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DeepHyd:ADeepLearning-basedArtificialIntelligenceApproachfortheAutomatedClassificationofHydraulicStructuresfromLiDARandSonarData
WenwuTang,Ph.D.Shen-EnChen,Ph.D.JohnDiemer,Ph.D.CraigAllan,Ph.D.
TianyangChen,GraduateResearchAssistantZacherySlocum,GraduateResearchAssistantTariniShukla,GraduateResearchAssistant
VidyaShubhashChavan,Ph.D.,FormerGraduateResearchAssistantNavanitSriShanmugam,GraduateResearchAssistant
CenterforAppliedGeographicInformationScienceDepartmentofGeographyandEarthSciencesDepartmentofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineeringSchoolofDataScience
UniversityofNorthCarolinaatCharlotte
NCDOTProject2019-03FHWA/NC/2019-03
i
January2022
PAGE\*roman
viii
DeepHyd:ADeepLearning-basedArtificialIntelligenceApproachfortheAutomatedClassificationofHydraulicStructuresfromLiDARandSonarData
FinalReport
(ReportNo.FHWA/NC/2019-03)
To:NorthCarolinaDepartmentofTransportation(ResearchProjectNo.RP2019-03)
Submittedby
WenwuTang1,2,3,*,Shen-EnChen4,*,JohnDiemer2,*,CraigAllan1,2,*,TianyangChen1,2,**,ZacherySlocum1,2,**,TariniShukla1,4,**,VidyaShubhashChavan4,**,NavanitSriShanmugam4,**
1CenterforAppliedGeographicInformationScience
2DepartmentofGeographyandEarthSciences
3SchoolofDataScience
4DepartmentofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineeringUniversityofNorthCarolinaatCharlotte,Charlotte,NC28223
*:PIs
**:GraduateResearchAssistants
ContactWenwuTang,Ph.D.
Phone:(704)687-5988;
Fax:(704)687-5966;
Email:
wtang4@
January2022
TechnicalReportDocumentationPage
1. ReportNo.
FHWA/NC/2019-03
2. GovernmentAccessionNo.
…leaveblank…
3. Recipient’sCatalogNo.
…leaveblank…
4.TitleandSubtitle
DeepHyd:ADeepLearning-basedArtificialIntelligenceApproachfortheAutomatedClassificationofHydraulicStructuresfromLiDARandSonarData
5. ReportDate
January30th,2022
6. PerformingOrganizationCode
…leaveblank…
7. Author(s)
WenwuTang,Shen-EnChen,JohnDiemer,CraigAllan,TianyangChen,ZacherySlocum,TariniShukla,VidyaShubhashChavan,NavanitSriShanmugam
8. PerformingOrganizationReportNo.
…leaveblank…
9. PerformingOrganizationNameandAddress
CenterforAppliedGeographicInformationScienceDepartmentofGeographyandEarthSciences,
UniversityofNorthCarolinaatCharlotte,Charlotte,NC28223
10.WorkUnitNo.(TRAIS)
…leaveblank…
11.ContractorGrantNo.
…leaveblank…
12.SponsoringAgencyNameandAddressNorthCarolinaDepartmentofTransportationResearchandDevelopmentUnit
13.TypeofReportandPeriodCoveredFinalReport
104FayettevilleStreetRaleigh,NorthCarolina27601
07/01/2018-12/31/2021
14.SponsoringAgencyCodePR2019-03
SupplementaryNotes:
…leaveblank…
16.Abstract
Monitoringtheconditionsofhydraulicstructuressuchasbridgesandculvertsisessentialinwarrantingthesafetyandsustainabilityoftransportationinfrastructure.ThisisparticularlyimportantforNorthCarolinaasmorethan8percentofNCbridgeshavebeenfoundinpoorconditionsandneedimmediatemaintenance.Lidarandsonartechnologieshavebeenincreasinglyappliedtosupportthismonitoringneed.However,theprocessingandclassificationofpointclouddatageneratedfromLiDARandsonartechniquesrepresentsachallengeashydraulicstructuresareoftencomplicatedingeometriccharacteristicsandconsiderablelaborandtimeareneededfortheprocessingandclassification.
