditionsforthemtomeettobeappropriateorfelicitous.Theseconditions

arecalledfelicityconditions.

(6)Embeddingisthe_____ofoneclausewithinanother.

【答案】inclusion

【解析】Embeddingreferstothemeansbywhichoneclauseisincluded

inthesentence(mainclause)insyntacticsubordination.

(7)Languageisaformofhumancommunicationbymeansofasystem

of_____principallytransmittedbyvocalsounds.

【答案】symbols

【解析】Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedfor

humancommunication.

(8)Themeansemployedbyalanguagetoindicatetherelationship

betweentheelementsofasentenceinclude__________,acasesystem,

prepositionsandparticles.

【答案】relativeclause

【解析】Theelementsofasentencecanbelinkedgrammaticallyby

meansofrelativeclause,acasesystem,prepositionsandparticles.

(9)_____referstothewaythatawordhasaformappropriatetothe

numberorgenderofthenounorpronounitrelatesto.

【答案】Agreement

【解析】Agreementorconcordisdefinedastherequirementthatthe

formsoftwoormorewordsofspecificwordclassesthatstandinspecific

syntacticrelationshipwithoneanother.,shallalsobecharacterizedbythe

sameparadigmaticallymarkedcategory(orcategories).

(10)Whenweconsiderhowlanguagehaschangedovertimeweare

lookingatitfroma_____pointofview.

【答案】diachronic

【解析】Whenwestudylanguagedevelopmentsthroughtime,itis

calleddiachroniclinguistics.Itfocusesonthedifferencesintwoormorethan

twostatesoflanguageoverdecadesorcenturies.

3.Definethefollowingterms.(25points)

(1)assimilation

【答案】Soundsbelongingtoonewordoronesyllablecancause

changesinsoundsbelongingtoneighboringwordsorsyllables.Thisiscalled

assimilation.Forexample,inEnglishthenegativeprefixoccursasim-before

wordssuchaspossible:impossible.As“possible”startswithabilabial

sound,theprefixim-endsinabilabialsound.Beforewordsliketolerant,

however,theprefixisin-:intolerant.As“tolerant”startswithanalveolar

sound,theprefixin-endsinanalveolarsound.Asthefollowingsoundsbring

aboutthechange,thisprocessiscalledregressiveassimilation.Ontheother

hand,thedifferencebetweenthe[s]intheEnglishwordcatsandthe[z]in

theEnglishword“dogs”isanexampleofprogressiveassimilationbecause

theprecedingsoundsbringaboutthechange.

(2)performativeutterance

【答案】Austindistinguishestwotypesofsentences:performativesand

constatives.Somesentencesdonotdescribethings.Theycannotbesaidtobe

trueorfalse.Theutteringofthesesentencesis,orisapartof,thedoingofan

action.Sotheyarecalledperformatives.Althoughperformativescannotbe

trueorfalse,therearestillconditionsforthemtomeettobeappropriateor

felicitous.Andtheseconditionsarecalledfelicityconditions.

(3)mood

【答案】Moodisoneoftherealizationmeansofinterpersonalfunction.

Moodshowswhatrolethespeakerselectsinthespeechsituationandwhathe

assignstotheaddressee.Ifthespeakerselectstheimperativemood,he

assumestheroleofonegivingcommandsandputstheaddresseeintherole

ofoneexpectedtoobeyorders.Moodismadeupoftwoparts:the“subject”

andthe“finite”element.Thesubjectcanbeanoun,anounphrase,ora

clause.Finiteelementsaretensemorphemes,auxiliaryverbsandmodalverbs

thatexpresstenseormodality,andtheyarepartoftheverbphrase.

(4)creole

【答案】Whenapidgindevelopsbeyonditsroleasatradelanguageand

becomesthefirstlanguageofasocialcommunity,itbecomesacreole.