Toaddressthischallenge,inthisproject,wedevelopedDeepHyd,adeeplearning-based3Dmodelingframeworkandsoftwaretoolsfortheautomatedclassificationofpointclouddataofhydraulicstructures.Wecollectedfielddatafrom11sitesintheGreaterCharlotteMetropolitanregionfortrainingandvalidationofthedeeplearningalgorithms.ThefielddatacollectioncombinestheuseofterrestrialLiDAR,sonar,totalstation,survey-gradeGPS,anddrone.Thedeeplearningalgorithmthatweusedforpointcloudclassificationisastate-of-the-art3Dartificialintelligencetechnique.Weusedatwo-tieredmodelingapproachtotraindeeplearningalgorithmsusingannotatedpointclouddata:classificationofbridgesfromvegetationandground,andclassificationofspecificbridgecomponentsincludingbeam,pier,railing,andretainingwalls.Weimplementedscientificworkflowstoautomatetheclassificationofpointclouddataofhydraulicstructuresusingdeeplearning.Ourmajorfindingsare:
1)our3DdeeplearningalgorithmsinDeepHydachievehighclassificationperformanceonpointclouddataofhydraulicstructures.2)deeplearningcaneffectivelyhandletheclassificationoflargevolumesofpointclouddata,butthetrainingofdeeplearningalgorithmsrequireslargeamountsofannotateddata.3)annotatedpointclouddataserveasafoundationdatabasefortheautomatedclassificationofhydraulicstructuresusingartificialintelligencetechniques.Moreannotatedpointclouddata,whichcoveralternativetypesofhydraulicstructures,areneededforfurtherimprovingclassificationperformance.
17.KeyWords
Pointcloudclassification,Hydraulicstructures,Deeplearning,ArtificialIntelligence
18.DistributionStatement
…leaveblank…
19.SecurityClassif.(ofthisreport)Unclassified
20.SecurityClassif.(ofthispage)Unclassified
21.No.ofPages60
22.Price
…leaveblank…
FormDOTF1700.7(8-72) Reproductionofcompletedpageauthorized
Disclaimer
Thecontentsofthisreportreflecttheviewsoftheauthor(s)andnotnecessarilytheviewsoftheUniversity.Theauthor(s)areresponsibleforthefactsandtheaccuracyofthedatapresentedherein.ThecontentsdonotnecessarilyreflecttheofficialviewsorpoliciesofeithertheNorthCarolinaDepartmentofTransportationortheFederalHighwayAdministrationatthetimeofpublication.Thisreportdoesnotconstituteastandard,specification,orregulation.
Acknowledgements
ThisprojectissupportedbytheNorthCarolinaDepartmentofTransportation.Specifically,theauthorsowethankstotheSteeringandImplementationCommittee:includingMatthewLauffer(Chair),JohnW.Kirby,TomLangan,GaryThompson,PaulJordan,MarkSwartz,MarkWard,DerekBradner,BrianRadakovic,KevinFischer.WethankMatthewMacon,RodneyHough,DonaldEarly,fromUASprogramandPhotogrammetryUnit,NCDOTfortheirhelponUAStesting.WethankNCDOTITfortheirhelpondeployingandtestingthesoftware.
ExecutiveSummary
Monitoringtheconditionsofhydraulicstructuressuchasbridgesandculvertsisessentialinwarrantingthesafetyandsustainabilityoftransportationinfrastructure.ThisisparticularlyimportantforNorthCarolinaasmorethan8percentofNCbridgeshavebeenfoundinpoorconditionsandneedimmediatemaintenance.LiDARandsonartechnologieshavebeenincreasinglyappliedtosupportthismonitoringneed.However,theprocessingandclassificationofpointclouddatageneratedfromLiDARandsonartechniquesrepresentsachallengeashydraulicstructuresareoftencomplicatedintheirgeometriccharacteristicsandconsiderablelaborandtimeareneededfortheprocessingandclassificationoflargepointclouddatasets.
Toaddressthischallenge,inthisproject,wedevelopedDeepHyd,adeeplearning-based3Dmodelingframeworkandsoftwaretoolsfortheautomatedclassificationofpointclouddataofhydraulicstructures.Wecollectedfielddatafrom11sitesintheGreaterCharlotteMetropolitanregionforthetrainingandvalidationofthedeeplearningalgorithms.Thefielddatacollectioncombinestheuseofavarietyofsurveyinstruments,includingterrestrialLiDAR,sonar,totalstation,survey-gradeGPS,anddrone-basedphotogrammetry.Thedeeplearningalgorithmthatweutilizedforthepointcloudclassificationisastate-of-the-art3Dartificialintelligencetechniquebasedonconvolutionalneuralnetworks.Weusedatwo-tieredmodelingapproachtotraindeeplearningalgorithmsusingannotatedpointclouddata:classificationofbridgesfromvegetationandground,andclassificationofspecificbridgecomponentsincludingbeam,pier,railing,andretainingwalls.Weimplementedscientificworkflowstoautomatetheprocessingandclassificationofpointclouddataofhydraulicstructuresusingdeeplearning.
ConsideringtheuniquegeographicaldivisionsinNorthCarolinafromthemountainridgesintheAppalachiantotheAtlanticcoastalplain,agreatdiverseofhighwaybridgetypesinterconnectedthestateandtheautomatedbridgecomponentclassificationtoolrepresentsaparadigmshiftintransportationmanagement.Ourmajorfindingsaresummarizedbelow:
Our3DdeeplearningalgorithmsinDeepHydachievehighclassificationperformanceonpointclouddataofhydraulicstructures.Thetwo-tieredgeospatialmodelingdesigncaneffectivelysupport1)theclassificationofhydraulicstructures,vegetation,andgroundsurfaces,and2)theclassificationofspecificbridgecomponents.
Transferlearningusingpre-trainedmodelsandhyperparameteranalysisastwoapproachesatthedeeplearningalgorithmlevelcansignificantlyenhancethepointcloudclassificationusingstate-of-the-artartificialintelligencetechniques.
3Ddeeplearningcaneffectivelyhandletheclassificationoflargevolumesofpointclouddata,butthetrainingofdeeplearningalgorithmsrequireslargeamountsofannotateddata.
AnnotatedpointclouddataserveasafoundationdatabasefortheautomatedclassificationofhydraulicstructuresscannedbyLiDARusingartificialintelligencetechniques.Moreannotatedpointclouddata,whichcoverawiderrangeofhydraulicstructures,areneededforfurtherimprovingclassificationperformance.
TableofContent
TitlePage ii
Disclaimer iv
Acknowledgements v
ExecutiveSummary vi
ListofFigures ix
ListofTables x
ListofAcronyms xi
INTRODUCTION 1
Background 1
ResearchNeedDefinition 2
ResearchObjectives 2
ReportOrganization 3
LITERATUREREVIEW 4
PointCloudDatafromLiDARandSonar 4
DeepLearning 5
DeepLearningforPointCloudClassification 6
RESEARCHMETHODOLOGY 8
FieldData 8
FieldSites 8
FieldDataCollectionMethods 11
TerrestrialLidarSurvey 11
BathymetricSurvey:SonarandTotalStationDataCollection 12
3DimagereconstructionusingdroneandRGBcamera 14
SummaryofFieldDataCollected 21
DeepLearning-basedPointCloudClassification 23
ModelDesign 23
AnnotationofPointCloudData 23
Selectionof3DDeepLearningAlgorithmsforPointCloudClassification 27
Transferlearningforimproved3DDeepLearningforPointCloudClassification 27
TrainingandValidationof3DDeepLearningforPointCloudClassification 29
HyperparameterTuning:LearningRateandNumberofIterations 31
HyperparameterTuning:BlockSizeandNumberofPointsperBlock 35
ModelInferencingforthePredictionofPointCloudClassification 39
InferencingResultsofModel1fortheClassificationofBridges,Vegetation,and
Ground 39
InferencingResultsofModel2fortheClassificationofBridgeComponents 41
ScientificWorkflowsforModelAutomation 43
Pre-processingofdata 44
Post-ProcessingofData 45
SoftwareImplementation 48
FindingsandConclusions 49
Recommendations 52