Creoleshavelargenumbersofnativespeakersandarenotrestrictedatallin

theiruses.Forexample,aFrench-basedcreoleisspokenbythemajorityof

thepopulationinHaiti,andEnglish-basedcreolesareusedinJamaicaand

SierraLeone.Onceacreoleisinexistence,itmaycontinuealmostwithout

change,asappearstobethecaseforHaiticreole;becomeextinct;evolve

furtherintoanormallanguage;graduallymergewithitsbaselanguage(e.g.

theStandardEnglish)throughdecreolization,aprocessbywhichacreole

becomesmorelikethestandardlanguagefromwhichmostofitsvocabulary

comes.Forexample,anEnglish-basedcreolemaybecomemorelike

StandardEnglish.

(5)plosive

【答案】Plosivesarespeechsoundsproducedsomeformofcomplete

stoppingoftheairstream(verybriefly)andthenlettingitgoabruptly.The

Englishplosivesare[p],[b],[t],[d],[k]and[g].

4.Explainthefollowingstatementswithexamplesifnecessary.(20

points)

(1)Contextplaysaveryimportantpartintheunderstandingofthe

meaningofwords.

【答案】Thecontextdeterminesthemeaning.Supposethatweare

standingbyariver,andIsay“Iwasnearthatbankyesterday”.Youcertainly

understandthebankasa“riverbank”,nota“financialinstitution”.Likewise,

ifweareontheWallStreet,andIsay“Iwasnearthatbankyesterday”,you

don’tthinkthatIamreferringtotheedgeofariver.Theviewthatmeaningis

foundinthecontextwithinwhichaparticularexpressionisutteredsuggests

thatwecanderivemeaningfrom,orreduceitto,theobservablecontext.Two

typesofcontextarerecognized:alinguisticcontextandasituationalcontext.

Everyutteranceoccursinaparticularspatio-temporalsituation.Each

utteranceislimitedbyvariousfactorsofthesituationalcontext.The

linguisticcontextaloneistheweakerformofcontextualviews.Itis

principallyconcernedwiththeprobabilityofwordsorexpressionsco-

occurringorcollocatingwitheachother.Thisisobviouslyanaspectof

meaning.

(2)Lifehasgiveneachofusadifferentsetofexperiences,adifferent

setofattitudes,andthesecolourourperceptionoftheworldaroundus,affect

theimpressionleftbyanutterance.

【答案】One’sspeechcontainsalotofinformationaboutoneself-one’s

placeofbirth,education,workexperience,personalinterest,yourmood,the

stateofmind,amongotherthings.Languageandsocialfactorsareclosely

related.Whenwestudylanguageinrelationtosociety,itiscalled

sociolinguistics.Generallyspeaking,insociolinguistics,weareinterestedin

howlanguagefactorsinfluencethestructureanduseoflanguage.Itisthe

fieldthatstudiestherelationsbetweenlanguageandsociety,betweenthe

usesoflanguageandthesocialstructuresinwhichthelanguageuserslive.It

isalsoafieldofstudythatassumesthathumansocietyismadeupofmany

relatedpatternsandbehaviors,someofwhicharelinguistics.Inasense,

languageofferspeopledifferentwaysofunderstandingtheworld.

PartⅡHistoryofBritishandAmericanLiterature:(75points)

Instructions:Forquestions1-13(2pointseach),choosethecorrect

answerandwritethecorrespondingletterontheanswersheet.Forquestions

14-17,writeyouranswerontheanswersheet.

1.Allofthefollowingwerepublishedduringthe1920sEXCEPT

A.F.ScottFitzgerald’sTheGreatGatsby

B.VirginiaWoolf’sMrs.Dalloway

C.T.S.Eliot’sTheWasteLand

D.HenryJames’sTheGoldenBowl

【答案】D

【解析】《金碗》（TheGoldenBowl）是亨利·詹姆斯的长篇小说代

表作之一，出版于1904年。

2.“ItallegorizestheChristianstruggletoachievesalvationasajourney

fromtheCityofDestruction，throughsuchobstaclesanddistractionsasthe

SloughofDespondandVanityFair,totheCelestialCity.”

Thesentenceabovedescribes

A.Gulliver’sTravels

B.PiersPlowman

C.TheFallofHyperion

D.ThePilgrim’sProgress

【答案】D

【解析】《天路历程》为英国约翰·班扬创作的长篇小说，讲述了一

个坚韧的基督徒为寻求永生而踏上荆棘遍布的漫漫长旅。

Questions3-5arebasedonthefollowingnoveltitles:

A.ThePrinceandthePauper

B.AsILayDying

C.AnAmericanTragedy

D.ThePortraitofaLady

3.WhichisbyHenryJames?

4.WhichisbyWilliamFaulkner?

5.WhichisbyTheodoreDreiser?

【答案与解析】

3.D《一位贵妇的画像》又称《一位女士的画像》（ThePortraitof

aLady）是美国作家亨利·詹姆斯（HenryJames）的早期代表作，也是

他的杰作之一。

4.B《我弥留之际》（AsILayDying）是美国作家威廉·福克纳

WilliamFaulkner创作的作品。

5.C《美国悲剧》（AnAmericanTragedy）是美国作家西奥多·德

莱塞TheodoreDreiser的代表作。

6.WhichofthefollowingisNOTadescriptionofNeo-Classicism?

A.Itisaliterarymovementthatdrawsinspirationfromthe“classical”

artandcultureofAncientGreeceorAncientRome.

B.Itcoincidedwiththe18th-centuryAgeofEnlightenment,and

continuedintotheearly19thcentury.

C.ItsmajorproponentsinEnglishliteratureincludeHenryFieldingand

Dr.Johnson.

D.Itemphasizedreasonoveremotion.

【答案】C

【解析】亨利·菲尔丁（HenryFielding）是18世纪英国最杰出的小说

家，是英国现实主义小说的奠基人。

Thefollowingaretheopeninglinesoffournovels.Questions7-10are

basedonthem:

A.Myfather’snamebeingPirripandmyChristianname,Philip,my

infanttonguecouldmakeofbothnamesnothingmoreexplicitthanPip.SoI

calledmyselfPipandcametobecalledPip.

B.Itisatruthuniversallyacknowledged,thatasinglemaninpossession

ofagoodfortunemustbeinwantofawife.

C.Therewasnopossibilityoftakingawalkthatday.Wehadbeen

wandering,indeed,intheleaflessshrubberyanhourinthemorning;butsince

dinner(Mrs.Reed,whentherewasnocompany,dinedearly)thecoldwinter

windhadbroughtwithitcloudssosombre,andarainsopenetrating,that

furtherout-doorexercisewasnowoutofthequestion.

D.HewasanoldmanwhofishedaloneinaskiffintheGulfStreamand

hehadgoneeighty-fourdaysnowwithouttakingafish.

7.WhichisbyErnestHemingway?

8.WhichisbyCharlotteBronte?

9.WhichisbyJaneAusten?

10.WhichisbyCharlesDickens?

【答案与解析】

7.D此句话选自欧内斯特·米勒尔·海明威的《老人与海》。

8.C该段选自英国女作家夏洛蒂·勃朗特的《简·爱》，是一部具有

自传色彩的作品。作品讲述一位从小变成孤儿的英国女子在各种磨难中

不断追求自由与尊严，坚持自我，最终获得幸福的故事。

9.B此句话为简·奥斯汀的《傲慢与偏见》扉页上的话。生动地反

映了18世纪末到19世纪初处于保守和闭塞状态下的英国乡镇生活和世态

人情。

10.A该段选自查尔斯·狄更斯的长篇小说《远大前程》，为该小说

的开头。主角孤儿皮普（Pip）以自传式手法，叙述从7岁开始的三个人

生阶段。

Questions11-14arebasedonthefollowing:

11.Thispoemwaswritteninwhichofthefollowingera?