ImplementationandTechnologyTransferPlan 53
References 54
Appendix 56
ListofFigures
Figure3.1.WebGISportalforthefieldsurveysintheproject(numberlabelsareIDsofsites) 10
Figure3.2.IllustrationofcollectedLiDARpointcloud 12
Figure3.3.BathymetryatSite16,PharrMillBridge,CabarrusCounty,NC 13
Figure3.4.FlightplanforunmannedaerialsystemoperationatSite#5 15
Figure3.5.Orthomosaic(with3Dinformation)generatedusingStructurefromMotiontechniqueforSite
#5 17
Figure3.6.FlightplanIforUASoperationatsite16 18
Figure3.7.FlightplanIIforUASoperationatsite16 19
Figure3.8.Orthomosaic(with3Dinformation)generatedusingSfMtechniqueforSite#16 21
Figure3.9.IllustrationofmapoffusedLidarandsonardata(Lidardataareingray;sonardataareinblue;
site#:16;PharrMillRoadsite;seeTable3.1forsiteinformation) 22
Figure3.10.Tieredspatialmodelingframeworkfordeeplearning-basedpointcloudclassificationof
hydraulicstructures 23
Figure3.11.Typologyofannotationofpointclouddataofhydraulicstructures 24
Figure3.12.Illustrationofannotatedpointcloudscollectedfromthefieldworkinthisproject 25
Figure3.13.Illustrationofannotatedpointcloudsscannedfrompreviousprojectscollectedpriortothis
study(Chen,unpublisheddata) 25
Figure3.14.Aggregationofannotatedpointclouddatafordeeplearning-basedclassification(One
annotatedscanfromSite#5;seeTable3.1forsiteinformationasneeded) 26
Figure3.15.ArchitectureofConvPointsegmentationnetworksfor3Ddeeplearning-basedpointcloud
classification 29
Figure3.16.Illustrationoflearningcurvesfortrainingandvalidationofdeeplearningalgorithmfor
Model1inresponsetonumberofiterations 32
Figure3.17.Illustrationoflearningcurvesfortrainingandvalidationofdeeplearningalgorithmfor
Model1inresponsetolearningrate 32
Figure3.18.Illustrationoflearningcurvesfortrainingandvalidationofdeeplearningalgorithmfor
Model2inresponsetolearningrate 34
Figure3.19.ResponsesurfaceofIntersectionoverUnionforModel1betweenblocksizeandnumberof
pointsperblock 36
Figure3.20.ResponsesurfaceofIntersectionoverUnionforModel2betweenblocksizeandnumberof
pointsperblock 37
Figure3.21.ComparisonbetweenannotatedpointcloudandpredictedpointcloudfromModel1 37
Figure3.22.ComparisonbetweenannotatedpointcloudandclassifiedpointcloudbyModel2 38
Figure3.23.DemonstrationofpredictionresultsofModel1trainedonbridge-vegetation-grounddataset.
. 40
Figure3.24.DemonstrationofpredictionresultsofModel2trainedonbridgecomponentdataset.A:Site#
2.D:Site#5.B,C,E,andFarefrompreviousprojects 42
Figure3.25.TheframeworkoftheDeepHydscientificworkflows(manualmodulesareingrayand
automatedmodulesareinblue) 43
Figure3.26.Inputandoutputfileformatsforscientificworkflowsofmodeltrainingandinferencefor
pointcloudclassification 45
Figure3.27.SnapshotofthemainwebpageoftheWebportalforusingDeepHydforpointcloud
classification 47
Figure3.28.Snapshotofweb-basedvisualizationofclassifiedpointcloudsinDeepHyd 47
ListofTables
Table2.1.ListofUAS-compatiblebathymetricLiDARs(SD:secchidiskdepth) 5
Table3.1.Listofsurveysitesanddatacollectedfortheproject 9
Table3.2.Summaryoffieldworkconductedfortheproject. 10
Table3.3.Summaryofdatacollectioninstruments 11
Table3.4.EstimationofaveragewateredgeelevationatSite#16(7transectswereused 14
Table3.5.ListofgroundcontrolpointsforSite#5. 16
Table3.6.Localizationaccuracypergroundcontrolpoint(unit:USSurveyfeet) 16
Table3.7.Statisticsoferrorsbetweeninitialandcomputedimagepositions 16
Table3.8.Summaryofkeypointsandmatchedkeypointsperimage 16
Table3.9.Informationoncameracalibration 17
Table3.10.ListofgroundcontrolpointsforSite#16. 19
Table3.11.Localizationaccuracypergroundcontrolpoint(std:standarddeviation;unit:USsurveyfeet).
. 20
Table3.12.Statisticsofinitialandcomputedimagepositions(std:standarddeviation) 20
Table3.13.Summaryof2Dkeypointsandmatched2Dkeypointsperimage 20
Table3.14.Informationoncameracalibration. 20
Table3.15.Listofsurveysitesanddatacollectedfortheproject(seeTable3.1forsiteinformation) 22
Table3.16.Summaryoffielddatatypescollected 22
Table3.17.Bridge-vegetation-grounddataset 26
Table3.18.Bridge-componentdataset 26
Table3.19.Accuracyperformanceofthetop5deepneuralnetworksontheSemantic3Dbenchmark 27
Table3.20.Labeled3Dpointcloudbenchmark 28
Table3.21.ListofhyperparametersfortheDeepHydsystem 30
Table3.22.SummaryofexperimentaldesignofModel1aswellasGPUcomputingperformance 33
Table3.23.SummaryofexperimentaldesignofModel2aswellascomputingtime 34
Table3.24.Hyperparametersof3DdeeplearningalgorithmforModel1. 35
Table3.25.Hyperparameterconfigurationsof3DdeeplearningalgorithmforModel2 35
Table3.26.Confusionmatrixofpointcloudclassificationusingapointcloudscanfromafieldsite(Site
#16:PharrMillsitewasused) 38
Table3.27.ConfusionmatrixofclassificationresultsbyModel2(ascanfromSite#16:PharrMillsite
wasused) 39
Table3.28.ResultsofpointcloudclassificationperformanceofModel1 39
Table3.29.ConfusionmatrixofpointcloudclassificationforModel1intermsofpercentage. 40
Table3.30.ResultsofModel2performanceforthepointcloudclassificationofbridgecomponents. 41
Table3.31.ConfusionmatrixofclassificationresultsforModel2(Wall:retainingwall) 41
Table3.32.ListoflabelsforclassesusedbytheDeepHydsystem 45
Table3.33.ListofkeysoftwareorlibrariesusedfortheimplementationofDeepHyd 48
TableA1.WeatherconditionsforUASoperationonSite#5 56
TableA2.PlanningparametersfortheflightplanforSite#5. 56
TableA3.WeatherdetailsofUASoperationonSite#16(seeTable3.1forsiteinformation) 56
TableA4.PlanningparametersfortheflightplanonSite#16. 56
TableB.1.ComputingtimeforusingDeepHydforpointcloudclassificationonsampledatasets 57
ListofAcronyms
AGL
AboveGroundLevel
AI
ArtificialIntelligence
CNN
ConvolutionalNeuralNetworks
CPU
CentralProcessingUnit
DEM
DigitalElevationModel
DSM
DigitalSurfaceModel
FAA
FederalAviationAdministration
GCP
GroundControlPoints
GIS
GeographicInformationSystem
GNSS
GlobalNavigationSatelliteSystem
GPS
GlobalPositioningSystem
GPU
GraphicsProcessingUnits
IO
InternalOrientation
IoU
IntersectionoverUnion
LiDAR
LightDetectionandRanging
MLP
Multi-layeredperception
NAD
NorthAmericaDatum
RMSE
RootMeanSquareError
RTK
Real-TimeKinematicPositioning
SfM
StructurefromMotion
Sonar
SoundNavigationandRanging
UAS
UnmannedAerialSystems
VRS
VirtualReferenceStation
PAGE
32
INTRODUCTION
Background
ThestudyofhydraulicstructuressuchasbridgesandculvertshasreceivedconsiderableattentioninparticularastheupgradeofphysicalinfrastructurehasbecomeanationalpriorityfortheUnitedStates(ASCE2021).Monitoringtheconditionofhydraulicstructuressuchasbridgesplaysapivotalroleinwarrantingthesafetyoftransportationinfrastructureandtheirsustainability.ThemonitoringofhydraulicstructuresinNChasbecomeanurgentneed,inparticularforthesystematicmanagementofNCDOT’sassets,thedevelopmentofguidelinesforroadwaydrainageandhighwaystormwatermanagement,anddocumentationofcompliancewithNCDOTandfederalstandardsfrom,e.g.,FEMAandFHWA.InNC,eachoftheState’sapproximately13,500bridgesneedstobeinspectedbyNCDOTeverytwoyearsorlesstoensuretheirstructuralstabilityandhealthforpublicsafety(NCDOT2022).Approximately8.2%oftheNCbridgesareevaluatedasinpoorcondition(byMarch2021)andinneedofimmediatemaintenance.