A.Modern

B.Victorian

C.Romantic

D.Elizabethan

12.Thispoemiswrittenintheformof

A.epic

B.ballad

C.sonnet

D.elegy

13.Theliterarydeviceusedin“(n)orshallDeathbragthouwander’stin

hisshade”is

A.metaphor

B.irony

C.personification

D.paradox

14.Whatisthecentralideathatthepoetwantstoexpress?(5points)

【答案与解析】

11.D该诗为莎士比亚的十四行诗中的一首，他的十四行诗创作于

1590到1598年间，为伊丽莎白一世统治时期。

12.C该诗为十四行诗（sonnet）。

13.D该句意为“死神无从夸口，说你在他的阴影里徘徊”。其深层

意思为尽管根据自然规律“你”有朝一日会被死神的阴影所笼罩，

但“你”将在我的诗句中获得永生，死神仅仅能能让“你”肉体毁灭，这没

什么值得夸耀的。该句将两个意义对立的概念置于一处，看起来“非”实

际上“是”，是矛盾修辞法（paradox）。

14.Thepoetexpresseshislovetothebeautyofhisloverandhebelieves

thebeautifulthingswilllastforever.Italsoimpliesthatheisconfidentinhis

work’simmortalinfluence.

Question15isbasedonthefollowing:

15.TheselinesaretakenfromJohnDonne’spoem“TheGood

Morrow”.Explainthemetaphysicalconceitusedinthepoem.Whichliterary

schooldoesthispoemrepresent?Explainthecharacteristicsoftheschool.

(12points)

【参考答案】

Theauthorcalledtheloversastwohemispheres,whichisa

metaphysicalconceit.Itseemsthatthelovershavenorelationswith

hemispheres.Butitaddsthreenotionsactually.First,theloversaren’t

completebythemselves,theyneedeachother.Second,oncetheloversare

together,theyformnotonlyacompletebody,butawholeworld.Third,the

beingtheyformwhentheyaretogetherisperfect.Sotheworldtheyform

willhavenoimperfections,nosharpnorthordecliningwest.“Sharp”may

standforquarrelsbetweenthelovers,and“declining”forthegradualdecay

oflovebecauseoftime.

Thispoemrepresentsthemetaphysicalpoetry.

MetaphysicalpoetryisderogatoryterminventedbyJohnDrydenand

lateradoptedbySamuelJohnsondescribingaschoolofhighlyintellectual

poetrymarkedbyboldandingeniousconceits,incongruousimagery,

complexityofthought,frequentuseofparadox,andoftenbydeliberate

harshnessorrigidityofexpression.Themainthemesofthemetaphysical

poetsarelove,death,andreligion.Accordingtothem,allthingsinthe

universe,nomatterhowdissimilartheyaretoeachother,arecloselyunified

inGod.ThechiefrepresentativeofthisschoolwasJohnDonne.

Question16isbasedonthefollowing:

Allsciencehasoneaim,namely,tofindatheoryofnature.Wehave

theoriesofracesandoffunctions,butscarcelyyetaremoteapproachtoan

ideaofcreation.Wearenowsofarfromtheroadtotruth,thatreligious

teachersdisputeandhateeachother,andspeculativemenareesteemed

unsoundandfrivolous.Buttoasoundjudgment,themostabstracttruthisthe

mostpractical.Wheneveratruetheoryappears,itwillbeitsownevidence.

Itstestis,thatitwillexplainallphenomena.Nowmanyarethoughtnotonly

unexplainedbutinexplicable;aslanguage,sleep,madness,dreams,beasts,

sex.

Philosophicallyconsidered,theuniverseiscomposedofNatureandthe

Soul.Strictlyspeaking,therefore,allthatisseparatefromus,allwhich

PhilosophydistinguishesastheNOTME,thatis,bothnatureandart,all

othermenandmyownbody,mustberankedunderthisname,NATURE.In

enumeratingthevaluesofnatureandcastinguptheirsum,Ishallusethe

wordinbothsenses;—initscommonandinitsphilosophicalimport.In

inquiriesasgeneralasourpresentone,theinaccuracyisnotmaterial;no

confusionofthoughtwilloccur.Nature,inthecommonsense,refersto

essencesunchangedbyman;space,theair,theriver,theleaf.Artisapplied

tothemixtureofhiswillwiththesamethings,asinahouse,acanal,astatue,

apicture.Buthisoperationstakentogetheraresoinsignificant,alittle

chipping,baking,patching,andwashing,thatinanimpressionasgrandas

thatoftheworldonthehumanmind,theydonotvarytheresult.