AsuiteoftechniquessuchasLiDARandsonar(Watsonetal.2013,BurgueraandOliver2016)havebeenextensivelyusedforthedetectionandmeasurementofhydraulicstructures.Forexample,LiDARtechniques(typicallyincludingairborne,terrestrial,andmobile)havebeenrecognizedasapowerfulandhigh-resolutionapproachforthedocumentationof3Dshapesofhydraulicstructuresandtheirsurroundingenvironments(FerozandAbuDabous2021).Atthesametime,sonartechniquescandelineate3Dcharacteristicsofunderwatertopography.Thecombinationofthesetwotechniquesprovidessupportforthemonitoringofhydraulicstructuresforbothabove-andunder-waterconditions.Theircapabilitiesinthequantificationof3Dcharacteristicsofhydraulicstructureshavebeenwellrecognized,especiallywhencomparedtotraditionalvisualinspectionmethodsthatareoftensubjectiveandlaborintensive(PrendergastandGavin2014).
TheuseofLiDARandsonartechniquesleadstothegenerationoflarge3Dpointclouddatasets.Thesepointclouddataareofgreathelpforrepresenting3Dcharacteristicsofhydraulicstructures,whichareoftenfedintohydraulicsmodelsforthein-depthinvestigationofhydraulicstructures.However,thesepointclouddataareunstructuredandtypicallyinlargevolumes.Theprocessingoftheselargepointclouddatatendstobebothlabor-andcomputation-intensive,whichposesasignificantchallengeintheclassificationofthesedata.Further,differenttypesofhydraulicstructuresexistandtheirgeometriccharacteristicsmaybesophisticatedandchangeovertime.Thisfurthercomplicatestheclassificationofthesepointclouddataforthemonitoringofhydraulicstructures.Inotherwords,theclassificationofpointclouddatacollectedfromLiDARandsonartechniquesrepresentsabigdata-drivenchallenge(TangandFeng2017).
ArtificialintelligenceholdsgreatpotentialinresolvingthechallengesassociatedwiththeclassificationofpointclouddatafromLiDARandsonar.Overthepastfewyears,artificialintelligencetechniques,representedbydeeplearning,havebeenincreasinglydevelopedandappliedtoreal-worldproblemsolving(Goodfellowetal.2016,LeCunetal.2015).Thistrend
willcontinueasartificialintelligencehasbecomeanation-widepriority.Deeplearningtechniqueshavebeenappliedtovariousstudies(e.g.,unmanneddriving,naturallanguageprocessing,remotesensing,andmedicalstudies)tosupporttheneedsofclassification,patternrecognition,andcomputervision(Guoetal.2016,Goodfellowetal.2016).Deeplearningtechniqueshavebeenhighlytoutedbecauseoftheirsuperiorperformanceoverconventionalmodelingapproaches.Theuseofdeeplearningtechniquesoftenleadstosignificantsavingsinlaborandcosts.
ResearchNeedDefinition
AccordingtoNCDOTResearchNeedStatement(RNS#:9102),theNCDOTHydraulicUnitisinterestedinutilizinghigh-resolutionLiDARandbathymetricsonardataforthedetectionandclassificationofhydraulicstructuresandtheiras-builtconditions.Thisrequirestheuseofartificialintelligencemethodstosupporttheautomatedclassificationofpointclouddataforthedetectionandevaluationofhydraulicstructures.AnAI-basedpointcloudclassificationsolutionwillbringsignificantbenefitsforNCDOTwhenLiDARandsonartechniquesareblendedandusedtofacilitatethedevelopmentofguidelinesforhighwaystormwatermanagement,roadwaydrainage,andhydraulicdesignandevaluation.
ResearchObjectives
Theoverallobjectiveofthisprojectistodevelopaspatiallyexplicit3Dmodelingframeworkandsoftwarepackagethatarebasedondeeplearningasacutting-edgeartificialintelligenceapproachforautomatedandreliableclassificationofhydraulicstructuresfrompointclouddata(DeepHyd;seeFigure1.1).Thedeeplearning-basedartificialintelligencesolution(DeepHyd,includingframeworkandsoftwaretools)canhelpresolvethechallengesassociatedwiththeextractionandclassificationofhydraulicfeaturesfromLiDARandsonardatawhilealsohavingtheflexibilityandpotentialtoincorporateadditionalmanualsurveydataandinformationfromdigitalphotography.
ToaddresstheNCDOTresearchneeds,thisprojecthasfourgoalsestablishedfortheDeepHydmodelingframework:
Goal1:tocollectacombinationofLiDAR,sonar,GPS,aerialphotometricandplanesurveydatafrom11NCDOThydraulicstructuresinCabarrus,Gaston,IredellandMecklenburgcounties,NC
Goal2:topre-processthedatacollectedfromGoal1.
Goal3:developadeeplearning-basedartificialintelligenceapproachfortheclassificationofthepointclouddataintohydraulicstructuresofinterest.
Goal4:automatethisentireclassificationeffort(training,validation,andprediction)usingscientificworkflows.
Figure1.1.DesignofDeepHyd:Adeeplearning-based3DmodelingframeworkfortheautomatedclassificationofhydraulicstructuresfromLiDARandsonardata.
ReportOrganization
Therestofthisreportisorganizedinthefollowingstructure.Section2presentsaliteraturereviewexaminingtheroleofdeeplearningmethodologiesintheclassificationoflargevolumesofpointclouddatageneratedfromLiDARandsonarscans.Section3focusesondiscussingtheresearchmethodologyemployedinthisstudy,includingfielddatacollection,deeplearning-basedpointcloudclassification(trainingandvalidationofdeeplearningalgorithms,modelinferencingorpredictionforpointcloudclassification),scientificworkflowsfortheautomationofpointcloudclassification,andsoftwareimplementation.Section4discussesfindingsandconclusionsfromtheDeepHydresearchproject.Section5presentsrecommendationsforutilizingtheDeepHydsystemandsuggestionsforfutureresearcheffortsinthisarea.
LITERATUREREVIEW
PointCloudDatafromLiDARandSonar
LiDAR(LightDetectionandRanging),alsoknownaslaserradarsystem,isanopticalremotesensingtechnologydevelopedforrangedetection(Chen2012).Bydeterminingtheheterodynelaserbeamphaseshifts,scanningLiDARcandetectthedistanceinformationfromaplaneofdatapoints,calledpointcloud.Thepointcloudinformation,whichbasicallyconsistsofthephysicalpositionsofanysurfacethatthelaser“sees”,canthenbeusedtodetectusefulcriticalinformationaboutastructureincludingtheelevation(underclearance),surfacedefects(damagequantification)anddeformationunderloading(deflectionmeasurements),etc.Contrasttoconventionalanalysisofphotographicimages,relativelysimplealgorithmscanbeusedtomanipulatethegeometricpointclouddatatoretrievetheafore-mentionedinformation.
Inearly2000
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