16.TheabovepassageistakenfromEmerson’s“Nature”.Howdoesthe

passageexpressEmerson’stranscendentalistphilosophy?(12points)

【参考答案】

Intheessay,Emersonstatesthatmanshouldnotseenaturemerelyas

somethingtobeused,thataman’srelationshipwithnaturetranscendsthe

ideaofusefulness.Manshouldunderstandthetruthoftheuniversebyover

soul,byit,Godiseverywhere.

Heregardednatureasthegreatsourceofinspiration.Heregardednature

asthepurestandthemostholymoralinfluenceonmanandadvocateda

directintuitionofaspiritualandomnipresentGodinnature.Naturewas,to

him,emblematicofGod.Naturewasthesymbolofspirit.

Question17isbasedonthefollowing:

17.Theselines,takenfromYeats’spoem“TheSecondComing”are

oftenusedasthedescriptionofthehistoricalsituationofthebeginningofthe

20thcentury.Whatkindofsentimentisexpressedintheselines?Please

answerthequestionwithreferencetotheModernistLiteraryMovement.(20

points)

【参考答案】

TheModernistPeriodinEnglishLiteratureoccupiedtheyearsfrom

shortlyafterthebeginningofthetwentiethcenturythroughroughly1965.In

broadterms,theperiodwasmarkedbysuddenandunexpectedbreakswith

traditionalwaysofviewingandinteractingwiththeworld.Anotable

characteristicofmodernismisself-consciousnessandironyconcerning

literaryandsocialtraditions.

TheSecondComingwasintendedbyYeatstodescribethecurrent

historicalmoment(thepoemappearedin1921)intermsofthesegyres.Yeats

believedthattheworldwasonthethresholdofanapocalypticrevelation,as

historyreachedtheendoftheoutergyreandbeganmovingalongtheinner

gyre.

TheSecondComingisamagnificentstatementaboutthecontraryforces

atworkinhistory,andabouttheconflictbetweenthemodernworldandthe

ancientworld.Inotherwords,theworld’strajectoryalongthegyreof

science,democracy,andheterogeneityisnowcomingapart,likethe

franticallywideningflight-pathofthefalconthathaslostcontactwiththe

falconer;thenextagewilltakeitscharacternotfromthegyreofscience,

democracy,andspeed,butfromthecontraryinnergyre—which,presumably,

opposesmysticism,primalpower,andslownesstothescienceand

democracyoftheoutergyre.

2018年中山大学833英语语言文学

考研真题及详解

PartⅠLinguistics(75points)

1.TranscribethefollowingwordsintoIPAsymbols,withstressmarking

wherenecessary.(20points)

Example:see/siː/;below/bɪ'ləʊ/

(1)bicycle

【答案】/'baɪsɪkl/

(2)deteriorate

【答案】/dɪ'tɪərɪəreɪt/

(3)February

【答案】/'febrʊərɪ/

(4)horizon

【答案】/hə'raɪz(ə)n/

(5)menu

【答案】/'menjuː/

(6)parliament

【答案】/'pɑːləm(ə)nt/

(7)tomb

【答案】/tuːm/

(8)career

【答案】/kə'rɪə/

(9)monk

【答案】/mʌŋk/

(10)bloody

【答案】/'blʌdɪ/

2.Fillinthefollowingblanks.(10points)

(1)Chomskyproposesthatthecourseoflanguageacquisitionis

determinedbya(n)_____languagefaculty.

【答案】innate

【解析】乔姆斯基认为语言习得的过程是由人的内在语言机制决定

的。

(2)Whenawordappearsinavarietyofformsdependingonits

grammaticalroleinthesentencewesaythatitundergoes_____.

【答案】inflection

【解析】曲折变化是指通过添加屈折词缀，如数，人称，限定性，

体和格等来表示某词语法关系的变化。

(3)_____languagesexemplifiedbyVietnamese,Chineseandanumber

ofotherFarEasternlanguages,aswellasanumberofWestAfrican

languageshavefew,ifany,boundmorphemes.

【答案】Isolating

【解析】孤立语又称分析语或词根语，其特点是不通过词的内部形

态变化来表达语法作用，而是通过虚词和词序来表达。汉语、越南语等

都是孤立语。

(4)Whenairisforcedoutofthelungs,itcausesthe__________to

vibrate.

【答案】vocalfolds

【解析】语音产生是以气流为能量来源的。在大多数情况下，气流

源自肺部，气流从肺中压出，引起声带的振动。

(5)Subjectstypicallycarry_____case,whereascomplementstypically

carry_____case.

【答案】nominative;objective

【解析】主格可以充当主语，而宾格可以充当补语。

(6)A_____typicallycontainsaconsonantorsetofconsonants

followedbyavowelfollowedbyanotherconsonantorsetofconsonants.

【答案】syllable

【解析】音节是超音段研究中的一个重要单位。音节必须有一个“节

核”或者“韵峰”，通常由元音来承担，但有时也可以由具有成音节特征

的辅音来起节核的作用，通常在节核的前后还可以有辅音丛的出现。

(7)Thetypeofstresswhichdistinguisheswordssuchas/'transpɒt/from

/tran'pɒt/isknownas_____stress.

【答案】word

【解析】单词重音是指一个单词内部重读音节和非重读音节的语调

模式。

(8)_____wordsareoftenavoidedbecausetheyareunacceptablein

manysocialsituations.

【答案】Taboo

【解析】禁忌语是指在某些情况下避免使用令人难堪的词。禁忌语

或者是完全避免使用，或者是用委婉语代替。

(9)A_____referstoeachpositioninatreediagraminTGwherelines

meet.Ineachofthesepositionsisasymbolforagrammaticalcategory.

【答案】constituent

【解析】成分，作为一个术语，指的是用于句子结构分析的一个语

言单位，它是一个比其更大的语言单位的一部分。几个成分共同构成一

个结构体。

3.Definethefollowingterms.(25points)

(1)connotation

【答案】Inthephilosophers’usage,connotation,oppositetodenotation,

meansthepropertiesoftheentityaworddenotes.Forexample,the

connotationofhumanis“biped”,“featherless”,“rational”,etc.Some

connotationsmaybesharedbyagroupofpeopleofthesameculturalor

socialbackground,sex,orage;othersmayberestrictedtooneorseveral

individualsanddependontheirpersonalexperience.

(2)narrowtranscription

【答案】Narrowtranscription,alsocalledphonetictranscription,isone

thatshowsphoneticdetails(forexample,aspiration,length,etc.),byusinga

widevarietyofsymbolsand,inmanycases,diacritics,toshowthefiner

differencesbetweensounds.

(3)redundancy

【答案】Redundancyreferstothedegreetowhichamessagecontains

moreinformationthanisneededforittobeunderstood.Languageshave

built-inredundancy,whichmeansthatutterancescontainmoreinformation

thanisnecessaryforcomprehension.

(4)polysemy

【答案】Polysemymeansasinglewordhavingseveralormany

meanings.AccordingtoCrystal:Polysemyisatermusedinsemantic

analysistorefertoalexicalitemwhichhasarangeofdifferentmeanings.

Polysemicwordsaresignsofanadvancedculture.Polysemyisalsoan

essentialfeatureofalanguage’seconomyandefficiency.

(5)slang

【答案】Slangreferstocasual,veryinformalspeech,usingexpressive

butinformalwordsandexpressions.Forsomepeople,slangisequivalentto

colloquialspeechbutforothers,itmeans“undesirablespeech”.Usually,

“colloquialspeech”referstoaspeechvarietyusedininformalsituationswith

colleagues,friendsorrelatives,and“slang”isusedforaveryinformal

speechwhichoftenservesasan“in-group”languageforaparticularsetof

peoplesuchasteenagers,armyrecruits,popsingers,etc.Mostslangisrather

unstableasitswordsandexpressionscanchangerapidly.

4.Explainthefollowingstatementswithexamplesifnecessary.(20

points)

(1)Sociologistsanalyzerecordingsoflanguageuseinanumberof

differentways.

【答案】Sociologistsareconcernedwithacoupleofaspectsofhuman

society.Sincelanguageispartofsociety,sociologistsarekeenonanalyzing

languagewithrespecttosociologyinaquitenumberofways.Ontheone

hand,theyexamineissuesrelatedtothesubjectfromamorelinguistic

perspective,andhencecalledSociolinguisticsofLanguage.Theresearchesin

thisfieldareconductedatamicrolevelofdiscussion,includinggender

differences,linguisticsexism,discourseanalysis,pidgin,creoleandsoforth.

Ontheotherhand,theyexamineissuesrelatedtothesubjectfromamore

societalperspective,andhencecalledSociolinguisticsofSociety.The

researchesinthisfieldarecarriedoutatamacrolevelofdiscussion,

includinglanguagechoiceinbilingualormultilingualnations,language

planning,languagemaintenance,languageshiftandsoon.

(2)Entailmentdescribesonetypeofsenserelationsbetweensentences.

【答案】Entailmentisalogicalrelationshipbetweentwosentencesin

whichthetruthofthesecondnecessarilyfollowsfromthetruthofthefirst,

whilethefalsityofthefirstfollowsfromthefalsityofthesecond.For

example,when“Isawaboy”istrue,“Isawachild”isnecessarilytrue;andif

“Isawachild”isnottrue,“Isawaboy”willnotbetrueeither.Entailmentis

concernedwiththemeaningofthesentenceitself.Itdoesnotdependonthe

contextinwhichasentenceisused.

PartⅡHistoryofBritishandAmericanLiterature(75points)

Instructions:Forquestions1-13,choosethecorrectanswerandwritethe

correspondingletterontheanswersheet.Forquestions14-19,writeyour

answerontheanswersheet.

1.AllofthefollowingplayswerewrittenbyWilliamShakespeare

EXCEPT(2%)

A.MerchantofVenice

B.AMidsummerNight’sDream

C.AsYouLikeIt

D.Dr.Faustus

E.TheTempest

【答案】D

【解析】《浮士德博士的悲剧》（Dr.Faustus）是莎士比亚同时期剧

作家克里斯托弗·马洛的代表作。

2._____isacollectionof24storieswritteninMiddleEnglishby

GeoffreyChaucerbetween1387and1400.(2%)

A.Decameron

B.Pilgrim’sProgress

C.CanterburyTales

D.PiersPlowman

E.Gulliver’sTravels

【答案】C

【解析】《坎特伯雷故事集》是英国诗歌之父乔叟的代表作之一，

是一部诗体故事集。大部分以韵诗形式写成。全书收有一篇总引和二十

三篇故事，其中散文两篇,其余都是诗体。

Identifythepublicationyearofthefollowingworks,andwritedownthe

correspondingletteronthelinetocompletethesentence.(5%)

A.RobinsonCrusoe

B.ParadiseLost

C.TheVicarofWakefield

D.ChildeHarold’sPilgrimage

E.Waverley

3._____ispublishedin1719.

4._____ispublishedin1766.

5._____ispublishedbetween1812and1818.

6._____ispublishedin1814.

7._____ispublishedin1667.

【答案与解析】

3.A《鲁滨逊漂流记》（RobinsonCrusoe）是英国作家丹尼尔·笛

福的一部长篇小说。该书首次出版于1719年4月25日。

4.C《威克菲尔德的牧师》（TheVicarofWakefield）是由英国作

家哥尔德斯密斯于1766年创作的小说。

5.D《恰尔德·哈洛尔德游记》（ChildeHarold’sPilgrimage）是英

国著名诗人拜伦的代表作之一。首次出版于1812年，相隔六七年之后，

拜伦完成了第三章（1816）和第四章（1818）。

6.E《威弗莱》（Waverley）是沃尔特·司各特于1814年出版的第

一部小说。

7.B《失乐园》（ParadiseLost）是英国政治家、学者约翰·弥尔顿

于1667年创作的史诗。

8.WhichofthefollowingisNOTadescriptionofRomanticism?(2%)

A.Itemphasizedemotionandindividualismaswellasglorificationof

allthepastandnature.

B.Itcoincidedwiththe18th-centuryAgeofEnlightenment,and

continuedintotheearly19thcentury.

C.ItwaspartlyareactiontotheIndustrialRevolution,thearistocratic

socialandpoliticalnormsofEnlightenment,andthescientificrationalization

ofnature.

D.It